Cerinthus)

They also rejected the Apocalypse. Aloidæ (a-lō-i'de), or Aloiade (a-lo-1'a-dē), or Aloadæ (a-lō'a-dē). [Gr. Ἀλωεῖδαι , Άλωϊά δαι , Αλωάδαι, sons of Aloeus.] In Greek mythol Each ogy, two giants, Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Poseidon by Iphimedea, wife of Aloeus. of the brothers measured 9 cubits in breadth and 27 in height at the age of nine years, when, according to the Ody ey, they threatened the Olympian gods with war, and at tempted to pile Mount O a on Olympus and Pelion on O a, but were ere destroyed by the arrows of Apollo. According to Homer they kept Ares imprisoned for thirteen months, until he was secretly liberated by Hermes. By some writers they are represented as having survived the attempt on Olympus, and as having fallen victims to their presumption in suing Ephialtes for the hand of Hera, and Otus for that of Artemis. In the island of Naxos, Artemis, in the form of a stag, ran between the brothers, who, aiming Alp, or Alb, Rauhe. See Rauhe Alp and SwaAlp Arslan (älp ärs-län'). Born 1029: died 1072. A surname of Mohammed, ben Daud, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, who reigned in Khorasan from 1059 to 1072. He succeeded his uncle Toghrul Beg as chief ruler of the empire in 1063, subdued Georgia and Armenia about 1064, and conquered Aleppo and defeated and took prisoner the Byzantine emperor Roman us Diogenes near the Araxes in 1071, a victory which led to the establishment of the Seljuk empire of Rum. Alpena (al-penä). The capital of Alpena County, Michigan, situated on Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, in lat. 45° 4′ N., long. 83° 26′ W. It is a center of the lumber trade. Population (1890), 11,283. Alpes, Ba es. See Ba es - Alpes . Alpes, Hautes. See Hautes - Alpes . Alpes-Mar i times (älp mär-e-tem'). A department of France, capital Nice, bounded by Italy on the north and east, by the Mediterranean on the south, and by Var and Ba es-Alpes on the west: noted for its mild climate and the health resorts on its coast. It was formed from the territory of Nice (ceded by Italy in 1860) and from part of Var. Area, 1,482 square miles. Population (1891), 258,571. Alph (alf). A sacred underground river in Xanadu, in Cole ridge's poem "Kubla Khan." Alphard (al-färd'). [Ar. al - fard , the solitary, because there is no other conspicuous star very near it.] The second-magnitude star a Hydræ, or Cor Hydræ. Alphecca (al-fek'kä), or Alphacca (al-fak'kä). [Ar. [A al fekkah , the (broken) cup or platter of a dervish: in allusion to the shape of the constel lati on.] A usual name of the second-magnitude star a Coronæ Borealis, more commonly known as Gemma , but also as Alfeta . Alphege, Saint. See Ælfheah . Alphen (äl'fen), Hieronymus van. Born at Gouda, Netherlands, Aug. 8, 1746: died at The Hague, April 2, 1803. A Dutch poet and jurist. Alpheratz (al-fe-rats'). [Ar. Surrat - al - farás, the navel of the horse: the star having been reckoned as belonging to Pegasus.] The usual name of the second-magnitude star a Andromede, in the head of the constellation. It is also often called Sirrah . Alpheus Alpheus (al-fē'us), Alpheius (al-fi'us). [Gr. Αλφειός.] In Greek mythology, a river-god, son of Ocean us and Tethys. He is represented as originally a hunter who fell in love with the nymph Arethusa. She fled from him and transformed herself into a well, and upon this he became the river Alpheus. The details of the myth vary. Alpheus. The principal river of the Peloponnesus, Greece, the modern Rufia, Ruphia, or Rouphia, emptying into the Ionian Sea. It flows in part of its course underground, and was for this reason fabled to flow under the sea to Sicily. Olympia was on extends from the Brenner Pa eastward to the Semmering Pa . Oftentimes made to include all the Alps lying east of a line connecting Lake Con stance with Lago Maggiore. See Alps . Alps, Western. A division of the Alps which is separated from the A pennines by the Pa of Giovi (north of Genoa) and extends to the Pa of Great St. Bernard. Oftentimes made to in clude all the Alps lying west of a line connecting Lake Con stance with Lago Maggiore. See Alps . Altamura sians under Herwarth von Bittenfeld, June 29, 1864. Area, 130 square miles. Population, about 24,000. Alsfeld (als'felt). A small town in the province of Upper He e, grand duchy of He e, situated on the Schwalm 41 miles southwest of Ca el. Alshain (al-shan'). A seldom used name for the fourth-magnitude star ẞ Aquileæ. Alshemali (al-she-mä'li). [Ar. al - šemáli , the known also as Ladon ), on the borders of the nomarchies of Me enia, Arcadia, Achaia, and Elis. Alphirk (al-férk'). [Ar. kawakib - al - firq , stars of the flock.] The third-magnitude double star 3 Cephei. Alphonso. See Alfonso . Alphonsus a Sancta Maria (äl-fon'sös ä valleys. After fall Moorish kingdom of Granada in 1492 it was the refuge of the Moriscos in Spain. Al Rakim (al rä-kem'). A fabulous dog that accompanied and guarded the Seven Sleepers. The name occurs in the Koran (in reference to the Sleepers) and has been variously interpreted as a bra plate, a stone table, the name of the dog, and the name of the valley in which the Sleepers' cave was situated. sängk'tä mä-rē'ä), or Alfonso de Cart a gena Alredus, or A lured us. See Alfred of Beverley. (äl-fon'so da kär-tä-Hänä). Born at Carta- Alright Island (al-rit' i'land). One of the gena, Spain, 1396: died July 12, 1456. A Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Spanish prelate and historian. He succeeded Alroy. See Wondrous Tale of Alroy . his father, Paulus, as bishop of Burgos; was deputed in 1431 by John II. of Castile to attend the Council of Basel; and succeeded in reconciling Albert V. of Austria with Ladislaus, king of Poland. His principal work is