bark2 (bark)

[ G. borke ), bark. Po ibly connected with Icel. bjarga = AS. be organ = G. bergen, etc., cover, protect: see burys. The older E. word for 'bark' is rind.] 1. Generally, the covering of the woody stems, branches, and roots of plants, as distinct and separable from the wood itself. In its strictest scientific sense it is limited to the dry and dead portion of this covering, as found on exogenous plants, which usually consists of parenchyma or soft cellular ti ue, cork, and bast, in varying proportions. See bast1, cork i, and epidermis. It is very diverse and often complicated in structure, varying in these respects with the species upon which it is found; but it is usually arranged in annular concentric layers. As these become distended by the thickening of the stem, the outer layers often crack and are gradually cast off. In the bark the medicinal and other peculiar properties of the plant are usually abundant, especially tannin and many alkaloids. The younger and softer layer lying next to the young wood is called inner bark, liber, or bast. See cut under bast. 2. Specifically-(a) In phar., Peruvian or Jesuits' bark (see Cinchona ). (b) In tanning, oak and hemlock barks. - Alstonia bark, a bitter bark obtained from the Alstonia scholar is, an apocynaceous forest-tree of the tropics of the old world. It is used in India as a tonic and antiperiodic. The Alstonia or Queensland fever-bark of Australia is the product of Al stonia constrict a. Angostura or Cusparia bark, the product of a rutaceous shrub, Galipea Cusparia, of the mouratains of Venezuela, a valuable tonic in dyspepsia, dysentery, and chronic diarrhea. It was formerly prized as a febrifuge, and is now much used in making a kind of bitters. Its use in medicine was discontinued for a time, because of the introduction into the markets of a false Angostura bark, obtained from the nux-vomica tree, which produced fatal effects. Also Angustura bark. Arica bark. Same as Cusco bark. - Ashy crown bark, the bark of Cinchona macro calyx. - Bebeeru or bibiru bark. See bebeeru. - Bitter bark. See Georgia bark. Bogotá bark, the bark of Cinchona lancifolia.-Boldo bark. See boldo.- Bolivian or calisaya bark, the bark of Cinchona Calisaya. - Canella bark. See Canella. Car a bay a bark, the bark of Cinchona elliptic a. - Caribbean or West Indian bark, the bark of a rubiaceous tree, Exostemma Caribbæum, nearly allied to the genus Cinchona, used in making tonic bitters and in medicine as a substitute for cinchona bark.- Carolina bark. See Georgia bark. - Carthagena bark, a general name for varieties of cinchona bark brought from the northern ports of South America, generally of inferior quality. - Cascara amarga or Honduras bark, a bitter bark, said to be obtained from Picramnia antidesma, a simarubaceous tree of tropical America. - Cascara sagrada bark, the bark of Rhamnus Purshianus of California, used as a tonic aperient. - Cascarilla, sweetwood, or Eleuthera bark, the bark of Croton Eleuteria, a euphorbiaceous shrub of the Bahamas. It is an aromatic, bitter tonic. - Ca ia bark. See Ca ia.- China bark, Peruvian bark. (a) See Cin chon a. (b) The bark of Cascarilla ( Buena ) hexandra, a rubiaceous tree of the western coast of South America, which is used as a substitute for cinchona. - Clove-bark. Same as clove- ca ia (which see, under ca ia ). - Colombian bark, the bark of Cinchona pita yens is, C. lancifolia, and C. cord i folia. - Cone i bark, a bark obtained from Holarrhena anti dysenteric a, an an apocynaceous tree of India, where it is of considerable repute as a remedy for dysentery and as a tonic febrifuge. Sometimes called Tell i cherry bark. - Coquetta bark, the bark of Cinchona lancifolia.-Crown bark. Same as lox a bark. Culilawan bark, a valuable aromatic, pungent bark, the produce of Cinnamomum or Laurus Culilawan, a tree of the Moluccas, useful in indigestion, diarrhea, etc. Sometimes written culilawang.- Cuprea bark, a bark obtained from several species of the rubiaceous genus Remijia, of tropical South America, largely imported into England for the manufacture of quinine. - Cusco bark, the bark of Cin chon a pubescens, variant Pelleteriana. Also called Arica 453 English statute of 1808 forbidding the exportation of Jesuits' (Peruvian) bark, except to Ireland.