It has some manufactures and trade, and is especially noted for its figs

It was the birthplace of Ro ini. It became a Roman colony in 184 B. C.; belonged later to the Exarchate; and afterward belonged to the Papal States. It was a literary center in the time of Ta o. Population (1892), 24,500. Pesaro e Urbino (pā'sä-rō āör-bēʼnō). [‘Pesaro and Urbino.'] A province in the compart i men to of the Marches, Italy. Area, 1,118 square miles. Population (1892), estimated, 234,526. Pescadores (pes-kä-dō'res). [Sp., 'Fishers' Islands.'] 1. A group of small islands in the Strait of Formosa, west of Formosa.-2. A group of small islands off the coast of Peru, northwest of Callao.-3. A small group in the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean. Pescara (pes-kä'rä), or Aterno (ä-ter'nō). A river in central Italy which flows into the Adriatic near the town of Pescara: the ancient Aternus. Length, about 90 miles. Pescara. A town in the province of Chieti, central Italy, situated near the mouth of the river Pescara in the Adriatic, 8 miles north northeast of Chieti: the ancient Aternus. Pescara. The governor of Granada in Sheil's "The Apostate." It was one of Mac ready's great parts, and also one of the elder Booth's. Pescara, Marquis of (Ferdinand Francesco d'Avalos). Born about 1490: died Nov. 25, 1525. An Italian general in the service of the IMG:content-0905.png:[ocr errors] emperor Charles V., distinguished at the vic- tory of Pavia in 1525. Betrothed to Vittoria Colonna at the age of 4 and married at 19, he succeeded to his father's title in boyhood, and was destined to a brilliant military career. In 1512 he was wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Ravenna; in 1515 he served in the war in Lom- bardy. He contributed largely to the victory at Pavia, where King Francis I. was captured. Soon after he be trayed to Charles V. a plot formed by Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, and others for driving the Spaniards and Germans out of Italy. He had, apparently, joined the conspiracy for this purpose. A German geographer and historian. He was editor of "A us land" 1854-71, and in the latter year be- IMG:content-0906.png:[blocks in formation] Peschiera (pes-ke-āʻrä). A fortified town in the province of Verona, Italy, situated at the exit of the Mincio from Lake Garda, 15 miles west of Verona. It is famous as one of the fortre es of the Austrian "Quadrilateral"; was taken by the Sardinians in May, 1848, and restored in Aug.; and was ceded to Italy in 1866. Population (1881), 1,653. Pescia (pesh'ä). A cathedral city in the prov- ince of Lucca, Italy, 29 miles west by north of Florence. Population (1881), 11,863. Pescina (pe-she'nä). A town in the province of Aquila, central Italy, 27 miles south-south- east of Aquila. It was the birthplace of Maza- rin. Population (1881), 4,455. Peshawar, or Peshawur (pe-shou'ur). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, situated in the northwestern extremity of the country, in- tersected by lat. 34° N., long. 72° E. Area, 2,444 square miles. Population (1891), 703,768. -2. The capital of the district of Peshawar, situated about lat. 34° N., long. 71°35′ E. It is an important strategic point, near the Khyber Pa , on the route from India to Kabul. Population, including canton- ment (1891), 84,191. Pestalozzi (pes-tä-lot'sē), Johann He in rich. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 12, 1746: died at Brugg, Switzerland, Feb. 17, 1827. A Swi educator and writer, celebrated for his reforms in the methods of education. He studied theol. ogy and then jurisprudence at Zurich. Subsequently he turned his attention to agriculture. He had already de- termined to devote himself to the education of the people, and had established in 1775, on his estate Neuhof, a poor- school which was intended to draw its support from popu- lar subscription. He was obliged, however, to give this up in 1780. The first account of his method of instruc- tion was published at this time in Iselin's "Ephemeriden" with the title "A bend stun den eines Einsiedlers" ("Even- ing Hours of a