a history of Spain from the earliest times down to 1496 (printed 1545). Alphonsus of Lincoln (al-fon's us ov ling'kon). A story resembling that of Hugh of Lincoln and Chaucer's "Tale of the Priore ," purporting to be composed in 1459, reprinted by the Chaucer Society in 1875. It is attributed by Hain and others to Alphonsus a Spina. Alphonsus (al-fon's us), Emperor of Germany. A tragedy attributed to Chapman, printed in 1654, after his death. It was played at Black friars in 1636, and was then a revival. Alphonsus, King of Arragon, The Comical History of. A play by Robert Greene, written as early as 1592, and printed in 1599. It was called "comical" only because its end is not tragical. Alpiew (al'pū). In Mrs. Cent livre's comedy The Ba et-Table," Lady Reveller's waiting woman, a pert, adroit soubrette. The name is taken from alpieu , a term in the game of ba et imply. ing the continuance of the bet on a card that has already won. Alpini (äl-pē'nē), L. Alpinus, Prospero. Born at Marostica, Venetia, Nov. 23, 1553: died at Padua, Italy, Feb. 6, 1617. An Italian bota- nist and physician, author of works on the natural history of Egypt, etc. Alpnach (älp'näch), or Alpnacht (älp'nächt). A commune in the canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, 8 miles southwest of Lucerne. Alpnach, Lake. The southwestern arm of the Lake of Lucerne. Alps (alps). [F. Alpes , It. Alpi , G. Alpen , etc., L. Alpes , Gr. Ἄλπεις, Ἄλπεια, Ἄλβεια, & Celtic name, 'the white (mountains). Cf. Albion .] The most extensive mountain system in Eu- rope, comprising a part of southeastern France, most of Switzerland, a part of northern Italy, a part of southern Germany, and the western part of Austria-Hungary. It was anciently di- vided into the Maritime, Cottian, Graian, Pennine, Rhe- tian, Noric, Carnic, Venetian, and Julian Alps. The modern division is into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alps. Alps, Cottian Alps, Graian Alps, Montagnes des Maures and Esterel Mountains, Mountains of Provence (or of Vaucluse, Ventoux group), Alps of Dauphiné, Limestone Alps of Savoy, and the Mountains of Chablais and Faucigny. The Central Alps include the Pennine Alps, Lepontine Alps, Rhætian Alps, Ötzthaler Alps, Bernese Alps, Fribourg Alps, Emmenthal Alps, Urner and Engelberg Alps, Tödi range, Schwyzer Alps, St. Gall and Appenzell Alps, Vo- rarlberg and Allgau Alps, North Tyrolese and Bavarian Alps, Luganer Alps, Bergama sker Alps, Ortler Alps, Nons- berg Alps, Adamello Mountains, and Tri dentine Alps. The Eastern Alps include the Zillerthal Alps, Hohe Tau- ern, Niedere Tauern, Car int hi an and Styrian Alps, Styrian Nieder Alps, Kitzbühler Alps, Salzburg Alps, Upper Aus- Alsace (äl-zäs'), L. Alsatia, G. Elsa . A former government of eastern France. It formed after the Revolution the departments of Haut-Rhin and BasRhin, and is now part (see Alsace - Lorraine ) of the German Empire, comprising the districts (Bezirke) of Upper Alsace and Lower Alsace. It is bounded by the Rhine Palatinate on the north, by Baden (from which it is separated by the Rhine) on the east, by Switzerland on the south, and by France and German Lorraine on the west. The Vosges are on its western frontier. Its soil is fertile, and it has important iron-and coal-mines, and considerable manufactures. Its chief city is Strasburg. German is the language of the largest number of the inhabitants. It was a part of ancient and 10th centuries it was a part of Lot haring i a, and later of Gaul and afterward of the Frankish kingdom. In the 9th the duchy of Swabia, and gradually came to be divided between imperial cities, bishops, and other spiritual rulers, etc. Part of it was conquered by France in the Thirty Years' War, and ceded to her in 1648. Strasburg was seized by Louis XIV. in 1681, and the remainder of Alsace was annexed to France in 1791. It was ceded to Germany in 1871 as a result of the Franco-German war. tude star u Leonis, in the head of the animal. Al Sirat (äl si-rät'). [Ar., 'the road or way'; probably borrowed in Arabic from Latin strata via .] The bridge over which all must pa who enter the Mohammedan paradise. It is of inconceivable narrowne , finer than the edge of a razor; hence those burdened by sins are sure to fall off and are dashed into hell, which it cro es. The same idea appears in Zoroastrianism and among the Jews. Alsleben (äls'la-ben). A small town in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Saale 30 miles south of Magdeburg. Alsop (âl's op), Richard. Born at Middle town, Conn., Jan. 23, 1761: died at Flat bush, L. I., Aug. 20, 1815. An American author, one of the "Hartford Wits" and chief writer on the "Echo." He published "Monody on the Death of Washington," and other poems. Alsop, Vincent. Died May 8, 1703. An Eng- lish nonconformist divine and controversialist. He wrote "Antisozzo" (1675), "Mischief of Impositions (1680), "Melius Inquirendum" (1679), etc. Alsted (äl's tet), Johann He in rich, Born at Ballers bach, near Herborn, Pru ia, 1588: died at We is sen burg, Transylvania, Nov. 8, 1638. Α German Protestant theologian and voluminous writer, profe or of philosophy (1615) and (1619) of theology at Herborn. Alster (äl's ter). A small tributary of the Elbe which traverses Hamburg, forming two basins, one (the larger) outside the town (Au en Alster), and one within it (Binnen Alster). The latter is surrounded with fine buildings and is a favorite pleasure-resort. Alsace, Lower, G. Unter-Elsa . A district of Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the northern portion of Alsace. The chief city is Strasburg. Area, 1,866 square miles. Population (1890), Alston, or Alston Moor. See Aldstone . 