zoologer (zoolojer)

A zoölogist. [Now rare.] zoologic (zō-ō-loj'ik), a. [ gía = Pg. It. zoologia = G. zoologie, result of the application to zoological science of the most general laws and principles of biology. So far is zoology freed from the former restriction of its scope to the mere formalities of description, cla ification, and nomenclature (which constitute only systematic zoology ) that it now includes the results of all the biological sciences in so far as these are applicable to the study of animal structure and function. Such are phylogeny, or the origination of species, genera, etc.; ontogeny, or the origination of the individual animal; embryology, or the prenatal life-history of organisms; paleontology or paleozoology, the history of animals in geologic time; zoogeography, the history of animals as to their spatial relations; zootomy or 200physics, the comparative anatomy of animals; zoodynam ics or biodynamics, animal physiology; zoochemistry, the chemistry of animal substances and ti ues; zoopsychology, the science of animal instincts; zootechnics, bionomics, or thremmatology, which regards the relations of living animals to man; and various other cognate branches of the general science. The name zoology is an old one, and some of its branches have been cultivated from antiquity. One of the earliest cla ifications of animals in which a modern zoological group can be clearly recognized is that ascribed to Moses, which was based primarily upon certain hygienic and sacerdotal considerations: for the "clean" beasts that "cleave the hoof" are ruminants: certain "unclean" birds are carrion-feeding birds of prey, as the vulture; and the non-ruminant artiodactyls (swine) are characterized with special emphasis. The germ of modern zoology, as of other sciences, is commonly as three treatises on zoological subjects include a cla if i cation which shows great discernment. He divided the animal kingdom into two main branches: (1) Ένσιμα, Enæma, or 'blooded' animals, in the four cla es of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes-the Vertebrata, and nearly as they stand to-day; (2) Aναιμα, Anaна, ог 'bloodle ' animals, exactly the Invertebrata, of which he had four cla es, his Μαλάκια being cephalopods; Μαλα κόστρακα, crustaceans; " Εντομα, insects (other arthropods than crustaceans); and 'Όστρακοδέρματα, univalve and bivalve mollusks (together with sea-urchins). Pliny the naturalist was an industrious and indiscriminate compiler; and no name of special note in zoology appears again until the middle of the sixteenth century, when the almost simultaneous works of three authors securely founded the science and greatly enlarged its scope, Wotton (1552) followed Aristotle, but added to the system the Zoophyta (which long afterward became the Ferwes of Linnæus and the Radiata of Cuvier, and continue to be the "zoophytes" of the present day); Gesner and Belon published treatises in 1555; and in 1560 was started at Naples a society which had zoology among its objects, the Academia Secretorum Naturæ, suppre ed by the church. The period between Gesner and Linnæus is sorie times styled the "heroic age" of zoology. The advance upon Gesner was comparatively unmarked for a hundred years from his death in 1565; but the latter half of the seventeenth century witne ed great progre . The collection of animals from distant parts of the world in creased; such anatomical examinations as had been prac ticable and had long been practised without the aid of the microscope were carried on with that instrument; and several still-existing societies were founded the Aca demia Naturæ Curiosorum (in 1651), the Royal Society (chartered in 1662), and soon afterward the Paris Academy. under Louis XIV. The immediate predece or of Linnæus in this period was John Ray (1628-1705), who fixed the word species in the sense it was to bear from his day to Darwin, and did more than any other person to make the "System a Nature" of the Swedish naturalist po ible. This work pa ed through twelve editions (1735-68) in the lifetime of its author; the present bingmial system of nomenclature was first applied consistently to zoology in the tenth edition (1758). Linnæus also gave fixity to certain graded groups above the species-namely, the genus, order, and cla of the "Regnum Animale"-ard he recognized the variety below the species. The cla es in 1766 were six: Mammal i a, with 7 orders; Aves, 6 orders; d phibia, 3 orders; Pisces, 4 orders; Insect a, 7 orders: Vermes, 5 orders. The Linnean diagnoses were always crisp and sen tentious, if not always correct; and, faulty or inadequate as any of them may now appear to be, the practical conve nience of this machinery of cla ification and nomenclature is inestimable. Though the notion of the fixity of species and other groups as special creations, to which this system gave rise, is now known to be radically fallacious, the Linnean cla ification acquired almost the character of dogma, such as had many centuries before attached to the writings of Aristotle and to the Mosaic traditions. This system may be said