Oswald 635, and famous under St

Cuthbert, Length, 3 miles. 2. A name sometimes given to Rügen, and also to other islands. Holy Land. See Palestine . Julius II., Ferdinand of Aragon, and the states of Venice and Switzerland, formed in 1511 for the purpose of expelling Louis XII. of France from Italy. It was subsequently joined by Henry VIII. of England and by the emperor Maximilian. It was di olved on the death of Julius in 1513. 2. A league between the emperor Charles V., the archbishops of Mainz and Salzburg, and the dukes William and Louis of Bavaria, George of Saxony, and Eric and Henry of Brunswick, Homer pointed Norman-Saracenic arches. In the interior is the sepulcher proper, inclosed in a 16-sided chapel beneath a dome 65 feet in diameter resting on 18 piers, together with a great number of chapels appropriated to different creeds and nationalities, or marking various spots traditionally connected with the Saviour's pa ion. Much of the 12thcentury Church of the Crusaders, originally distinct from the Holy Sepulcher, is included in the existing edifice: it presents beautiful details of the French architecture of the style of transition to the Pointed. Holy Thorn. See Glastonbury . Holy War, The. 1. A work by Thomas Fuller, formed at Nuremberg July 10, 1538, for the sup published in 1639: his first important book.-2. port of the Roman Catholic faith in Germany A work by John Bunyan, published in 1682. in opposition to the Smalkaldic League.-3. Holy well (hol'i-wel). A town in Flints hire, A league formed by the Roman Catholics in North Wales, situated near the estuary of the France in 1576 for the purpose of annihilating Dee, 14 miles southwest of Liverpool. Popula- the Huguenot party and elevating the Guises tion (1891), 3,018. to the throne. It owed its origin to the di atisfaction among the Roman Catholics with the peace of Chastenoy ( paix de monsieur ), concluded in that year, which granted the Huguenots free exercise of their religion in all parts of France except Paris. It was supported by Philip II. of Spain, and was finally overthrown by Henry IV. in 1596. Holy Mother of the Ru ians. An epithet of Moscow. Holyoake (hōl'i-ok), George Jacob. Born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817. An English reformer. He has taken a prominent part in promoting schemes for the education of the working-cla es and for tion. He is an advocate of secularism. Among his works the advancement among them of various forms of coöper a are "The History of Co-operation in England: its Literature and Advocates" (1875-78) and "The Rochdale Pioneers: Thirty-Three Years of Co-operation in Rochdale" (1882), of which a ninth edition appeared in 1883 under the title of "Self-Help by the People.' Holyoke (hol'yok). A city in Hampden County, Ma achusetts, situated on the Connecticut 7 miles north of Springfield. It is noted for its manufactures, especially of paper, being one of the chief paper manufacturing cities in the world. Population (1890), 35,637. Holyoke, Mount. The chief point in a low range (Holyoke range) in western Ma achusetts, southeast of North amp ton. Height, 955 feet. Holy Roman Empire, or German-Roman Empire, often called the German Empire, G. Römisches Reich deutscher Nation (re'mishes rich doich'er nät-se-on'), or Deutsches Reich (doich'es rich). The realm ruled by the emperor who claimed to be the representative of the ancient Roman emperors, and who a erted (in theory) authority over the nations of western and central Europe: called "holy" from the interdependence of the empire and the church. It comprised in general the German-speaking peoples in central Europe, and it had for a long time a close connection with Italy. Various regions outside of Germany proper were at different times under the empire. It began with Charles the Great, king of the Franks, who was crowned emperor of the West 800, and was succeeded by various Caroling i an emperors. By the treaty of Verdun (843) the Caroling i an dynasty continued in the eastern part of Charlemagne's empire (i. e. Germany). The German nation grew from the union of Thu ring i ans, Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Swabians, Lorrainers, etc. The Saxon line of German kings began with Henry the Fowler in 919. The lasting union of Germany with the empire began in 962, when Otto I., king of Germany, became Roman emperor. The Saxon line of emperors continued until 1024. The Franc on i an line (Conrad IV., Henry III., Henry IV., Henry V.) reigned 1024 to 1125; the Hohenstaufen or Swabian line (Conrad III., Frederick Barb a ro a, Frederick II., Conrad IV.) 1138-1208, 1215-54. There was an interregnum from 1254 to 1273. Emperors from the Hapsburg, Luxemburg, and other houses reigned 1273-1437. The continuous line of Hapsburg emperors, who were powerful Austrian rulers, began in 1438. After Maximilian I. and Charles V. the empire degenerated through the 17th and 18th centuries; and Francis II. (Francis I. of Austria) abdicated as the last emperor in 1806. The emperors were elected. The number of electors was fixed at seven by the Golden Bull of 1356- the archbishops of Mainz, Treves, and Cologne, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. Bavaria and Hannover were respectively made electorates in 1623 and 1692, and in the years immediately before the fall of the empire Würtemberg, He e-Ca el, and Salzburg. By Maximilian I. the empire was divided into 10 circles-Burgundian, Westphalian, Lower Rhine, Upper Rhine, Lower Saxon, Upper Saxon, Franc on i an, Swabian, Bavarian, and Austrian. See German Confederation , Germany , Pru ia , Saxony , and the different German states; also Austria . Holyrood (ho'li-röd) Palace. An ancient royal palace of Scotland, situated at Edinburgh. It was originally an abbey, founded 1128; was several times burned; and was the scene of the murder of Rizzio 1566. It is a large and picturesque castellated structure, in its existing form built chiefly about 1670. The apartments of Mary Queen of Scots are preserved. The palace replaced Holyrood Abbey, which belonged the ruined English church, whose tracery, arcades, and other details are admirable. The abbey po e ed the ancient privilege of sanctuary, and for debtors this survived until 1880, when imprisonment for debt was abolished. Holy Sepulcher, Church of the. A church