621,505. Alsace, Upper, G. Ober-Elsa . A district of Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the southern portion of Alsace. Its chief town is Mülhausen. Area, 1,370 square miles. Population (1890), 471,609. Alsace-Lorraine (äl-zäs'lor-rān'), G. Els as sLoth rin gen. An imperial territory (Reichsland) of the German Empire, capital Strasburg, bounded by Luxemburg, Pru ia, and the Rhine Palatinate on the north, by Baden (from which it is separated by the Rhine) on the east, by Switzerland and France on the south, and by France on the west. It is traversed by the Vosges; soil generally fertile, producing grain, wine, tobacco, etc., and it has important iron and coal-mines, and large manuUpper Alsace, Lower Alsace, and Lorraine. Its govern factures of iron, cotton, etc. It is divided into 3 districts, ment is vested in the imperial government and in a provincial committee of 58 members. It sends 15 deputies to the Reichstag. The prevailing religion (78 per cent. of the population) is Roman Catholic. The prevailing language is German, except in Lorraine, where French is chiefly spoken. It was ceded by France to Germany in 1871, as a result of the Franco-German war. Area, 5,668 miles. Population (1895), 1,621,279. Alsatia. The Latin name of Alsace. Alsatia (al-sā'shiä). Formerly a cant name (Alsace being a debatable ground or scene of frequent contests) for White friars, a district in London between the Thames and Fleet street, and adjoining the Temple, which po e ed certain privileges of sanctuary derived from the convent of the Carmelites, or White Friars, founded there in 1241. The locality became the resort of libertines and rascals of every description, whose abuses and outrages, and especially the riot in the reign of Charles II., led in 1697 to the abolition of the privilege and the dispersion of the Alsatians. The term Alsatia has in recent times been applied offensively to the English stock-exchange, because of the supposed questionable character of some of its proceedings. The name first occurs in Shad well's plays "The Woman Captain" (1680) and "The Squire of Alsatia" (1688). See White friars . Alsatia, The Squire of. Sce Squire . tri an Alps, North Styrian Alps, Lower Austria Alps, Le in i an Alps, Cadoric Alps (Dolomite Alps), Venetian Alsea (al (al-se'). [From [From Alsi , their name for Alps, Carnic Alps, Karawanken, Bacher, and San thaler themselves.] A tribe of North American In- Alps, and Julian Alps. There are also various outliers of dians, which formerly occupied 20 villages the system in Hungary and Croatia, etc. (Bakony Forest, both sides of Alsea River, Oregon, and is now Mountains of Cilli, etc.). The length of range from on over 600 miles; and its width is from 90 to 180 miles. Its highest peak is Mont Blanc, 15,781 feet (on the borders of France and Italy; highest in Switzerland, the Monte and its average height about Its largest glacier is the Aletsch, about 13 miles long. See, further, the special articles Pennine , Maritime, Lepontine Alps, Eastern. A division of the Alps which Alps , etc. villages was Yahats. See Yakonan . Alsen (äl's en), Dan. Als. An island 20 miles long, in the Little Belt, lat. 55° N., long. 9° 50′ E., belonging to the province of SchleswigHolstein, Pru ia. Its chief town is Sonder burg. The inhabitants are chiefly Danish. It was a strategic point for the Danes in 1848-49, and was conquered by the Prus Alstroemer (äl's tre-mer), Jonas. Born at Aling æs, West Gothland, Sweden, Jan. 7, 1685: died June 2, 1761. A Swedish merchant, distinguished as a promoter of industrial re form in Sweden. Alt. See Aluta . Altahmo (äl-tä'mo). A tribe of North American Indians which formerly lived on San Francisco bay, California. See Cost a no an . Altai (al-ti'). A mountain system which lies partly in the government of Tomsk, Siberia, and is continued eastward into Mongolia. The highest elevation, the Bjelucha (White Mountain), is about 11,000 feet. The main range is also known as the Ektag Altai. Altaic (al-tā'ik). A term applied to various Turanian" or uncla ified languages in northern Asia: usually in the compound Ural - Altaic . See Turanian. Altai Mining District. A territory in the southern part of the government of Tomsk, Siberia, noted for mineral wealth. Its capital is Barnaul. Altair (al-tar'), or Atair (a-tar'). [Ar. al -nasr al - tair , the flying eagle.] The standard first magnitude star a Aquile. Altamaha (alt a-ma-ha'). A river in Georgia which is formed by the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, and flows into the Atlantic 55 miles southwest of Savannah. Its length is about 130 miles. Altamirano (äl-tä-më-rä'no), Ignacio Manuel. Born in Guerrero about 1835: died in Italy, Feb., 1893. A Mexican poet, orator, and journalist, of pure Indian blood, said to have been a descendant of the Aztec monarchs. He was a member of the Constituent Congre of 1861, and joined the army during the French invasion, attaining the rank of colonel. He published "Clemencia," "Julia," etc. Altamont (al'ta-mont). 1. In Rowe's play "The Fair Penitent,"," the much-wronged but forgiving husband of Calista (the Fair Penitent). He kills "that haughty gallant, gay Lothario" who has wronged him.