Topeka (to-pe'kä)

The capital of Kansas, and east, and was originally domed at the cro ing. The grace of Shawnee County, situated on the Kansas River in lat. 39° 3′ N., long. 95° 40′ W. It is a railroad center; has manufactures of flour, machinery, etc.; and is the seat of Washburn College (Congregational), and of Bethany College for young ladies (Episcopal), and other educational institutions. It was settled in 1854, and was incorporated in 1857. Population (1900), 33,608. Topeka Constitution. A constitution for the projected State of Kansas, adopted in convention at Topeka 1855. It prohibited slavery. Topelius (to-pā'lē-ös), Zachris. Born at Nykarleby, Finland, Jan. 14, 1818: died March 12, 1898. A Swedish poet and novelist. His father was a physician. After 1833 he studied at Helsingfors. Here he subsequently settled, and 1842-61 was editor of the "Helsingfors Tidningar," in which his earliest poems and stories originally appeared. Afterward he was made profe or extra ordinar i us of the history of Finland and the North at the University of Helsingfors, and in 1863 profe or ordinar i us. In 1876 he became profe or of universal history. From 1875 to 1878 he was the rector of the university. In the latter year he finally withdrew from his academic labors. His first collection of lyrics appeared in 1845 with the title "Ljungblommor" ("Heath Blo oms"). Three other collections were published in 1850, 1854, and 1860 respectively, and still another, "Nya blad" ("New Leaves"), in 1870. Among his dramatic works are partic ful interior is surrounded by 12 handsome columns from earlier churches. Torch Lake (tôrch lāk). A lake chiefly in Antrim County, Michigan, about lat. 45° N. It communicates with Lake Michigan. Length, about 14 miles. Torda. See Thorenburg . Tordesilhas (tor-da-selyäs), Sp. Tordesillas (tōr-dā-sēl'yäs), Convention of. A treaty between Spain and Portugal, signed at Tordesilhas June 7, 1494, regulating their rights of dis covery and conquest. The Pope, by his celebrated bull of May 3, 1493, had drawn a meridian "100 leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verd Islands," giving to Spain the right of conquest to the west of it, and to Portugal the same right on the east. The convention of Tordesilhas removed this line to a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verd Islands. At that time the continental character of America was unknown, and the powers supposed that they were dividing "the Indies," or Asia; but apparently it never occurred to them that, in pushing their conquests, they would eventually meet on the same meridian, but on the opposite side of the world. Unfortunately the meridian was not definitely fixed - first, because it was reckoned from an archipelago, and not from one island or point; and second, because the term "league" admitted of several different meanings. The Brazilian coast, discovered soon The Century Cyclopedia of Names Toreno (to-rano), José Maria, Count of To- reno. Born at Oviedo, Spain, 1786: died at Paris, Sept. 16, 1843. A Spanish historian and politician, minister in the regency of Maria Christina. He wrote “Hist or i a del levant a mien to, guerra y revolucion de España" ("History of the Rising, War, and Revolution of Spain," 1835-38), a standard history of the Peninsular war. Torfaeus (tor-fe'us), or Torfason (tor'fä-son), Thormodr. Born in Iceland, 1639: died 1719. An Icelandic antiquary. His chief work is a "His- tory of Norway" (1711). He also wrote works on Green- land, Vinland, etc., and translated Icelandic works into Danish. Torgau (tor'gou). A fortified town in the prov- ince of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Elbe 31 miles east-northeast of Leipsic. Its chief build- ing is the castle Hartenfels. It suffered in the Thirty Years War; was fortified by Napoleon in 1810; was sieged by the Allies in 1813; and surrendered Jan. 14, 1814. Population (1890), commune, 10,860. Torgau, Alliance of. A league formed at Tor- gau, 1526, by Saxony and He e and other Protestant powers against the Roman Catholic IMG:content-1120.png:[blocks in formation] Toribio, Saint. See Mogrovejo , Toribio . Toribio de Benavente. See Motolinia . Tories (tō'riz). [From Ir. to irid he , a pursuer, a plunderer.] 