Hermit"). His principal literary work is the didactic novel "Lienhardt und Gertrud, cin Buch für das Volk" ("Lienhardt and Gertrude a Book for the People"), which was written between 1781 and 1798, with government support, he founded an educational institution for poor children at Stanz, which was, how- ever, given up the year after. He now took charge of a school at Burgdorf, which was removed in 1804 to Mün- chenbuchsee, and the following year to Yverdon, where it continued to exist until 1825, when, notwithstanding the renown that his pedagogical system had acquired, the en- terprise was finally abandoned. His collected works include "Wie Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt" ("How Gertrude Teaches her Children," 1801), memoirs of Burgdorf and Yverdon, "Meine Leben chicksale" (1826), etc. Pesth. See Budapest . Petau (pė-to'), Denis, Latinized Petavius. Born at Orléans, France, Aug. 21, 1583: died at Paris, Dec. 11, 1652. A French chronologist, antiquary, and Roman Catholic theologian. Among his chronological works are "Opus de doctrina temporum" (1627), "Tabulæ chronologice" (1628), "Urano- logium" (1630), "Rationarium temporum" (1633-34). He also wrote "De theologic is dogmatibus" (1644-50), etc. northern part of Guatemala; also, an island in the lake. Peter (pē'ter) (originally Simon). [D. G. Dan. Sw. Peter , F. Pierre , OF. Pier , Piers , (whence ME. Piers , mod. Pierce , Peirce , Pearce , Pears ), Sp. Pg. Pedro , It. Pietro , Piero , from L. Petrus , from Gr. Πέτρος , translating Heb. Cephas , a stone.] One of the twelve apostles. He was originally a fisherman; became one of the three most favored disciples of Christ; and was the most prominent leader of the church after the ascension. He was im touching the proper policy to be observed toward the Gen- prisoned by Herod in 44; contended with Paul at Antioch tiles; and according to tradition was the founder of the church at Rome and a martyr there in the reign of Nero. He is the reputed author of two epistles in the New Testa- its first bishop or pope. His death is celebrated with that of St. Paul on the 29th of June in the Eastern, Roman, and Anglican churches. This is the most ancient of the festivals of the apostles, dating from the 3d century. Peter I. Alexeievitch, surnamed “The Great." Born at Moscow, June 9 (N. S.), 1672: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 8 (N. S.), 1725. Czar of Ru ia, son of Alexis. He reigned conjointly with his half-brother Ivan from 1682, and alone from 1696. Hefreed himself from the regency of his sister Sophia in 1689; cap- tured Azoff from the Turks in 1696; traveled in Germany, the Netherlands, England, and Austria 1696-97; put down a rebellion of the Strelitzi in 1698; and took part in the Northern War (which see) 1700-21, in the course of which he was defeated by Charles XII. of Sweden at Narva in 1700, and defeated him in turn at Pultowa in 1709. He was forced by the Turks (who had taken up arms at the in- stance of Charles) to restore Azoff by the treaty of Pruth in 1711. In 1721 he concluded the peace of Nystadt with Sweden, by which he obtained Livonia, Esthonia, Inger- manland, and part of Karelia. He founded St. Petersburg in 1703; imprisoned his son Alexis (see Alexis ) for treason in 1718; and carried on a succe ful war against Persia 1722-23. He introduced Western civilization into Ru ia, which he made one of the great powers of Europe. Peter II. Alexeievitch. Born Oct. 23, 1715: died 1730. Czar of Ru ia 1727-30, son of Alexis and grandson of Peter the Great. Peter III. Feodorovitch (properly Karl Peter Ulrich). Born at Kiel, Holstein, Feb. 21, 1728: a a inated at Ropsha, Ru ia, July 17, 1762. Czar of Ru ia, son of Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein, and Anna (daughter of Peter the Great). He was appointed heir in 1742; married Cath. arine (later empre ) in 1745; and succeeded to the throne in Jan., 1762. He immediately made peace with Frederick the Great, with whom his predece or had been at war since 1757. (See Seven Years ' War.) He was murdered after a few months'reign, and his wife, who