-2. In Thackeray's novel "Pen dennis," the name a umed by the returned convict Amory. He is the first husband of Lady Clavering and father of the emotional Blanche Amory. Altamont, Frederick. See Bunce, John. Altamura (äl-tä-möʻrä). A city in the province of Bari, Italy, 28 miles southwest of Bari. It contains a cathedral, founded by the emperor Freder IMG:content-0059.png:[blocks in formation] miles south of Eisenach, noted in the history German naturalist and engraver, author of of Boniface and of Luther (1521). "Naturgeschichte des Pferdes" (1810), "Ver- Altenzelle (äl-ten-tsel'le). A former Cistercian gleichende Osteologie" (1821-31). monastery near No en, in Saxony, secularized Alton (âl'ton). A town in Hampshire, Eng- Alter at i (It. pron. äl-te-rä'te), The. A private musical academy, founded in 1568 at Florence by seven Florentine noblemen. It devoted it self to the cultivation of the musical drama, and under its auspices the first Italian opera was produced. See Daphne. Alterf (al-terf'). [Ar.] The seldom used name of the fourth-magnitude star & Leonis, in the mouth of the animal. Alter Fritz (äl'ter frits). [G., 'Old Fritz.] A nickname of Frederick the Great. Althæa (al-the'a), or Althea. [Gr. Ἀλθαία .] In Greek legend, a daughter of Thestius, wife of Eneus, king of Calydon, and mother of Tydeus, Meleager, and Deïaneira. Althea. The name under which Richard Love- lace poetically addre ed a woman, supposed to be Lucy Sacheverell, who was also celebrated Altdorfer (ält dor-fer), or Altorfer (äl tor-fer), Albrecht. Born at Altdorf, Bavaria, 1488: died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, 1538. A German painter and engraver. His chief work, "The Battle of Arbela," is at Munich. Altea (äl-tā'ä). A seaport in the province of Alicante, Spain, 25 miles northeast of Alicante. Population (1887), 5,790. Altemira (al-te-mi'rä). A tragedy by Lord Orrery, produced in 1702, after his death. Altenburg (äl'ten-börg). The capital (since 1826) of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, near the Plei e 25 miles south of Leipsic. It contains a castle (founded in the 11th century), famous from the "Robbery of the Prince " in 1455. Ancient Saxon res i- dence. Population (1890), 31,439. Altendorf (äl'ten-dorf). A town near E en, Rhine Province, Pru ia. Population (1890), Althen (F. pron. äl-ton'), Jehan or Jean. Born in Persia: died in France, 1774. A Persian, the son of a governor of a Persian province, who introduced the cultivation of madder into France. He was sold as a slave at Smyrna, but made his escape to France, bringing with him some seeds of madder, the exportation of which was forbidden under A story by Charles Kingsley, published in 1850. Altoona (al-tö nä). A city in Blair County, Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at capital of the canton of Uri, Switzerland, situ- ated near the Reu and near the southeastern extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, on the St. Gotthard route, 20 miles southeast of Lucerne. It is celebrated in the legends of William Tell, to whom a statue was erected here in 1861. Population (1888), 2,551. See Tell , William . Althing. See Thing . Althorp, Viscount. See Spencer , third Earl. Altilia (äl-te'li-ä). A small place in central Italy about 20 miles north of Ben even to. The Roman walls of the ancient town (the Samnite Sæpinum), about two miles from the modern site, remain practically Altorfer. See Altdorfer . gate strengthened by ma ive square towers ingles and a Altötting (ält-ét'ting), or of each side, oriented toward the cardinal points. The ten-èt'ting). A small town in Upper Bavaria, masonry is reticulated, except that of the gate-arches. An inscription ascribes the construction to Nero. Altin (äl-tin'), or Teletskoi (tā-let-skoi'). A lake, 75 miles long and about 20 broad, in west- ern Siberia, in lat. 51° 30′ N., long. 87° 30′ E., which empties into a tributary of the Obi. Alting (äl'ting), Johann He in rich. Born at Emden, Pru ia, Feb. 17, 1583: died at Gron- ingen, Aug. 25, 1644. A German Protestant theologian, profe or of dogmatics at Heidel- berg (1613), and later (1627) of theology at Groningen. He opposed the Remonstrants in the synod of Dordrecht. Alting, Jakob. Born at Heidelberg, Sept. 27, 1618: died at Groningen, Aug. 20, 1676. A son of J. H. Alting, profe or of Oriental languages (1643) and of theology (1667) at Groningen. His works on Hebrew are notable. Altis (al'tis). [Gr. Ἄλτις .] The sacred pre- cinct and nucleus of the ancient Olympia, in Greece. Altisidora (al'tis-i-dō'rä). A character in the "Curious Impertinent," an episode in "Don Quixote": an attendant of the duche . She torments Don Quixote by pretending to be in love with him. Altkirch (ält'kērch). A small town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the Ill 18 miles northwest of Basel: capital of the Sund- gau. Altmark (ält'märk). The nucleus of Branden- burg and the Pru ian monarchy: known first as the Nordmark, now in the province of Sax- ony, Pru ia. See Nordmark and Brandenburg . Luxemburg, Jan. 24, 1804: died at Bru els, Altmeyer (ält'mi-er), Jean Jacques. Born at Aludra (al-ö'dra). [Ar. al - ' adra , the singular Sept. 15, 1877. A Belgian historian. Among his works are "His to ire des relations commer cia les et pol i- tiques des Pays-Bas," etc., "Résumé de l'his to ire mo- derne" (1842), and various works on Dutch and Belgian his- tory, etc. Altmühl (ält'mül). A river in Bavaria, the ancient Alcimona or A lemon a, which joins the Danube at Kelheim 14 miles southwest of Ra- tisbon. It cro es the Franc on i an Jura. Its length is about 125 miles, and it is connected with the Main system by the Ludwigs-Canal at Dietfurt. Alto-Douro (ältö do rộ).. A region in the southern part of Traz-os-Montes and the north- ern part of Beira, Portugal, near the Douro, noted for its (port) wine. Alt of ron to, Giovanni. See Malevole . Alton (äl'ton), Johann Samuel Eduard d'. Born at St. Goar, Pru ia, July 17, 1803: died at Halle, July 25, 1854. A German anatomist, son of J. W. E. d'Alton, author of "Handbuch der mensch lichen Anatomie" (1848-50), etc. Alton (äl'ton), Johann Wilhelm Eduard d'. Born at Aquileia, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 11, 1772: died at Bonn, Pru ia, May 11, 1840. A Alumbagh. See Alambagh . A lured us. See Alfred of Beverley . Aluta (a-lo'tä), or Alt (ält), or Olt (olt). A