1. In English history, one of the two great political parties which arose at the end of the 17th century. It may be regarded as the suc- ce or of the Cavaliers, Court Party, and Abhorrers. It fa- vored conservative principles in church and state. One wing after the revolution of 1688 became known as Jaco- bites; it was the peace party in the reign of Queen Anne; and portant railway and commercial center; has varied manu- factures; and is the seat of a university (burned in 1890) with affiliated colleges, and numerous other educational institutions. The early name of Toronto was York. It was settled and made the capital of Upper Canada by Gov- ern or Simcoe in 1794; was taken and burned by the Ameri- cans in 1813; and was incorporated as a city and had its name changed to Toronto in 1834. It was at one time, alter- nately with Quebec, the seat of government of Canada. It has been the capital of Ontario since 1867. Population (1901), 208,040. Torquatus. See Manlius . Torquay (tôr-kē'). A seaport and watering- place in Devons hire, England, situated on Tor Bay 18 miles south of Exeter. It is remarkable for its mild climate, and is a favorite winter health-resort. Near it are the ruins of Tor Abbey (12th-14th century), It has manufactures of terra-cotta articles. Population Torque mad a (tor-kā-mä'тнä), Juande. Bornat Valladolid, Spain, about 1545: died in Mexico after 1617. A Spanish historian. He went to Mex- ico in his youth; joined the Francis can order there; and was a profe or in the College of Tlatelolco, and provincial 1614-17. His principal work is the "Monarquia Indiana" (3 vols., folio, 1615; 2d ed. 1723). It is the most voluminous and one of the best of the early histories of Mexico. Torque mad a (tōr-kā-mä'тнä), Tomas de. Born about 1420: died 1498. A Dominican prior, made by Ferdinand and Isabella first inquisitor-gen- eral for Castile in 1483. He organized the Inquisition in Spain, and became infamous for the barbarous severity with which he administered his office. The number victims who suffered death is placed at nearly 9,000. He favored the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. Its earliest victims were Jews. Six were burned within four days from the time when the tribunal first sat, and Mariana states the whole number of those who suffered during the eighteen terrible years of Torque mad a's Inquis. it or ship at two you sand, besides seventeen you sand who underwent some form of punishment le severe than that Torre del Greco (tor're del gra'kō). [It., 'tower of the Greek.'] A town in the province of Na- ples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples, 7 miles southeast of Naples, at the base of Vesuvius. It has coral-fisheries. It has often been ravaged by eruptions and earthquakes. Population (1881), 21,588. Torre dell' Annunziata (tor're del län-nön-zē- ä'tä). A town in the province of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples, 12 miles south- east of Naples, at the base of Vesuvius. It has considerable trade, and manufactures of mac a- ron i, etc. Population (1881), 20,060. Torregiano (tor-re-jä'nō). Born 1472: died 1522. A Florentine sculptor, popularly known as the sculptor sculptor who broke Michelangelo's nose in a quarrel about 1491. For many years he served in the papal army under Cesare Borgia. About 1503 he went to England, where he won great reputation and made the tomb of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey which Lord Bacon called "one of the stateliest and daintiest monu- ments in Europe." He afterward wandered to Spain, and is said to have been starved to death in a prison at Seville. Torrens (tor'enz), Lake. A salt lake in South Australia, about lat. 30°-32° S. Estimated length, about 125 miles. It is at times a salt Torrente (tor-rān'tā), Mariano. Born at Bar- bastro, Aragon, 1792: died in Cuba (?) after 1853. Torso Belvedere (of Hercules). A celebrated ancient work, signed by the A then i an Apollo- nius, in the Vatican, Rome. It is ascribed to the middle of the 1st century B. C., and is remarkable as a skilful portrayal of muscular development, and for the anatomical knowledge shown in the sitting position of the figure. Tors tenson (tor's ten-son), Lennart, Count of Ortala. Born at Torstena, West Gothland, Sweden, Aug. 17, 1603: died at Stockholm, April 7,1651. A Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War. He served in Germany after 1630 under Gustavus Adolphus, and later under Banér; became com- mander-in-chief in 1641; gained the victory of Schweid- Tortola (tôr-to'lä). 1. The chief island of the Virgin Islands, British West Indies.