JACOBITES

In English History, that party which, after inlion of 1688, adhered to the dethroned monarch James I., and afterwards to his descendants. In Scotland and Ireland, where the revolution was not effected excepl with the a istance of arms,' the Jacobite party formpd one of the two great divisions of each nation; and although InHhed in the latter country by conquest, they continued in the farmer to comprise a large proportion of the population until long after the last rebellion in 1745. But in England the revolution was effected at first with the consent of all parties; the adherents to the exiled monarch were silenced: yet, in a year or two, the Jacobite faction rose into KJtmgth, and continued to hara the government of William throughOut his reign. " It miiiis undeniable," says Hallam {Constitutional History of England, vol. iii., p. 149), " that the strength of the J'acobite taction sprung from the wnnt of apt'or the change of government." Its immediate canoe, however, was to be found in the refusal of a portion of the bishops and clergy to take the oaths to the new government {sec Nonjurors), which gave, as it were, acer- -tciiiy and tangible ground of opposition to the the dethroned monarch in general. At the same time many of William's chief advisers and officers maintain ret correspondence with James II. at the French from any attachment to his cause than wilh a view t i secure their own interest in case of his return. After the death of Jamea II. in France, and acce ion of Anne In England, the efforts of the party languished for a linn-; but towards the close of her reign they revived, on the tango in the succe ion. We have now undeniable proofs, from the French archives, of a fact whicli il, that Bolingbroke and Oxford, with Tory ministers, were in treaty with the son II., and either really or in pretence negotiating for his return. In 1715. on the arrival of George I., broke out I first rebellion in Scotland: its ill conduct and failure proved a considerable check to the hopes of the es. Bishop Atterbury, the last of their bolder - and adherents, was banished in 1722: after which time it is probable that no extensive conspiracy took place on their part. In Scotland, however, the party maintained i unabated, until the second rebellion of 1745, by its complete failure, put an end to its political existence. It is said that some of the party maintained a correspondence with Charles Edward, until his decease in 1787. The Cardinal of York, his brother, died in 1807; and it has been said that, by liis death, the adhesion of the Jacobites, if any existed, was transferred to the reigning family as his next heirs. This, however, is a vulgar error; the royal house of Sardinia and other families intervening between the house of Brunswick and the crown of England, according to the strict hereditary descent. Jacotutks. In Ecclesiastical History, the monophysite Christians of Syria are so called, from Jacob Barnd/.i, who revived their belief and form of worship in that country and Me so pot am i a, in the middle of the 6lh century. Many ui<- attempts have been made at various times to unite them with the church of Rome. {Oieseler's Text Hook, trans., ii., 419; iii.,414, .) See Monophysites, EuTYCIll I [s. 635]