river which rises in eastern Transylvania, flows south and west, and breaks through the Car- pathians at the Rotherthurm Pa , and then flows south through Wall a chia, and joins the Danube opposite Nicopolis. Its chief tributary is the Oltetz. Length, about 300 miles. Also Aloota . Alva (al'vä; Sp. äl'vä), or Alba (al'bä), Duke of (Fernando Alvarez de Toledo). Born 1508: died at Thomar, Portugal, Jan. 12, 1582. A fa- mous Spanish general. He fought in the various campaigns of the emperor Charles V. and of Philip II.; de- Alva cided the victory of Mühlberg, 1547; was commander against Metz in 1552 and later in Italy; was sent as governor to the Netherlands in 1567, and there became notorious for his cruelty; established the "Council of Blood (which see); put to death Egmont, Hoorn, and many others; and was generally succe ful against William of Orange down to 1572. He returned to Spain in 1573 and conquered Portugal in 1580. Alva de Liste, or Alva de Aliste, Count of. Same as Alba de Liste . See Henriquez de Guz man, Luis . Alvarado (äl-vä-rä'THō), Alonso de. Born at Burgos about 1490: died in Peru, 1556. A Spanish cavalier who in 1518 joined Cortez and served in the conquest of Mexico. Of his early life nothing is known. In 1534 he went to Peru with Pedro de Alvarado (who was not related to him), remained with Pizarro, and was sent to conquer Chachapoyas, a region on the upper Marañon. Called back by the revolt of Inca Manco, he was detached with 400 men to relieve Cuzco. Almagro, meanwhile, had seized that city, and Alvarado's refusal to acknowledge him led to a battle at the river Abancay, July 12, 1537, where Alvarado was defeated and captured with his whole force. He escaped from Cuzco at the end of the year, joined Pizarro, and commanded his cavalry at the battle of Las Salinas, April 26, 1538, capturing Almagro next day. He then returned to Chachapoyas and carried his conquests eastward to the Huallaga. He joined Vaca de Castro in 1541, took part in the campaign against the younger Almagro, and was at the battle of Chupas, Sept. 16, 1542. Soon after he went to Spain, received the title of marshal, and returned with Gasca in 1546. He was a judge in the military court which condemned Gonzalo Pizarro and Carbajal to death. Gasca made him governor of Cuzco, and in 1553 he was sent to rebellion of iron, Alvarado marched against him with Charcas, where he put down rebellion. On 1,000 men (Nov., 1553), but was defeated at Chuquingua, near the river Abancay, May 21, 1554. It is said that the mortification of this defeat caused his death. Alvarado, Diego de. Died in Spain, 1540. A Spanish soldier, either brother or uncle of Pedro de Alvarado, who went with him to Peru in 1534. Alvarado, Pedro de. Born in Badajoz, 1485: died at Guadalajara, Mexico, June 4, 1541. A Spanish cavalier, famous as a companion of Cortés in the conquest of Mexico. He went to the West Indies in 1510, and in 1511 joined the expedition of Velasquez to Cuba, where he received a grant of land. In 1518 he commanded a ve el in the expedition of Gri jalva to Yucatan, and in the following year followed Cortés in the Mexican conquest. He was present at the seizure of Monte zum a, and when Cortés went to meet Narvaez, Alvarado was left in command of the force Mexico. During Cortes's absence the Mexicans rose and besieged the Spaniards. In the disastrous nocturnal re treat (the noche triste , July 1, 1520), Alvarado commanded the rear-guard and escaped with difficulty, saving his life, according to the tradition, by leaping a great gap in the causeway, at a spot still called "Alvarado's Leap." the subsequent operations and the siege of Mexico he took a prominent part. In Dec., 1523, he was sent with 420 Spaniards and a large force of Indians to conquer Guatemala: after a desperate battle with the Quiche Indians near Quezal ten an go, he marched to Utitlan, burned that town after conquering the inhabitants (April, 1524), defeated another army near Lake Atitlan, and founded the old city of Guatemala, July 25, 1524. He returned to Spain to meet charges of defrauding the royal treasury and was acquitted, and returned to Guatemala in 1530 as governor, with a large number of colonists. In 1534 he headed an expedition of 400 men against Quito, claiming that that region was not included in the grant made to Pizarro, and was thus open to conquest. Landing on the coast, he led his men over the mountains in a terrible march, during which large numbers perished. Near Riobamba he met the forces of Almagro and Ben alcazar, and was induced to retire, receiving, it is said, a large sum of gold from Pizarro: most of his men remained. Returning to Guatemala, he took part in the conquest of Honduras, which was added to his government. In 1540 he went to Mexico, was engaged in subduing a revolt in Jalisco, and died there from wounds received by a fall with his horse. Alvarenga (äl-vä-reng'gä), Manuel Ignacio da Silva. Born in São João, d'el Rei, Minas Geraes, 1758: died at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1, 1812. A Brazilian poet. His songs and odes are among the finest in the Portuguese language. Alvarenga Peixoto, Ignacio José de. Born in Rio de Janeiro about the end of 1748: died in Angola early in 1793. A Brazilian poet and revolutionist. For taking part in the revolutionary conspiracy of 1789 he was condemned to death (1792), but the sentence was commuted to deportation to Angola. died Aug. 21, 1867. A Mexican general. He joined the revolt of More los in Nov., 1810, and was prominent in the civil wars and in the war with the United States. In Feb., 1854, he began the revolt at Acapulco which spread until Santa Anna fled from the country in Aug., 1855. Alvarez was made acting president at Cuernavaca, Oct. 