-2. A town on the island of Tortola, the seat of gov- ernment of the British Virgin Islands. Tortona (tor-to'nä). A town in the province of A le and ria, Italy, situated on the Scrivia 12 miles east of A le and ria: the Roman Dertona. It contains a cathedral. Tortona was destroyed by Fred- erick Barb a ro a in 1155, and again by the Ghi bel lines in 1163; and was several times captured in later years (War of the Spanish Succe ion, etc.). Population (1881), 9,230; commune, 14,441. toria de la revolucion Hispano-American a”(3 vols., Madrid, 1829). It is the best history of the Spanish-American rev- olution from the Spanish side, but has been severely crit i- cized by the republicans. After 1832 Torrente lived in Havana, where he published various works. Torre Pellice (tor're pel-lē'che). A small town in Piedmont, Italy, among the Alps, near the French frontier, southwest of Pinerolo. It has been for centuries a center of the Waldenses. Torres (tor'res) Strait. A sea pa age which separates Australia on the south from Papua on the north, and connects the Pacific with Ara- fur a Sea. It was discovered by Torres in 1606. Width, about 90 miles. Its navigation is dan- gerous. Torres Vedras (tor'res vā'dräs). [Pg., 'old towers. A town in the province of Estre- madura, Portugal, situated on the Zizandra 26 miles north by west of Lisbon. Population (1878), 4,926. Torres Vedras, Lines of. Lines of fortifica- tions extending from near Torres Vedras to the Tagus. They were defended by the Anglo-Portuguese under Wellington against the French under Ma éna Oct., 1810,-March, 1811. Length of longest line, 29 miles. Torrey (tor'i), John. Born at New York, Aug. 15, Tory Party. See Tories . Törzburg Pa (tėrts'börg pås). A pa in the Transylvanian Alps, near Törzburg, between Transylvania and Rumania. Tosa (tō'sä) Falls. The falls of the Tosa or Toce, in the Alps of northern Italy, near the source. Height, 470 feet. To scan ell i (tos-kä-nel'lē), Paolo del Pozzo. Born at Florence, 1397: died there, May 15, 1482. An Italian astronomer. He was the author of the map used by Columbus on the voyage which resulted in botanist and chemist. He was profe or at Princeton and in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York city); State geologist of New York; United States a ayer; and botanical editor of the reports of various exploring expeditions. He published "Catalogue of Plants Growing Spontaneously within Thirty Miles of the City of New son of Earl Godwine. He was banished with his father in 1051; became earl of Nor thumb ria in 1055; as. sisted Harold in the Welsh campaign in 1063; was deposed by the Northumbrians in 1065, and went to Flanders; ravaged the southern coast of England; and joined with Harold Hardrada in the invasion of England in 1066. Touchwood (tuch'wud), Lady. 1. A brilliant and shamele woman in Congreve's "Double Dealer," in love with her husband's nephew Mellefont.-2. A simple countrywoman, in Mrs. Cowley's "Belle's Stratagem," whose hus- band tries to keep her away from the world. Toul (töl). A town in the department of Meurthe- et-Moselle, France, situated on the Moselle 14 miles west of Nancy. It is an important fortre , and one of the chief strategic points on the eastern fron- tier. The Church of St. Etienne, formerly a cathedral, is a lofty 13th-century building with an elaborate florid west front flanked by twin towers. It has fine Renai ance gla , and a beautiful cloister, appropriately though so- berly ornamented, and remaining quite perfect. Toul was long the seat of a bishopric; was an imperial city in the middle ages; was taken by Henry II. of France in 1552; was formally annexed to France in 1648; and was be sieged by the Germans and capitulated Sept. 23, 1870. Population (1891), 12,138. was taken by the Franks in 507 (see Toulouse , County of , be- low); was captured by Montfort in the Albigensian crusade in 1216; and later often revolted and was besieged. It suf- fered in the Huguenot wars, and was the scene of mas- sacres of Huguenots in 1562 and 1572, and of the torture of Calas in 1762. The last battle of the Peninsular war was fought there, April 10, 1814, in which the Allies under the Duke of Wellington defeated the French under Soult. Population (1901), 147,696. Toulouse, Comte de (Louis Alexandre de Bourbon). Born June 6, 1678: died at Ram- bouillet, Dec. 1, 1737. A son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Monte span: noted as a naval com- mander. He fought a bloody but indecisive battle with the English under Admiral Rooke, Aug. 24, 1704, near Malaga. Toulouse, County of. An ancient county in southern France, whose center was the city of Toulouse. It was established in 778, and its counts ac- quired various other po e ions. Its fiefs-Narbonne, Béziers, etc. - were annexed to the French crown about 1229. It was united to France in 1271, and formed part of Langue doc. Toulouse, Family of. A medieval family who reigned as counts of Toulouse and its territory from the time of Raymond I. (9th century) to France. 