was an ac- complice in his murder, was placed on the throne. Peter Bell. A poetical tale by William Words- worth, published in 1819. Peter Bell the Third. A burlesque poem by Shelley. Peter of Blois, or Petrus Blesensis. Born at Blois, France: died about 1200. A French ec- clesiastic and scholar who settled in England in the reign of Henry II. IMG:content-0907.png:[ocr errors] Peter borough and Mon mouth, Earl of. See Peter head (pe-ter-hed'). A seaport in Aberdeen- Mordaunt , Charles . miles north-northeast of Aberdeen. It is largely shire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 28 engaged in the herring and other fisheries. Population (1891), 12,195. Peterhof (pā'ter-hof). A town in the govern- ment of St. Petersburg, Ru ia, situated on the Gulf of Finland about 15 miles west of St. Petersburg. Near it is the imperial palace, built by Peter the Great, of high interest from the great quantity of works of art of all kinds and of historical relics which with their fountains and statues, and the connected im. are collected in it, as well as for the beautiful gardens Peter Martyr. See Martyr . Peters (pā'ters), Christian August Fried rich. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 7, 1806: died at Kiel, Pru ia, May 8, 1880. A noted German astron- omer, appointed profe or of astronomy at Kö- nigsberg in 1849, and director of the observatory at Altona (removed in 1872 to Kiel) in 1854. He edited "A str ono misc he Nach rich ten." Peters, Christian Henry Frederick. Born at Koldenbüttel, near Eiderstedt, Schleswig, 1890. A German-American astronomer, director Sept. 19, 1813: died at Clinton, N. Y., July 18, of the observatory at Hamilton College, New York, from 1858. He discovered over 40 as- teroids. He published “Celestial Charts” (1882- 1888), etc. about 1126. A French reforming enthusiast, a pupil of Abelard. He sought to restore the church to its original purity by abolishing infant baptism, the ma , Peter the Hermit, or Peter of Amiens. Born about 1050: died at Huy, Belgium, July 11, 1115. A hermit and monk, one of the leading preachers of the first Crusade. He led the advance divi. sion of the first Crusade as far as Asia Minor in 1096. Peter borough (pēʼter-bur-ō). A city in the counties of North amp ton and Hunting don, Eng- land, situated on the Nen 75 miles north of Lon- don. It is a railway and trading center. A Benedictine abbey was founded here in 655. The cathedral, one of the most important of English Norman churches, was begun early in the 12th century and finished before the 13th, ex- cept the interpolated Decorated windows, the Perpendicu lar retrochoir, the 13th-century northwest tower, the fine central tower of the 14th, and the famous west front of the 13th. The west front consists of 3 grand gabled arches IMG:content-0908.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0909.png:[blocks in formation] prisoner in Siberia. Petra (pē'trä). [Gr. Πέτρα , rock.] In ancient geography, a city in Arabia Petræa, situated in lat. 30° 19′ N., long. 35° 31′ E. The site was early occupied on account of its proximity to the commercial route between Arabia and Egypt. From the 2d century B. C. it was a stronghold of the Nabatæans. The site con- sists of a precipice-inclosed valley on the northeastern side of Mount Hor. The sandstone rocks are brilliantly colored in many different hues, and are fantastically worn by the action of water. Petra is famous for its rock-cut architec- tural remains, dating from after the establishment of Ro- man rule in 105 A. D. These remains have been looked upon by many as those of temples and palaces, but are merely the façades, many of them considerable in scale and elaborate in ornament, of rock-tombs. All lack purity in design, and most precision in execution: but some are picturesque and graceful, bringing to mind the architec- tural ornament of Pompeian wall-paintings; and they gain in effectivene by their situation and by the marvelous coloring of the rock. The buildings of the town are very Petrarch (pēʻträrk), It. Petrarca (pā-trär'kä), Francesco. Born at Arezzo, Italy, July 20, 