4, 1855; but unable to reconcile the conflicting cabals, he transferred the office to Com on fort, Dec. 8, 1855, and returned to his home at Acapulco. He aided Juarez against the French, and was commander of the 5th army division when he died. Alvarez,, Alvarez, Don. In Dryden's tragedy "Don Se- basti an," a former counselor to Don Sebastian, at the period of the play a slave. Alvary (äl-vä'ri) (Achenbach), Max. A tenor singer, son of the painter Andreas Achenbach, born at Dü eldorf in 1858. He first appeared in Weimar, removing to New York in 1884. After several succe ful seasons, he returned to Hamburg in 1889. Alvear (äl-ve-är'), Carlos Maria. Born in Buenos Ayres about 1785: died in Monte video about 1850. He received a military education in Spain, and in 1812 became a member of the constitutional a embly of the Platine states. He joined the party of Posadas; was sent to command the besieging army at Monte video, which capitulated in June, 1814; was worsted in a struggle with Artigas, and in Jan., 1815, succeeded Posadas as supreme director, but was soon deposed by a mutiny of the troops. He commanded the Argentine forces against the Brazil i ans in Uruguay, 1826, and won the indecisive victory of Ituzaingó, Feb. 20, 1827. Albrecht, He was minister to the United States in 1823. During the dictatorship of Rosas he was banished. Alvensleben (äl'vens-lā-ben), Albrecht, Count von. Born at Halberstadt, Pru ian Saxony, diplomatist March 23, 1794: died at Berlin, erlin, May 2, 1858. A Pru ian politician and diplomatist. As min ister of finance, finance, 1836-42, he devel developed the and Grave lotte. Alvensleben, Konstantin von. Born at Eichenbarleben, Pru ian Saxony. Aug. 26, 1809: died at Berlin, March 27, 1892. A Pru ian general, brother of Gustav von Alvensleben, commander of the 3d army corps in the war of 1870-71, at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour, Grave lotte, the investment of Metz, on the Loire, and elsewhere. Alves Branco (äl'ves bräng'kö), Manoel. Born at Bahia, June 7, 1797: died at Nictheroy, Rio de Janeiro, July 13, 1855. A Brazilian lawyer and statesman. He entered political life as deputy in 1830, and soon became a leader of the liberal party. He was chosen senator in 1837, was five times minister (1835, 1837, 1840, 1844, and 1846), and was premier May, 1847, to Jan., 1849. In Dec., 1854, he was created Visconde de Caravel las. Alvinczy (al'vin-tsē), or Alvinzi, Joseph, Baron von Barberek. Born at Alvinez, Transylvania, Feb. 1, 1735: died at Budapest, Nov. 25, 1810. An Austrian field-marshal. He served in the Seven Years' War, attaining the rank of colonel; unsucce fully attempted to storm Belgrad in 1789; dis tinguished himself at Neerwinden in 1793; was defeated at Hondschooten 1793; commanded on the upper Rhine; became commander in Italy in 1796; and was defeated by Bonaparte at Arcole 1796, and at Rivoli 1797. Alvord (al' vord), Benjamin. Born at Rutland, Vt., Aug. 18, 1813: died Oct. 16, 1884. An American general and military writer. He served in the Mexican war, attaining the rank of brevet major (Aug. 15, 1847), and in the Civil War. He became brevet brigadier-general April 9, 1865, and brigadier-general and payAlwaid (al-wid'). [Ar. al ' awdid , the sucking camel-colts (this star, with three others near it, being so called by the Arabs).] The second master-general Aug. 4, 1876. Alvares (äl'vä-res), or Alvares Corrêa (kōra'yä), Diogo. Died near Bahia, Oct. 5, 1557. magnitude star ẞ Drac on is, in the monster's eye. A Portuguese (generally known by his Indian It is called Rastaban on some star-maps. name Caramurú) who in 1510 was shipwrecked on the coast of Brazil near Bahia. He succeeded Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 27° 30′ N., in gaining the friendship of the Tupinamba Indians, and subsequently brought about friendly relations between them and the first Portuguese colonists. Alvarez (äl'vä-res), Francisco. Born at Coimbra, Portugal: died after 1540. A Portuguese traveler in Aby in i a, author of "Verdadeira In form açam do Preste João das Indias" (1540, "True Information about Prester John of the Indies"). Alvarez (äl'vä-reth), Juan. Bornat Concepcion de Atoyac (now Ciudad Alvarez), Jan. 27, 1780: Alwar (äl'wär), or Ulwar (ul'wär). A state of long. 76° 30′ E. It is under British control. Area, 3,051 square miles. Population (1891), 767,786. Alwar. The capital of the state of Alwar, in lat. 27° 34′ N., long. 76° 35' E. Population (1891), 52,398. Alxinger (älk's ing-er), Johann Baptist von. Born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 1755: died at Vienna, May 1, 1797. An Austrian poet, secretary of the imperial court theater (1794). He published "Gedichte" (1780, 1784), "Doolin von Mainz" (1787), "Bli Amadis of Gaul omber is" (1791). His writings were collected in ten volumes in 1812. Alyattes (a-li-at'ēz). [Gr. Ἀλυάττης.] A king of Lydia who reigned about 617-560 в. с., the father of Crœsus. He made various conquests in Asia Minor, and carried on war against Cyaxares of Media. His tomb north of Sardis, near Lake Gygæa, was one of the most notable monuments of antiquity. If the measurements of Hero dot us are accurate, and modern travellers appear to think that they do not greatly overstep the truth, the tomb of Alyattes cannot have fallen far short of the grandest of the Egyptian monuments. Its deficiency as respects size must have been in height, for determine, is above one-third greater than that of the Pyramid of Cheops. As, however, the construction was the area of the base, which alone our author's statements earth and not of stone, a barrow and not a pyramid, it would undoubtedly have required a le amount of servile labour than the great works of Egypt, and would indicate a le degraded