1271: long the leading line of rulers in southern Toulouse, War of. A war in 1159, caused by the claim of Henry II. of England to the count- ship of Toulouse. He reduced a large part of the territory. Tour, La. See Latour . Touraine (tö-ran'). An ancient government of France. Chief city, Tours. It was bounded by An- jou, Maine, Orléanais, Berry, and Poitou. It was called "the garden of France" on account of its fertility. It corresponded nearly to the department of Indre-et-Loire. Touraine was ruled in early times by counts; was united with Anjou in 1044, and with it formed part of the Plan- tagenet po e ions; was conquered by Philip August us of France about 1204; and was made a duchy in 1356, and poration with France in 1584. continued an appanage of the king's son until its inc or- Tourcoing (tör-kwan'). A town in the depart- ment of Nord, France, France, 8 miles northeast of Lille. It has important manufactures of cotton, woolen, Population (1901), 78,468. linen, silk, carpets, etc. It is really a part of Roubaix. Tourgee (tör-zhā'), Albion Winegar. Born at Williams field, Ohio, May 2, 1838. An Ameri- can lawyer and novelist. He served in the Federal army in the Civil War; and settled later at Greensboro, North Carolina, and became judge of the Superior Court. He has published works relative to political affairs in the South, including "Figs and Thistles" (1879), "A Fool's Errand" (1879), "Bricks without Straw (1880), "Hot Ploughshares" (1883), "An Appeal to Cæsar" (1884); also legal works. Tourguénief, Tourguénief, or Tourgueneff. See Turgenieff . Tournai, or Tournay (tör-nā'), Flem. Do or nick (dor (dor'nik). A town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, situated on the Schelde 34 miles south-southwest of Ghent: the Roman Torna- cum or Turris Nerviorum. It has important manu- factures of carpets, stockings, etc. Its cathedral is one of the most notable of Flemish churches, with a picturesque group of 5 towers. The nave is Romanesque, and was not vaulted until the last century. The transept is French, of the 13th century, and the admirable choir is still later. The Romanesque façade has a Pointed porch with abundant and excellent sculptures. There are some good pictures, and fine 15th-century gla made in Haarlem. The ornate Renai ance rood-loft dates from 1566. The dimensions are 408 by 78 feet; length of transepts, 220; height of nave 78, of choir 107 feet. Tournai was a town of the Nervii, and unsucce fully by the Prince e d'Épinoy against the Duke a Me roving i an capital in the 5th century. It was defended of Parma in 1581; was taken by Louis XIV. in 1667 and fortified by Vauban; was captured by the Allies in 1709 and a igned to Austria in 1713; and was taken by the French in 1745, and restored in 1748. It was the birthplace of Perkin Warbeck. Population (1895), 35,761. Tournefort (törn-for'), Joseph Pitton de. Born at Aix, France, June 5, 1656: died Nov. 28, 1708. A distinguished French botanist, ap- pointed profe or of botany at the royal gar- den of plants at Paris in 1683. He traveled ex- tensively in Europe and the East. His chief work is "Institutiones rei herbar iæ" (1700). Tourneur (tör-ner' or ter'ner), Cyril. Flour ished about 1600-26. An English tragic poet. His name was originally Turner: he adopted the spelling Tourneur in 1611. He published in 1600 an allegorical poem, and in 1613 an elegy on the death of Prince Henry, son of James I. His fame rests on two tragedies, pub- lished 1607-11, "The Atheist's Tragedy" and "The Re- venger's Tragedy": the latter is one of the finest in the language. Tournus (tör-nüs'). A town in the depart- ment of Saône-et-Loire, France, on the Saône 56 miles north of Lyons. Itis a commercial and man- ufacturing town. It contains a noted abbey church of St. Philibert, of the 11th century. The façade is machic- olated and loopholed: it precedes a large narthex. The nave has cylindrical piers, and is vaulted at right angles to its axis. The choir is later, with rich ornament and columns of great elegance. There is a central tower and lantern, and an extensive crypt. It is the Roman Tinur. tium, ML. Trinorcium or Tornusium. Population (1891), commune, 5,028. Tour of Dr. Syntax. See Combe , William. Tours (tör). [ML. Turones , in L. the name of The capital of the department of Indre-et-Loire, the inhabitants, the city being Urbs Turonum . ] France, on the Loire, near its junction with the I. When it ceased to be a royal residence it became famous as a state prison, and is now a national arsenal. The royal