1304: died at Arquà, near Padua, July 18 (197), 1374. A celebrated Italian poet, one of the chief names in Italian literature. His father be- the same time as Dante: Petrarch remembered seeing the longed to the party of the Bianchi, and was banished at latter in his childhood. The family went to Avignon in 1313, and when about fourteen years old Petrarch went to Montpellier to pursue his studies: he remained there until he was eighteen. In 1327 he first saw the Laura of his son- nets. There have been many theories as to her identity: that generally received is that she was the daughter of Audibert de Noves, who married Hugues de Sade in 1325, and became the mother of eleven children. This, however, has been disputed. Petrarch's homage was conventional, and personal relations are not supposed to have existed between the wife of De Sade and the poet. He received a canonry at Lombez, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in 1335; in 1337 he bought the little house at Vaucluse, near Avi- gnon, to which he retired, and where he did most of his best work; and in 1340 he was called on the same day both to Rome and to Paris to be crowned as poet laureate. He received the laurel crown at Rome April 8, 1341. In 1347 he built a house at Parma, but resided partly at Vaucluse until 1353, when he settled in Milan. He was patron ized by nobles and ecclesiastics, and employed on various diplomatic mi ions, principally by the Visconti, whom he represented at the court of King John of France, conduct ing the marriage of a young Visconti with the daughter of the king. In 1362 he removed to Padua, where he had held a canonry since 1347, and to Venice, in the same year, where he saw Boccaccio for the last time, having first met him in 1350 at Florence. He went to Arquà in 1370, where he died. His chief works are, in Italian, the "Rime" or "Canzoni ere," comprising sonnets and odes in honor of Laura, and the allegorical "Trionfi" ("Triumphs"), his last work; in Latin, the treatises “De contemptu mundi," ad- dre ed to Saint Augustine, "De vita solitaria," "De viris illustribus" (biographies), "De vera sapient i a," "De otio religioso rum," " Africa," an epic poem on Scipio African us, etc. His letters and orations are numerous, and he wrote a number of controversial and polemical treatises. The "Canzoni ere" was edited by Mars and and by Leopard i. His life has been written by De Sade, Körting, Bartoli, etc. given to Sir Philip Sidney. Petrie (pē'trē), W. M. Flinders. Born June 3, 1853. An English Egypt ologist. He was edu cated privately. From 1874 to 1880 he was employed sur- veying ancient British earthworks; 1881 and 1882 he spent in surveying the pyramids and temples of Gizeh. He re- turned to Egypt in 1884, as explorer to the Egypt Explora- tion Fund. went twice again in the same capacity, each time making important discoveries, exploring the sites of Defenneh, Naucratis, etc., and bringing back plans and illustrations, all of which, with his memoirs and reports on the subject, have been published by the committee. In 1887-89 he explored in the Fayum (not for the Explora tion Fund), and later explored with valuable results both for the Egyptian and Palestine Exploration Funds. He has published "Stone henge, etc." (1880), "Pyramids and Temples of Ghizeh" (1883), "Historical Scarabs," "His- torical Data of the XI. Dynasty," and other monographs Petition of Right. An act of Parliament pa ed in 1628: one of the chief documents of the Eng- lish constitution. It provided that "no freeman be required to give any gift, loan, benevolence, or tax with- out common consent by Act of Parliament; that no free- man be imprisoned or detained contrary to the law of the Petrikau. See Piotrkow . (1888), "Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoë, etc." (1889), "Sur- veys of the Pyramid of Hawara, etc." (1890), "Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, 1881-1891" (1892), etc.; and contributed the article "Weights and Measures" to the 9th edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica." land; that soldiers or mariners be not