Crayons, Draw′ing

Prep. 1. Spermaceti, 3 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; agitate together till they form a species of emulsion; add bone ash, 1 lb. (or more, previously reduced to an impalpable powder), and colouring matter, q. s. to give the proper tint; reduce the whole to a perfectly homogeneous paste, and form it into crayons. 2. Pipeclay and the finest prepared chalk, equal parts; or pipeclay alone, q. s.; colouring, a sufficient quantity; make them into a paste with pale mild ale. 3. White curd or Castile soap, cut into thin shavings, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; di olve, and when cold, add gradually as much rectified spirit of wine as will render the liquid barely transparent. With this fluid make equal parts of the finest elutriated clay and chalk into a stiff paste, adding colouring matter, q. s., as before. For common qualities, the spirit of wine may be omitted, but the ma will then dry more slowly. 4. Curd soap, 1 1 ⁄ 2 oz.; gum Arabic, 1 ⁄ 2 oz.; boiling water, 1 1 ⁄ 4 pint; di olve, and use it as the last. General Lomet uses a similar mixture to work up the softest varieties of hematite, with which he thus forms superior red crayon. 5. (Proce of the Brothers Joel, of Paris.) Shell-lac, 3 parts; spirit of wine, 4 parts; oil of turpentine, 2 parts; di olve, add pure clay, 6 parts; colouring matter, q. s.; form the ma into crayons, and dry them by a stove heat. 6. Pale shell-lac, 5 parts; wood naphtha, 12 parts; di olve, and with this fluid mix up the colouring powder, previously stirred up with an equal weight of fine pale-blue clay; dry by a stove heat, as before. When this proce is well managed, it produces crayons equal to those of the best Paris i an houses. Obs. The composition may be formed into crayons by simply rolling it on a slab; but to ensure their solidity the manufacturers generally employ a metallic cylinder of 2 or 3 inches in diameter, with one end open and the other firmly secured to a perforated plate, having holes of the same size as the intended crayons. The crayon composition, in the state of a stiff paste or dough, is introduced into the open end, and is forced down and through the holes, by means of a small plug or piston, that exactly fits the inside of the cylinder, and which is driven by the equable motion of a small screw. The pieces that pa through the holes are then cut into lengths and dried. The substances employed as colouring matters for crayons are very numerous, and their choice offers a wide field for the skill and fancy of the artist. The pigment having been selected, it may be reduced to any shade or tint by admixture with other pigments, and by ‘dilution’ with a proper quantity of elutriated or prepared chalk. As, however, crayon colours do not admit of being mixed together at the time of using them, like liquid colours, it is usual to make 3 to 6 different shades of each colour, so as to enable the artist at once to produce any effect he chooses. Crayons, Black. From prepared black-lead, ivory-black, lamp-black, . Black chalk and charcoal are frequently made into crayons by simply sawing them into suitably sized pieces. They may then be put into a pipkin of melted wax, and allowed to macerate for an hour; after which they should be taken out, drained, and laid on a piece of blotting paper to dry. Drawings made with these crayons are very permanent, and if warmed slightly on the wrong side, the lines will adhere, and become almost as durable as ink. Crayons, Blue. From indigo, smalts, Pru ian blue, verditer, . Crayons, Brown. From umber (raw and burnt), terra di Sienna (raw and burnt), Cullen’s earth, brown ochre, .; and some peculiar shades, from a mixture of black, carmine, and either of the above colours. Crayons, Green. From a mixture of king’s yellow, or yellow ochre, with blues. Crayons, Purple. From any of the more brilliant blues, mixed with carmine, lake, or vermilion. Crayons, Red. From carmine, car min a ted lakes, vermilion, hematite, and any of the earthy or mineral colours commonly used as pigments. Crayons of red chalk may be prepared in the manner pointed out for crayons of black chalk. Crayons, White. From pure clay and chalk. Crayons, Yellow. From king’s yellow, Naples yellow, orpiment, yellow ochre, .