condition of the people who raised it than that of the Egyptians in the time of the pyramid-builders. Rawlinson , Herod., I. 363. Alz (älts). A tributary of the Inn, in Upper Bavaria, the outlet of the Chiemsee. Alzei, or Alzey (ält'sī). A town in the prov- ince of Rhine He e, He e, situated on the Selz 19 miles southwest of Mainz. It is an old Roman town, and is noted in the Nibelungen cycle. It Population (1890), 5,801. was sacked by Spinola in 1620, and by the French 1688-89. Alzirdo (ält-ser'dō). In "Orlando Furioso," the king of Tremizen, defeated by Orlando. Alzire (äl-zēr'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produced Jan. 27, 1736, in which he contrasted the virtues of the noble natural man and those of Christian i zed and civilized man. The heroine, Alzire, is a noble Peruvian captive. Alzog (ält'soG), Johannes. Born at Ohlau, Silesia, June 29, 1808: died at Freiburg, Baden, Feb. 28, 1878. A German Roman Catholic church historian, profe or at Posen, Hildesheim, and Freiburg. He was the author of "Lehrbuch der Universalkirchengeschichte" (1840, "Manual of General Church History"), "Grundri der Patrologie," etc. Alzubra (al'zu-bra). [Ar.] The rarely used name of a little star of the fifth magnitude, 72 Leonis, in the animal's hind quarters. Amadah (ä-mä'dä). A place in Nubia on the bend of the Nile near Derr, noted for the temple of Thothmes III. Amadeo (ä-mä-dā'ō), Giovanni Antonio. Born near Pavia about 1447: died Aug. 27, 1522. The most remarkable of the Lombard sculptors. He was a ociated early with the Mantegazze in the works of the façade of the Certosa. With his brother Prot as i us he also made the tomb of San Lan franco in the church of that saint near Pavia. He made the monument to Medea Colleone (or Coleoni) at Basella near Bergamo, and the chapel and tomb of Colleone himself at Bergamo, 1509. In 1490 he was appointed chief architect of the Certosa at Pavia, and made a new design for the façade which was subsequently carried out by his succe ors. He constructed the cupola of the cathedral at Milan, and two important monuments of the chapel of the Borromei at Isola Bella. A made us (am-a-de'us), It. Amadeo (ä-mädā'ō). Born May 30, 1845: died at Turin, Jan. 18, 1890. Duke of Aosta, the second son of Victor Emmanuel II., elected king of Spain Nov., 1870. He entered Madrid Jan. 2, 1871, and abdicated Feb. 11, 1873. A made us V. Born at Bourget, Savoy, 1249: died 1323. A count of Savoy, surnamed "The Great," who reigned from 1285 to 1323, and was the ancestor of the house of Savoy (later Italian dynasty). He increased the po e ions of Savoy by marriage and conquest, and was made prince of the empire 1313. A made us VI. Born 1334: died 1383. A count of Savoy, surnamed "The Green Count," a grandson of A made us V. He reigned 1343-8 and acquired various territories in Piedmont and elsewhere. A made us VII. A count of Savoy, surnamed "The Red," a son of A made us VI. He reigned 1383-91, and acquired Nice. A made us VIII. Born at Chambéry, Savoy, Sept. 4, 1383: died at Geneva, Jan. 7, 1451. A count (later duke) of Savoy, son of A made us VII. He succeeded as count in 1391, was created duke in 1416, and abdicated in 1434. He was elected pope in 1439, and reigned as Felix V. 1440-49. A made us, Lake. A salt lake, about 150 miles long, on the boundary of South Australia and western Australia, about lat. 24° S. Amadis of Gaul (am'a-dis ov gal). The legendary hero of a famous medieval romance of chivalry, the center of a cycle of romances: the IMG:content-0060.png:[blocks in formation] fitana .] The oldest existing code of maritime Fletcher's "Spanish Curate," the wife of Bar- law, compiled about the time of the first Cru- sade by the authorities of Amalfi, which then Amarante (ä-mä-rän'tā). A small town in po e ed considerable commerce and maritime power. Amalia (ä-mä'lē-ä), Anna. Born at Wolfen- büttel, Germany, Oct. 24, 1739: died at Wei- mar, April 10, 1807. Duche of Saxe-Weimar- Eisenach, wife of Duke Ernest, and mother of Duke Karl August. She was regent 1759-75, and is celebrated as a patrone of literature and art, especially as the friend of Wiel and, Herder, and Goethe. Amalie (ä-mä'le-e), or Amalia, Marie Fried- erike. Born Dec. 21, 1818: died May 20, 1875. Prince of Oldenburg, eldest daughter of Grand Duke August us, and wife of Otho, King of Greece (marri (married Nov. 22, 1836). Amalie (ä-mä'le-e), Marie Friederike Au- guste. Duche in Saxony: pseudonym Ama- lie Heiter. Born Aug. 10, 1794: died Sept. 18, 1870. A German dramatist, sister of King John of Saxony: author of "Der Oheim," "Die Fürstenbraut," "Vetter He in rich," etc. Amalings (am'a-lingz). A royal Gothic family said to have ruled over the Goths till the divi- sion of the nation into Ostrogoths and Visi- goths, when they ruled over the Ostrogoths till the extinction of the male line in Theodoric the Great, 526. Also Amals . The kings [of the Goths] were chosen by the voice of the a embled people from certain great families, two of which, the Amalings and the Bal things, are known to us by name. The Amalings were said to be descended from ancestor of the Goths] whose deeds had earned for him the title of Amala, "the mighty"; the name of the Balth- ings is derived from the same root as our English word "bold."