BUREAU

a writing-table; afterwards used to signify the chamber of an officer of government, and the body of subordinate officers who labour under the direction of a chief. — Bureau system, or bureaucracy, is a term often applied to those governments in which the busine of administration is carried on in departments, each under the control of a chief; and is opposed to those in which the officers of government have a co-ordinate authority. Sometimes a mixture of the two systems is found. Thus the busine of the executive branch of government may be carried on by bureaux, while Uie administration of justice is in the hands of co-ordinate judges. — ^The Bureau des Longitudes in France is chained with the publication of astronomical and meteorological observations, the correction of the astronomical tables, and the publication of the Con nai ance des Temps, an astronomical and nautical almanac. (See Almanac.) BURG, a town, Pru ia, province of Saxony, government and 12 miles N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Hie, surrounded by a wall with several gates. It has three churches, a grammar-school, an hospital, and a workhouse, and is the seat of civil and judicial administration for the circle. Its manufactures are extensive, and consist chiefly of woollens, yams, linen, pottery, steel, and leather. It has also an iron foundry, dyeworks, tile works, numerous mills and distilleries, and likewise a pretty extensive trade in hops, chicory, tobacco, cattle, and wool, great numbers of sheep being reared in the vicinity. Pop. in 1871, 15,184. BURG. — 1. Adriaan van der, a painter, bom at Dordrecht in 1G93, studied under Arnold Houbraken, distinguished himself by his portraits, and acquired a reputation which would soon have procured him an independence. But intemperate habits rendered his talents of no avail, and hurried him to a premature grave in 1733. His freedom of touch and fine colouring are his distinguishing excellencies. His best-known pieces are two large pictures at Dordrecht, one of which gives on a single canvas portraits of the no an agers of the orphan hospital, and ^e other 63 BURGAS— portraits of the officers of the mint. 2. Johakn Tobias, a celebrated astronomer, bom at Vienna 1766, attracted the notice of Van Swieten, who then at the head of the commi ion appointed to form the scholastic establishments of Austria^ through his patronage obtained the means of prosecuting the study of mathematics, and more especiallj of astronomy, for which he showed a decided inclination. In 1791 he became profe or of physics Klagenfurt, and in 1792 was appointed colleague Trisnecker at the observatory of Vienna. In the ^French Institute haying proposed a prize for determination, by at least 500 observations, of mean height of the apogee and ascending node the moon, Burg sent in a memoir in whid i the termination was made by a most accurate and nious method, not after 500 but 3000 observations. The tables contained in it were afterwards published by the Institute, and constitute the chief foundation of his fame. Id. 1813 he became almost entirely dea^ and retired from public life to Wiesenau, in upper valley of Larau in Caiinthia. He died in BURGAS, or^ODRGAS, a trading town of European Turkey, on the Black Sea, in the government of BoumeliaL The bay on which it stands is of cient depth for large ve els, and the exports grain, iron, butter, wine, and also woollen goods Constantinople. The principal source of the perity of the town is the manufacture of pottery, pipe-bowls, cups, .^ for which a superior clay found in the neighbourhood. Pop. 5000. 477