-Lima bark, the bark of Cinchona Peruviana, C. nitid a, and C. micrantha. Loxa bark, the bark of Cinchona officinal is. Also called crown bark. - Malambo bark, an aromatic bark obtained from the Croton Malambo, a euphorbiaceous shrub of Venezuela and New Granada. It is employed as a remedy for diarrhea and as a vermifuge, and is said to be largely used in the United States for the adulteration of spices. - Mancona bark, the bark of Erythro phlœum Quincense. - Maracaibo bark, the bark of Cin chon a tucujensis. - Margosa or Nim bark, the bark of Melia Indica, used in India as a tonic and antiperiodic.- Mezereon bark, the bark of Daphne Mezereum. It is acrid and irritant, and is used in liniments and as a remedy in venereal, rheumatic, and scrofulous complaints. -Neem bark, the Azadirachta Indica.-New bark, the bark of Cascarilla oblong i folia.-Nim bark, See Margosa bark. - Oak bark. See Quercus alba, under Quercus. - Ordeal bark, the bark of Erythrophlœum Guineense.-Pale bark, a name applied to the barks of Cinchona officinal is, C. nitid a, C. micrantha, C. purpure a, and C. Hum bold tian a. - Palton bark, the bark of Cin chon a macro calyx, variant Palton. - Peruvian bark, See china bark.-Pitaya bark, the bark of Cinchona pitayen sis. - Quebracho bark, the bark of Asp i do sperm a Que bracho, an apocynaceous tree of Brazil. It contains several peculiar alkaloids, and is said to be efficacious in the cure of dyspnœa.-Red bark, the bark of Cinchona succirubra. -Red Cusco bark, the bark of Cinchona scrobiculata. Rohun bark, a bitter astringent bark, from Soymida febri fug a, a meliaceous tree of India, where it is used as an astringent, tonic, and antiperiodic.- Royal bark, the bark of Cinchona cord i folia. - St. Lucia bark, the bark of Ex ostemma floribunda. - Samadera bark, the inner bark of a tree belonging to the Sima rubaceæ, growing in Ceylon. It is intensely bitter. - Santa Ana bark, the bark of Cin chon a scrobiculata. - Santa Martha bark, a cinchona bark shipped from Santa Martha. - Sa y bark, the bark of Erythrophlæum Guineense. - Sweetwood bark. See bark.-Wild-cherry bark, the bark of Prunus sero cascarilla bark. West Indian bark. See Caribbean tina. - Winter's bark, an astringent pungent bark obtained from a magnoliaceous tree, Drimys Winter i, native IMG:content-1675.png:[merged small][graphic][merged small] barkeeper (bär'kē pèr), n. One who has charge of the bar of an inn or other place of public entertainment; a bartender. barken1 (bär'ken or-kn), v. [Sc.; bark2 + -en1, as in harden , stiffen , etc.] I. in trans. To be- come hard; form a crust. The best way's to let the blood barken on the cut- that saves plaisters. Scott , Guy Manner ing, I. 171. II. trans. To tan (or dye) with bark. Effie used to help me tumble the bundles o' barkened leather up and down. Scott, Heart of Mid loth i an, v. barken2 (bär'ken or -kn), a. [ of the mountains of western America from Mexico to barkentine, n. See barkantine. Cape Horn. It is a stimulating tonic and antiscorbutic. Paratudo bark is a variety of it. Most of the so-called Winter's bark of commerce is the product of Cinnamodendron corticosum and Canella alba of the West Indies. bark2 (bärk), v. t. [= Sw. bark a = Dan. barke, tan; from the noun.] 1. To strip off the bark of, or remove a circle of bark from, as a tree; peel; specifically, to scrape off the outer or dead bark of. See barking2, 1. IMG:content-1676.png:[blocks in formation] 5. To apply bark to, as in the proce of tanning; tan.-6. To color with an infusion or a decoction of bark: as, to bark sails or cordage. -7. To kill (game) by the concu ion of bullet which strikes the bark of a limb at the spot on which the animal is crouched, or by the flying bark. Barking off squirrels is a delightful sport, and in my opinion requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witne ed this near Frankfort. The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. J. J. Audubon , Ornith. Biog., I. 293.