She wrote "Die Frauen und ihr Beruf" (1855)

Büchner, Max. Born in Hamburg, April 25, 1846. A noted African traveler. He made a tour e sent him to Muayan, the A ociation of Berlin king of Lunda, east of Angola, with instructions to explore the country to the east and north of Lunda. He reached Mua tyamvo, and spent six months at his capital; but all his efforts to go beyond proved vain, and he returned. At Malange he met Pogge and Wi mann, who were to be more fortunate by trying the northern route to the Bashilange. In 1884 Büchner accompanied Nachtigal to West Africa, and was active in the annexation of To go land and Kamerun. As curator of the Ethnologic Museum of Munich he made (1888-90) a voyage to Australia and New Guinea. Buchon (bü-shon'), Jean Alexandre. Born at Menetou-Salon, Cher, France, May 21, 1791: died at Paris, April 29, 1846. A French historian. He edited a "Collection des chroniques nation a les françaises" (1824-29), and was the author of works on Greek history and other topics. Buck (buk), Dudley. Born at Hartford, Conn., March 10, 1839. An American composer and organist. He has written cantatas, church music, etc. The capital of Buchan, or Simpson (simp's on), Elspeth. Born near Banff, Scotland, 1738: died near Dumfries, Scotland, 1791. A Scottish religious enthusi- ast. She was the daughter of John Simpson, an inn- keeper, and married Robert Buchan, a potter, from whom she separated. She removed to Glasgow in 1781, where she heard Hugh White, of the Relief Church at Irvine, preach in 1783, with the result that she removed to Irvine and converted Mr. White to the belief that she was the from the number of buckeyes in that State. Bückeburg (bü'ke - börg). Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, 20 miles west- southwest of Hannover. Population (1890), 5,186. woman of Revelation xii., in whom the light of God was restored to men, and that he was the man child she had brought forth. They with others of the so-called "Bu- chanites" were banished from Irvine in 1784, and settled at New Cample, where they enjoyed community of goods and person. The sect became extinct in 1848. Buchanan (bu-kan'an), Franklin. Born at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 17, 1800: died May 11, 1874. An American naval officer, in the Confederate service 1861-64. He commanded the Merrimac in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862; and was defeated by Farragut in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. Buchanan, George. Born at Killearn, Stirling shire, Scotland, Feb., 1506: died at Edinburgh, a from that year to 1685 the Bucaneers practically commanded the West Indian seas. Their immense spoils were divided equally, only the captain of a ship taking a larger share: French, Dutch, English, and Germans were banded together, their only bond being common interest and hatred of the Spaniards. In 1680 they again cro ed the isthmus, seized some Spanish ships in the Pacific, and raided the western coasts of Mexico, Peru, and Chile for several years. After 1690 the war between France and England tended to separate the pirates of these two nations, and the impoverished coasts could no longer sup port their exce es. They gradually returned to the West Indies and Europe, and were drawn into the armies and navies of different powers. Bucareli y Urzua (bö-kä-rā'lē ē ör-thö'ä), Antonio Maria. Born at Seville, Jan. 24, 1717: died at Mexico, April 9, 1779. A Spanish general and administrator. From 1760 to 1771 he was governor of Cuba, and from 1771 until his death viceroy of New Spain (Mexico). Buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), The. A poem by Richard Henry Dana, first published in 1827. The scene is partly laid on Block Island. Buccari (bök-kä're). A free haven in Fiume, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic in lat. 45° 18' N., long. 14° 32′ E. Bucentaur (bu-sen'târ). [From Gr. βοῦς, οx, and κένταυρος, centaur: but also said to be a corruption of L. ducentorum , of two hundred (oars), or of Bucintoro ( = buzino d'oro ), golden bark.] The state ship of the Venetian Republic, used in the ceremony of wedding the Adri tutor of James VI. (1570). His principal works are "De jure regni apud Scotos" (1579), "Rerum Scoticarum hist or i a" (1582), "Detection, etc. " Psalms, translations of the "Medea" and "Alcestis," and (1571), a version of the the dramas "Baptistes," "Jephthes," etc. Buchanan, James. Born at Stony Batter, Franklin County, Pa., April 22, 1791: died at Wheatland, Lancaster, Pa., June 1,1868. The fifteenth president of the United States. He was a member of Congre 1821-31; minister to Ru ia 1831-33; United States senator 1833-45; secretary of state 1845-49; minister to Great Britain 1853-56; and president 1857-61. He published a history of his administration (1866). Buchanan, Robert Williams. Born Aug. 18, Buckeye (buk'i). A popular name for an inhabitant of Ohio. Buckeye State, The. A popular name of Ohio, Buck hurst (buk'hėrst), Lord. See Sackville , Thomas . Bucking ham (buk'ing-am). [ME. Bukyngeham , Bokyngam , AS. Buccinga ham , dwelling of the Buccings (descendants of Bucca).] A town in Bucking hams hire, England, situated on the Ouse in lat. 52° N., long. 0° 58′ W. It has manufactures of lace. Population (1891), 3,364. Bucking ham, Dukes of. See Stafford , Villiers , and Grenville . Bucking ham, James Silk. Born at Flushing, near Falmouth, England, Aug. 25, 1786: died at London, June 30, 1855. An English traveler and man of letters. He wrote "Travels in Palestine, etc."