at Jerusalem, consecrated in 336. The original building was in the form of a rotunda, whose shape, at least, survives in the existing complex structure. It a umed various forms in the course of the middle ages, and was in great part rebuilt after a fire in 1808. The chief entrance Holy well street. A London street parallel to the Strand from Newcastle street to St. Clement Danes Church: so named from a "holy well" in that locality. It is occupied chiefly by book-shops, and was formerly notorious as a place of sale for obscene literature. Holzminden (hōlts'min-den). A town in Brunswick, Germany, on the Weser 40 miles south southwest of Hannover. It has a school of engineering. Population (1890), 8,787. Homam (hō-mam'). [Ar. sa'd al - hom am , the lucky star of the hero.] The third-magnitude star n Pegasi. Homberg (hom'berg), Wilhelm. Born at Batavia, Java, Jan. 8, 1652: died at Paris, Sept. 24, 1715. A chemist of German descent. He discovered boracic acid and "Homberg's phosphorus." Homburg, or Homburg-vor-der-Höhe (hom'börg-for-der-hè'e). A town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, on a spur of the Taunus 9 miles north-northwest of Frankfort-on-the Main. It is one of the most frequented watering-places in Germany, noted for mineral springs, formerly for its gaming-tables. It has a castle. It was the capital to 1866 of the former landgraviate of He e-Homburg. Population (1890), commune, 8,863. Homburg. A small town in the Palatinate, Bavaria, 43 miles southeast of Treves. Home (hom), Sir Everard. Born at Hull, England, May 6, 1756: died at London, Aug. 31, 1832. A Scottish surgeon and anatomist. He was a pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter, and later his a istant. From 1821 he was surgeon to Chelsea Hospital. He wrote "Lectures on Comparative Anatomy" (1814-28), etc. Home, Henry, Lord Kames. Born at Kames, Berwickshire, Scotland, 1696: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 27, 1782. A Scottish judge and philosophical writer. He published "E ays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion" (1751), "Elements of Criticism" (1762), and various legal works. Home, John. Born at Leith, Scotland, Sept. 21, 1722: died near Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1808. A Scottish clergyman and dramatist, author of "Douglas" (which see). He was settled as minister at Athelstaneford in East Lothian in 1747. His connection with the stage aroused clerical hostility, and proceedings against him were begun in the presbytery: but he resigned in 1757. He also wrote "Agis" (acted 1758), "The Fatal Discovery" (1769), "Alonzo" (1773), "Alfred" (1778). Home as Found. A novel by Cooper, published in 1838. Home Counties. A name given to the English counties containing London and in its immediate neighborhood. They are Middle sex, Surrey, Kent, E ex, and Hertford. Homer (ho'mer). [L. Homerus , Gr. " Ὅμηρος , one who puts together; a hostage; a pledge agreed upon between two parties.] The poet to whom is a igned by very ancient tradition the authorship of the Iliad and the Ody ey, and of certain hymns to the gods ("Homeric Hymns"). Other poems also, as the "Batrachomyomachia" ("Battle of the Frogs and Mice"), were with le certainty attributed to him. Of his personality nothing is known. Seven cities Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Salamis (in Cyprus), Chios, Argos, and Athens-contended for the honor of being his birthplace: of these, the best evidence connects him with Smyrna. He was said to have died on the island of Ios. The tradition that he lived on the island of Chios, and in his old age was blind, is supported by the Hymn to the Delian Apollo. Modern destructive criticism has led to the doubt whether such a person as Homer existed at all, the great epics which bear that name being supposed to be, in their existing form, of a composite character, the product of various persons and ages. It is altogether probable, however, that the nucleus of the Iliad, at least, was the work of a single poet of commanding genius. (See Iliad , Ody ey , and the quotation below.) Various dates have been a igned to Homer. According to Hero dot us he lived about 850 B. C.; others give a later date, and some a date as early as 1200 в. с. His poems were sung by profe ional reciters (rhapsodists), who went from city to city. (See Homeridæ .) They were given substantially their present form by Pis i stratus or his sons Hipparch us and Hippias, who ordered the rhapsodists to recite them at the Panathenaic festival in their order and completene . The present text of the poems, with their division into books, is based upon the work of the Alexandrine critics. Homer We may a ume it as certain that there existed in Ionia schools or fraternities of epic rhapsodists who composed and recited heroic lays at feasts, and often had friendly cons may be sought in northern Greece, from which the fashion migrated in early days to Asia Minor. We may a ume that these singers became popular in many parts of Greece, and that they wandered from court to court, glorifying heroic ancestors of the various chiefs. One among them, called Homer, was endowed with a genius superior to the rest, and struck out a plot capable of nobler and larger treatment. It is likely that this superiority was not recognized at the time, and that he remained all his life a singer like the rest, a wandering minstrel, po ibly poor and blind. The listening public gradually stamped his poem with their approval, they demanded its frequent recitation, and so this Homer began to attain a great posthumous fame. But when this fame led people to inquire into his life and history, it had already pa ed out of recollection, and men supplied fables what they had forgotten or neglected. The rhapsodists, however, then turned their attention to expanding and perfecting his poem, which was greatly enlarged and called the Iliad. In doing this they had recourse to the art of writing, which seems to have been in use when Homer framed his poem, but which was certainly employed when the plan was enlarged with episodes. The home of the original Homer seems to have been about Smyrna, and in contact with both folic and Ionic legends. His date is quite uncertain: it need not be placed before 800 B. c., and is perhaps later, but not after 700 B. C.