billeted in private Petro-Alexandrovsk (pe'trō-äl-ek-sän' houses; and that commi ions to punish soldiers and sail- ors by martial law be revoked and no more i ued" (4c- land and Ransome , Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 88). Petit Nesle (pé-tē nāl). A smaller residence attached to the Grand Nesle, or Tour de Nesle, in Paris. They stood where the Institute now stands, op- posite the Louvre, at the south end of the Pont des Arts. Both were inhabited by the royal family at various times, drovsk). A military station in the territory of Amu-Daria, Ru ian Central Asia, situated on the Amu-Daria about 30 miles east of Khiva. Petronell (pe-trō-nel'). A village in Lower Austria, situated on the Danube 23 miles below Carnuntum. Vienna. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Petronius Arbiter (pe-trō'ni-us är'bi-ter). Died probably about 66 A. D. A Roman author, Petropavlovsk, or Petropaulovski (pe-tro- pou-lov's ke). A seaport in Kamchatka, Si- beria, situated on the Sea of Kamchatka in lat. 52° 58′ N., long. 158°44′ E. It is of little importance Population (1990), 480 since its occupation by the English and French in 1855. Petropolis (pat-rō'pō-lēs). The capital (since Oct., 1894) of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Bra- zil, about 35 miles north of Rio de Janeiro and 2,300 feet above the sea. It was founded in 1844; was the summer residence of the imperial court; and is much frequented as a health-resort. It is noted for the beauty of its scenery. Population, about 5,000. Petrovsk (pe-trovsk'). 1. A seaport in Daghes- tan, Caucasia, Ru ia, situated on the Caspian Sea 75 miles north-northwest of Derbend. Pop- ulation (1891), 3,469.-2. A town in the govern- ment of Saratoff, Ru ia, situated on the Med- vyeditza 63 miles north-northwest of Saratoff. Population, 16,385. Petrozavodsk (pe-trō-zä-vodsk'). The capital of the government of Olonetz, Ru ia, situated on Lake Onega 185 miles northeast of St. Peters- burg. It has a cannon-foundry, established by Peter the Great in 1703, and other manufacturing industries. Pop- ulation, 10,920. Petruchio (pe-tröʻchō or -ki-ō). In Shakspere's "Taming of the Shrew," the rough wooer and tamer of Katherine. He subdues her by meeting tur- bulence with turbulence-remaining, however, entirely good-natured himself. Fletcher introduces him in "The Woman's Prize, or the Tamer Tamed" as the henpecked husband of a second wife, Maria. Petrus Lombardus. See Lombard , Peter . Petsik (pet's ik), or Pehtsik. A collective name (signifying 'up' or 'up-stream') applied by the Weitspek Indians to the Quorate an tribes on the Klamath above the mouth of the Trinity, north- Pettau (pet'tou). A town in Styria, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Drave 15 miles south- east of Marburg. Population (1890), 3,914. Pettenkofer (pet'ten-kō-fer), Max von. Born Dec. 3, 1818: died Feb. 10, 1901. A German chemist and physiologist, profe or of medical chemistry at Munich: noted for his researches in hygiene, especially in ventilation, the spread of cholera, etc. Petty, Sir William the civil war. In 1651 he was profe or of anatomy at Oxford, and profe or of music at Gresham College. In 1652 he was appointed physician to the army in Ireland, and about 1654 executed by contract a fresh survey, commonly known as the Down Survey, of the forfeited lands granted to soldiers. He bought large tracts of land and established various industries. After the Restoration in 1660 he was knighted. In 1663 he invented a double-bottomed ship. He wrote "Treatise of Taxes and Contributions" (1662-85), "Political Arithmetic" (1691), "Political Anatomy of Ireland" (1691), etc. Petty, William, first Marquis of Lansdowne. Born at Dublin, May 20, 1737: died May 7, 1805. A British statesman. He was president of the board of trade in 1763; secretary of state 1766-68 and 1782; and prime minister 1782-83. He succeeded his father as sec. ond earl of Shelburne in 1761, and was created marquis of Lansdowne in 1784. Petty-Fitzmaurice (pet"i-fits-mâʼris), Henry, Marquis of Lansdowne. Born 1780: died third Marquis m1780: died