(1822), "Travels in Me so pot am i a, etc." (1827), "Travels in As syria, Media, and Persia" (1829), etc. Bucking ham Palace. The London residence of the sovereign, situated at the western end of St. James's Park. It was settled by act of Parliament in 1775 upon Queen Charlotte, and was hence known as the "queen's house." It was remodeled under George IV.; and the eastern façade, ball-room, and some other portions were added by Queen Victoria, who began to occupy it in 1837. The chief façade is 360 feet long, but is architecturally uninteresting. The state apartments are magnificently adorned and furnished, the grand staircase, the throne-room, and the state ball-room being especially notable. There is a pricele collection of French buhl and other furniture, and the picture-gallery contains a number of old and modern masterpieces. Sword," followed by "A Child of Nature" (1879), etc. Buchanites (buk'an-īts). See Buchan , Elizabeth. Bucharest. See Bukharest. Buchez (bü-sha'), Philippe Joseph Benjamin. Born at Matagne-la-Petite, Namur, Belgium, March 31, 1796: died at Rodez, France, Aug. 12, 1865. A French man of letters and politi- cian. He wrote an "Introduction à la science de l'his- toire" (1833), "E ai d'un traité complet de philosophie " (1839), "His to ire de formation de la national ité fran- çaise" (1859), and edited "His to ire parlement a ire de la révolution française" (1833-38). Bucking hams hire (buk'ing-am-shir), Bucking ham, or Bucks. [AS. Buccingahamscir . ] A county of England, lying between North amp ton on the north, Bedford shire, Hertford, and Middle sex on the east, Berks hire on the south, and Oxfords hire on the west. It is an agricultural county. The chief town is Buck ingham. Area, 746 square miles. Population (1891), 185,190. Buck land (buk'land), Francis Trevelyan. Born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826: died at London, Dec. 19, 1880. An English naturalist, son of William Buck land, noted for researches in fish culture. He wrote "Curiosities of Natural History (1857), "Natural History of British Fishes" (1881), etc. IMG:content-0279.png:[ocr errors] Buck land, William Buck land, William. Born at Tiverton, Devons hire, England, March 12, 1784: died at Clapham, near London, Aug. 15, 1856. An English geologist and clergyman, appointed dean of Westminster in 1845. His chief works are "Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, etc." (1823), and the Bridge water treatise on "Geology and Mineralogy" (1836). Bucklaw (buk'la), Laird of. Frank Hay ston, the di ipated but good-natured suitor of Lucy Ashton in Scott's "Bride of Lammer moor." He was married to her by her mother's machinations, and was thus the cause of the tragedy which ensued. See Ashton , Lucy . Buckle (buk'l), Henry Thomas. Born at Lee, Kent, England, Nov. 24, 1821: died at Damascus, Syria, May 29, 1862. An English historian. His health in early youth was delicate, on which account he was educated at home, chiefly by his mother. In 1840, on the death of his father, a wealthy ship-owner in London, he inherited an ample fortune which enabled him to devote himself wholly to literary pursuits. In 1857 he published the first volume of his "History of Civilization in England." The appearance of this volume, which is characterized by vigor of style and boldne of thought, produced a sensation in Europe and America, and raised the author from obscurity to fame. The special doctrine which it sought to uphold was that climate, soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the determining factors in intellectual progre . A second volume, inferior in execution and interest, appeared in 1861. Buckner (buk'nėr), Simon Bolivar. Born in Hart County, Ky., April 1, 1823. An American general, in the Confederate service 18611865. He surrendered Fort Do nelson to Grant, Feb. 16, 1862, after the escape of General Floyd, and commanded a corps at Chick am aug a, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He was governor of Kentucky 1887-91, and was nominated for Vice-President by the National (Sound-money) Democrats in 1896. Bucks (buks). Abbreviation of Bucking hams hire . Buck stone (buk's ton), John Baldwin. Born at Hoxton, London, Sept. 14, 1802: died at Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31, 1879. An English comedian and dramatist, author of numerous plays. Bucktails (buk'tālz). A name originally given to the members of the Tammany Society in New York city, but about 1817-26 extended in its application to members of that faction of the Democratic-Republican party in the State which opposed De Witt Clinton. Bucolic Mouth of the Nile. An ancient mouth of the Nile, in the middle of the Delta. Buczacz (böʻchäch). A town in eastern Galicia, Austria-Hungary, in lat. 49° 4' N., long. 25° 23′ E. By a treaty concluded here in 1672, Poland ceded