to have culminated with the close of the eighteenth century; and the early years of the nineteenth wrought important changes, both in form and substance, notably at the hands of Lamarck and Cuvier. Lamarck was the pivot upon which zoology turned from Linnæus to Dar win. His "Zoological Philosophy" of 1809 is separated ty a half-century to a year from the "System a Nature of 1758, and by exactly a half-century from Darwin's "Orizin of Species," which was first published in November, 1853 Lamarckianism brought up the whole subject of modern IMG:content-2763.png:[blocks in formation] zoönosology (zōō-nō-sol'ō-ji), n. [ nosology .].) The cla ification of diseases affect in affecting the lower animals; a system of zoöpathology; zoöpathy. zoöparasite (zō-o-para-sīt), n. [ ζῷον , ani- mal, + παράσιτος , parasite.] A parasitic ani- mal. zoöpathology (zō ō-pa-thol'ō-ji), n. [ ζῷον , animal, + E. E. pathology .] The study of zoömorphism (zō-ō-môr'fizm), n. [ ζῷον , animal, tation or exhibition of animal forms as dist in- guished from the human form; especially, the characterization or symbolization of a god in animal form. Compare anthropomorphism . - 2. The conception or representation of men or supernal beings under the form of animals, or of men or gods transformed into beasts; the attribution of human or divine qualities to be- ings of animal form; worship of the images of animals; zoötheism. zoomorphy (zō'ō-môr-fi), n. [ zoömorphism . zoön (zō'on), n.; pl. zoa (-a). [NL., Gr. ζώον , an animal; cf. ζωή, life; ζάειν , ζῆν , Ionic ζώειν , live.] An animal form containing all the ele- ments of a typical organism of the group to which it belongs; a morphological individual regarded as the whole product of an impreg- nated ovum, which may or may not be divided into persons or zoöids without true generation. See zoöid . It is urged that whether the development of the fertil- ized germ be continuous or discontinuous is a matter of which the fertilized germ gives rise in any one case, is the equivalent of the totality to which it gives rise in any other case, and that we must recognize this equivalence, whether such totality of living ti ue takes a concrete or a discrete arrangement. In pursuance of this view a zo- ological individual is constituted either by any such sin- claim the title of a zoon , or by any such group of as the numerous Medusæ that have been developed from the same egg, which are to be severally distinguished as zooids. Zoa impersonal i a, organisms resulting from the coa- lescence or concrescence of zoons, as of many sponges, which thus lose their "personality." The remarkable cases [among sponges] of zoa imperso- nalia , or what we should call degraded colonies. zoönal (zo'ō-nal), a. [Irreg. zoon + -al . ] Having the character of a zoon; of or pertain- ing to zoa. zoönerythrin (zoon-e-rith'rin), n. [Irreg. ζῷον , animal, + ἐρυθρός , red, + -in2 .] Same as zoöerythrin. Also zoönerythrine. zoönic (zo-on'ik), a. [Irreg. (Gr. ζῷον , animal, + -ic .] Relating to animals; obtained or de- zoömelanin (zō-o-mel'a-nin), animal, + μέλας (μελαν-), black, + -in2.] A black pigment derived from the feathers of some birds. zoömetric (zō-ō-met'rik), a. [ - Zoönic acid, a name given by Berthollet to acetic acid in combination with animal matter, obtained by distilling zoonite (zō'ō-nīt), n. [Irreg. ζῷον , ani- mal, + -ite2 .] 1. One of the rings, segments, or somites of which the body of a worm, crustacean, insect, vertebrate, or other segmented or artic- ulated animal is composed; a zonule; a meta- mere or an arthromere of an articulated inverte- brate; a diarthromere of a vertebrate: used generically of any segment, to which special names are given in special cases.-2. Same as 2oöid : a mistaken use of the word. Eng . Cy- clop . ( Zool .), IV. 561. ( Encyc . Dict .) zoönitic (zō-ō-nit'ik), a. [ zoönite + -ic.] Of or pertaining to a zoönite; somitic. zoönomia (zō-ō-no'mi-ä), n. [NL. (the title of a celebrated treatise by Dr. Erasmus Dar- win): see zoöno my .] Same as zoöno my . zoönomic (zō-ō-nom'ik), a. [ Of or pertaining to zoöno my. zoönomist (zō-on'ō-mist), n. -ist.] One who is versed in zoöno my; a biol- ogist, in a broad sense. zoonomy (zō-on'ō-mi), n. [ zoonomia , ζῷον , animal, + νόμος , law.) The laws of animal life collectively considered; the science which treats of the causes and relations of the Spongiæ . The New Latin form of the term is attributed phenomena of living animals; the vital econ- omy of animals; animal physiology. zoonosis (zō-on'ō-sis), n.; pl. zoonoses (-sēz). [NL., ζῷον , animal, + νόσος , disease.] A disease communicated to man from the lower animals. Hydrophobia and glanders are ex- amples of zoönoses. zoöphyte The term is a loose popular equivalent of the technical designation; but it is convenient, and may be employed any of Zoöphyta in a proper sense, as corals, seafor any of the phone IMG:content-2764.png:[ocr errors] to its use is its continued application to those polyzoans which are of coralline aspect, as these have no affinity len terata rove zoophytest, the gla rope sponges, Hyalonemide