mint was located there in the middle ages. The Tower has four gates - the Iron, Water, and Traitors' Gates on the side toward the Thames, and the Lions' Gate at the southwest angle. In the middle of the inclosure rises the square and lofty White Tower, the keep of the medieval fortre . It is characterized by its four tall angle-turrets Tower of London with modern crowning. In the White Tower is the vener able Chapel of St. John, with heavy cylindrical pillars, round arches, and rude capitals; it is unsurpa ed as an example of the earliest type of Norman architecture. In the halls above is shown an admirable collection of medieval arms and armor. The buildings of the inner inclosure include 12 towers, with many of which are a ociated memories of historic captives, executions, and crimes. In the Record or Wake field Tower are kept the crown jewels of England. In the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, in the northwest angle, and the little cemetery adjoining, are buried most of the celebrated persons who Hill. The buildings are for the most part severely plain, in rough masonry of small stones, their great interest lying almost wholly in their manifold a ociations. arm of the Bartsch 26 miles north by west of Breslau. Here, July, 1813, plans for the campaign were signed by the czar Alexander I. and Frederick William III. Trachiniæ (tra-kin'i-ē). [Gr. Τραχίνιαι , Women of Trachis.] A play by Sophocles, founded on the death of Hercules at Trachis. Tower of the Winds. The horologium or water-clock erected by the Syrian Andronicus Cyrrhestes, at Athens, in the 1st century B. c. It is octagonal in plan, 26 feet in diameter, and 42 high. Toward the top of each face is sculptured the figure of a Wind with appropriate attributes. The structure was surmounted by a bronze Triton which served as a weather vane. Towle (tol), George Make peace. Born at Washington, D. C., Aug. 27, 1841: died at Brook line, Ma ., Aug. 8,1893. An American journalist, politician, and historical writer. He graduated at Yale in 1861; studied law at Harvard; was United States consul at Nantes 1866-68 and at Bradford, England, 1868-70; and was managing editor of the Boston "Commercial Bulletin" and foreign editor of the Boston "Post." His works in IMG:content-1121.png:[ocr errors] clude "American Society," "The Eastern Question," "Principalities of the Danube," e," " Beacons field," "Heroes of History," "Modern France," "Certain Men of Mark, thYoung People's History of England," "The Literature of English Language," etc. Towneley Mysteries. See Wake field . Townley (toun'li), Lord. The " "provoked husband" in Vanbrugh and Cibber's play of that name. Lady Townley, a frivolous but not heartle woman, was a favorite character with Peg Woffington, Ellen Tree, and others. Town send (toun'zend), George Alfred: pseudonym Gath. Born at George town, Del., Jan. 30, 1841. An American journalist and author, noted as a war correspondent and lecturer. Town send, Virginia Frances. Born at New Haven, Conn., 1836. An American novelist and biographical writer. Among her works are "Life of Washington" (1887) and “Our Presidents" (1888). Many of her stories have been collected in "The Breakwater Series." Town shend (toun'zend), Charles, second Viscount Town shend. Born 1674: died June 21, 1738. An English statesman, originally a Tory and later a Whig. He was plenipotentiary with Marl borough in the negotiations of Gertruydenberg 1709; amba ador at The Hague 1709-11; and secretary of state 1714-16. He became president of the council in 1720, and secretary of state in 1721. He quarreled with Walpole and resigned in 1730. Town shend, Charles. Born Aug. 29, 1725: died Sept. 4, 1767. An English politician, younger son of the third Viscount Town shend. He entered the House of Commons in 1747; became noted as an orator; was secretary of war 1761-62; became later presi dent of the board of trade and paymaster-general; and became chancellor of the exchequer in 1766. He championed resolutions for taxing various articles imported into the American colonies 1767. From his political instability he was called "the Weathercock." Town shend, George, first Marquis Town shend. Born 1724: died 1807. Eldest son of the third Viscount Town shend and brother of Charles Town shend. He succeeded Wolfe as commander in Canada, and received the surrender of Quebec; later he was lord lieutenant of Ireland. Towton (tou'ton). A village in Yorkshire, England, 12 miles east-northeast of Leeds. Here, March 29, 1461, the Yorkists under Edward IV. totally defeated the Lancastrians under Henry VI. and Margaret.