... The Amalings became the royal line of the Ostrogoths, while the Visigoths chose their kings from the A malar i us (am-a-la'ri-us). Died 837. A deacon and priest in Metz, who became abbot of Horn- bach, and was head of the church at Lyons during the deposition of Agobard, 833-837. His work "De ecclesiastic is officiis describes the order of service observed in the Roman Church in the 9th century. A mala so nth a (ama-la-son tha), or Amala- suentha, or Amalasuntha, or A malas win- tha. Born 498: killed 535 (534). Daughter of Theodoric, king of the East Goths, and regent of the East-Gothic kingdom 526-535 (5347). A male cite (a-mal'e-sit). A tribe of North American Indians, chiefly of New Brunswick. Amalricians (am-al-rish of Amalric (Amaury) of Bène (in the diocese of Chart res), a pantheist who was condemned by the University of Paris (in which he was a profe or of logic and exegesis), by the Pope, and by a synod of Paris. Ten of them were burned as heretics. Amals. See Amalings . A mal the a (am-al-the'ä), or A mal the a. [Gr. Αμάλθεια .] In Greek mythology, the nurse of Zeus, probably a goat. In Roman legend, the Sibyl who sold to Tarquin the Sibylline books. Amambara (ä-mäm-bä'rä). A tributary of the Niger, south of the Binué. Amana (ä-mänä), or Abana (ab'a-nä). [Heb., faithful, steady.] A river which rises in the Anti-Lebanon and flows through Damascus (2 Ki. v. 12): the modern Nahr Barada. The name is also applied to the district of the Anti-Leb- anon (Cant. iv. 81). Amanda (a-man da). In Cibber's comedy "Love's Last Shift," and in its continuation by Vanbrugh "The Relapse," a virtuous and charming woman, deserted by Lovele , to whom she was married very young, but whose love she regains. A mandola (ä-män'dō-lä). A town in the prov- ince of Ascoli, Italy, 45 miles south of Ancona. Amants magnifiques (ä-mon' män-ye-fēk'), Les. A sort of dramatic potpourri by Molière, written at the order of the king in 1670. Amanus (a-ma'nus). [Gr. Ἀμανός .] In ancient geography, a mountain group, the modern Alma Dagh, a branch of Mount Taurus, on the borders of Cilicia and Syria. A man vill ers (ä-mon-ve-yar'). A village north- west of Metz of which the name is sometimes given to what is commonly called the battle of Amapala (ä-mä'pä-lä). A seaport on the island of Tigre, in the Gulf of Fonseca, on the Pacific coast of Honduras. It exports Central American products. Am arak an taka (am"a-ra-kanʼta-kä). [Skt., 'peak of the immortals,'] A place of pilgrimage in India in the table-land east of the Vindhyas. Amarakosha (am"a-ra-ko'shä). [Skt., the immortal vocabulary, or the vocabulary of Amara.'] A celebrated vocabulary of the clas- sical Sanskrit, ascribed to A mar a sinh a. Amarant (am'a-rant). A giant killed in the Holy Land by Guy of Warwick. Amasis, Amosis. See Aahmes . Amat (ä-mät'), Felix. Born at Sabadell, near Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 10, 1750: died near Sa- leut, Sept. 28, 1824. A Spanish ecclesiastic and writer, archbishop of Palmyra in part i bus infidelium . He became confe or to Charles IV. in 1806, and is the author of an ecclesiastical history, "Tratado de la Iglesia de Jesu Cristo" (1793-1803). Amat, Manuel de. Born in Catalonia about 1705: died at Barcelona about 1780. A Spanish general and administrator. He served with dis- tinct i on in Africa, Italy, and the Peninsula; was captain- general of Chile 1755-61, and viceroy of Peru 1761-76. In 1767 he carried out the decree for the expulsion of the Jesuits. Amathus the southern coast of Cyprus, near the site of the modern Limasol. It contained a sanctuary of Aphrodite. Amati (ä-mä'tė). A celebrated Italian family of violin-makers which flourished at Cremona in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most noted members were Andrea, his sons Antonio and Geronimo, and Nicolo, son of Geronimo. Am at it lan (ä-mä-te-tlän'). A town in Guatemala, Central America, south of Guatemala. Population (1889), 7,500. Am at it lan Lake. A lake, 9 miles long, in southern Guatemala, near Am at it lan. Am at on gal and. See Tonga land . Amatus Lusitanus (a-ma'tus lū-si-tā'nus). Born 1511: died 1568. A Portuguese physician, of Hebrew descent. He is said to have been the second author to describe the valves in the veins. He wrote an account of seven hundred remarkable cases in medicine and surgery (1551-66). Amaury of Chart res. See Amalric of Bène . Amaury (a-ma'ri or ä-mō-rē') I., or Amalric (am-al'rik). Born 1135: died 1173. King of Jerusalem (Count of Joppa), a younger son of Baldwin II., and the succe or of his brother Baldwin III., 1162. He invaded Egypt in 1168, marching as far as Cairo, but was driven out by Salad in, by whom he was put upon the defensive in 1170. But it is in the famous legend of the Amazons that we must look for the chief evidence preserved to us by cla ical antiquity of the influence exercised by the Hittites in of female warriors, whose primitive home lay in Kappa Asia Minor. The Amazons were imagined to be a nation dokia, on the banks of the Thermodon, not far from the ruins of Boghaz Keui. From hence they had i ued forth pire which reached to the Egean Sea. The building of to conquer the people of Asia Minor and to found an em many of the most famous cities on the Ægean coast was ascribed to them, Myrina and Kyme, Smyrna and Ephesos, where the worship of the great Asiatic godde was carried on with barbaric ceremonies into the later age of civilised Greece. Now these Amazons are nothing more than the prieste es of the Asiatic godde , whose cult spread from Carchemish along with the advance of the Hittite armies. She was served by a multitude of armed prieste es and eunuch priests; under her name of Ma, for instance, no d eunuch priests; under her name waited on her at Komana in Kappadokia. Certain cities, in fact, like Komana and Ephesos, were dedicated to her service, and a large part of the population accordingly became the armed ministers of the mighty godde . Generally these were women, as at Ephesos in early days, where they obeyed a high-prieste , who called herself the queen-bee. When Ephesos pa ed into Greek hands, the godde worshipped there was identified with the Greek Artemis, and a high-priest took the place of the high-prieste .