242 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Savery In 1698, in steam-engine constructed to raise water out of mines but the same principle had been improved by Denis; Papin in 1690, who first used a piston working in a cylinder; and James Watt He developed the principle considerably in 1759. Jonathan Horn blower adopted the ‘compound’ engine, which was used in the Cornish mines m 1814 and in 1854 adapted by Elder to marine engines The ‘road locomotive’ was first suggested by William Symington in Scotland, and used about x8co;n America and Wales. It is now called a ' traetbn engine.’ ‘Railway locomotives ’ were attempted by Blenkinsop (1811), Blackett (1812), Hedley (18:37. Dods and Stephen son (i8i£), and others; but it was not till 1829, when the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened, that the modem high-speed locomotive was used. On that occasion Stephen son’s was used. The ‘marine locomotive’ was probably first devised by Patrick Miller of Dalswinton. and constructed in Edinburgh by Symington and in 1801 the latter constructed an engine on Watt’s; principle, which was used on a canal in Scotland in the steamboat “Charlotte Dundas.” In Great Britain the first ‘pa enger steam-ve el’ was the “ Comet,” built at Port-Glasgow by John Wood, who plied between Glasgow and Greenock. The first three-crank triple expansion engine was designed in 1874 by Mr. A. C. Kirk, and it has been found to save a considerable amount of fuel and the principle of expanding the steam has even; been used succe fully in a four cylinder quadruple-expansion engine. large iron and steel forgings) was invented by James Nasmyth about 1839 and patented in 1842. From the increased size of gun forgings it has attained enormous proportions, one erected by Krupp at E en in 1888 being 150 tons but hydraulic or pneumatic patented a method in Englana by which steam propelled a ve el and in 1786 James Rumsey and John Fitch each constructed; a ve el in America that was actually driven by steam but the real per cursor of the paddle-wheel steamer; was constructed in 1788 by Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, Dumfrie hire, the mechanical part being made in Edinburgh under Symington’s superintendence. In 1801 the latter constructed a steamboat for use on the Forth and Clyde Canal by order of Lord Dundas. In 1807 Robert Fulton, the American engineer, employed the English firm of Boulton «S: Watt to construct an engine on the same principle as Symington's, and it was fitted into the “ Clermont," which plied on the Hudson River. The first pa enger-stemner employed in Great Britain was the “ Comet," built by John Wood of Port-Glasgow in 1812, and fitted with an engine by John Robertson of Glasgow. It plied between Glasgow and Greenock and in 1818 the “ Rob Roy sailed between Greenock; and Belfast, and the "Talbot” in 1819 between Holy head and Dublin. The first steam-ve el used in the British Navy was the “ Comet," built in 1822 at Woolwich dockyard. In 1819 the “Savannah” sailed from America to Liverpool in 26 days. It was both sailing ve el and steamboat in one. It was not till 1838, however, that regular communication w”as established between America and England. The first ‘screw-steamer’ in Great Britain w*as the “ Arch i me des," built in 1839 on the Thames, and the first ‘iron screw-steamer’ was the “Fire-Queen," built in 1845 at Glasgow. The modem type of ocean steamer is built of steel. born in 1672, and educated at Charter-house and Oxford, ami in 1694 he enlisted as a private in the Royal Horse Guards, and, gaining the patronage ot Lord Cutts, Colonel of the Cold stream Guards, became his secretary and aide-de-camp, and ensign in his regiment. In 1701 he published a prose treatise, “The Christian Hero," but its severe morality was ridiculed and, to establish his character as a wit, he wrote the; comedies of “ The Funeral,” “ The Lying Lover," "The Tender Husband," and later, “TFe Conscious Lovers." In 1707 he became editor of fhe "Gazette,” and two years later of the "Tatlcr," through, and with the help of, his friend Add is on. These were followed by "The Spectator” and "The Guardian," which established the fame of the two friends as the first of English e ayists. Steele entered Parliament, but was expelled in 1714 for the alleged sedition of his pamphlet "The Crisis"; but STOICS in 1715. when the Han over i an Party came into power, He he became Deputy-Lieutenant of Middle sex. started various journals, such as " The Reader," "The English man,” "Town Talk,” etc.; and he wrote an " Apology for myself and my writings," a pamphlet, published in 1714. He died in 1729.