the Ukraine and Podolia to Turkey. Population (1890), commune, 11,096. Budæus. See Budé , Guillaume . Budapest (böʼdä-pest; Hung. pron. böʻdopesht'), since 1872 the official name of the united Buda and Pesth or Pest. The capital of Hungary, and the second city of the Austrian empire, consisting of Buda on the west bank of the Danube, and Pest on the opposite bank. The Danube is cro ed here by a suspension-bridge and other bridges. The city contains ten municipal districts. It has a large trade in grain, wool, hides, etc., and extensive manufactures. It is also the seat of a university. Buda was the Roman Aquincum, Roman colony Buda was the capital of Hungary from the middle of the 14th century. It was taken by the Turks in 1526, 1529, and 1541. The Turks were expelled in 1686. In 1784 Buda again became the capital. Budapest was occupied by the Austrians Jan., 1849. The Hungarians reëntered Pest in April and stormed Buda in May, 1849. The Austrians reoccupied both places Aug., 1849. The German name of Buda is Ofen . Population (1900), 732,322. Budaun (bö-dä-ön'). A district in the Rohilcund division, Northwest Provinces, British India. Area, 2,017 square miles. Population (1891), 925,598. Buddeus (böd-dāʼös), Johann Franz. Born at Auklam, Pru ia, June 25, 1667: died at Gotha, Germany, Nov. 19, 1729. A German Luther an divine and scholar. He wrote "Hist or i a juris naturæ, etc." (1695), "Element a philosophiæ instrument a lis" (1703), "Hist or i a ecclesiastic a veteris testament i" (1709), etc. Buddha (bödä). [Skt., 'the enlightened.'] The title of Siddhartha or Gautama, the founder of Buddhism. From three newly discovered inscriptions the spiritual struggle of a recluse. After seven years he believed himself po e ed of perfect truth, and a umed the title of Buddha , 'the enlightened.' He is represented as having received a sudden illumination as he sat under the Bo-tree, or tree of knowledge,' at Bodhgaya or Buddha-Gaya. For twenty-eight or, as later narratives give it, forty-nine days he was variously tempted by Mara. One of his doubts was whether to keep for himself the began to preach, at first at Benares. For forty-four years knowledge won, or to share it. Love triumphed, and he he preached in the region of Benares and Behar. Primitive Buddhism is only to be gathered by inference from the literature of a later time. Buddha did not array himself against the old religion. The doctrines were rather the outgrowth of those of certain Brahmani cal schools. His especial concern was salvation from sorrow, and so from existence. There are "four noble truths": (1) existence is suffering; (2) the cause of pain is desire, (3) ce ation of pain is po ible through the suppre ion of desire; (4) the way to this is the knowledge and observance of the "good law" of Buddha. The end is Nirvana, the ce ation of existence. Buddhism was preached in the vulgar tongue, and had a popular literature and an elaborately organized monastic and mi ionary system. It made its way into Afghanistan, Bactriana, Tibet, and China. It pa ed away in India not from Brahman persecution, but rather from internal causes, such as its too abstract nature, too morbid view of life, relaxed discipline, and overgrowth of monasticism, and also because Shivaism and Vishnuism employed many of its own weapons more effectively. The system has been variously modified in dogma and rites in the many countries to which it has spread. It is supposed to number about 350,000,000 of adherents, who are principally in Ceylon, Tibet, China, and Japan. Buddha-Gaya (bö"dä-ga'ä). An ancient center of Buddhism, now in ruins, in the Gaya district, Bengal. The temple is a celebrated foundation in the Buddhist faith. It is a quadrangular pyramidal structure on a plain raised basement, 60 feet square and 160 high. The exterior faces are divided into piers, and ornamented with molded bands and panels forming nine stages or stories, and surmounted by a conical finial. In the interior is a cella with radiating arches, which date probably from a 14th-century restoration. Buddhists (bö'dists). See Buddha . Budé (bü-da') (L. Budæus), Guillaume. Born at Paris, 1467: died Aug. 23, 1540. A French scholar. He was a friend of Erasmus, and was elevated by Francis I. to the post of royal librarian. He was suspected of favoring Calvin ism. He wrote an excellent work on ancient coins, entitled "De A e, etc" (1514). Budgell (buj'el), Eustace. Born at St. Thomas, near Exeter, England, Aug. 19, 1686: committed suicide in the Thames, near London, May 4, 1737. An English miscellaneous writer. He was called to the bar, but his a ociation with his cousin Joseph Add is on induced him to turn his attention to literature. He contributed thirty-seven papers to the "Spectator," in Add is on's style. He wrote many pamphlets of a political nature, and in 1733 started "The Bee," a weekly periodical which ran for about two years. He 'filled a number of positions after the acce ion of George I., when Add is on became secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, being at various times chief secretary to the lords justices, deputy clerk of the council, accountant-general, and member of the Irish House of