Alternate

[Lat. alternat us.] Being by turns; one after another; reciprocal. "Friendship is a generous strife in alternate acts of kindne ." South. ( Bot .) Denoting the arrangement of parts of the plant, as leaves, ., at different heights and sides, on the same axis. ( Her .) It denotes the position of quarters, partitions and other figures, succeeding one another by turns, as in the coronet of the Prince of Wales, set round with four cro es-pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately. (Geom.) Alternate angles; the interior and exterior angles made by a line cutting two parallels. The angles AFHand FHD, also FHC and BFH, are alternate interior angles. The angles IFB and CHG, also AFI and G HD, are alternate exterior angles. IMG:content-0150.jpg:[blocks in formation] Al'tea, a town of Spain, prov. of Valencia, near the sea, 30 m. N.E. of Alicante; pop . 6,000. Alte'na, a town of Pru ia, in Westphalia, 18 m. from Arnsberg; pор . 5,942. Al'tenburg, a town of Pru ia, formerly cap. of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, 24 m. S.S.E. of Leipsic, near the Plei e: pор . 30,000. Al'tenburg, in Mi ouri , a post-village of Perry co., about 20 m. S.E. of Perryville. Al'tendorf, a village of Bavaria, 8 m. from Bamberg, gained over the Austrians on the 9th of August, 1796. noted for the victory which Kleber, the French general, alternative. Altho use, in Oregon , a village of Josephine co., 24 m. S.E. of Kirbyville. Altimeter, n. [Fr. altimètre , from Lat. alt us , high, and metrum, measure.] An instrument for taking alt i- tuues, whether acce ible or inacce ible, by the help of trigonometry, on the known principle that the sides of triangles having equal angles, are in exact proportion to one another. Altimetry, n. The art of taking heights by means of an altimeter. Altin'car, n. See TINCAL. Altingia'ceæ, n . pl . ( Bot . ) An ord. of plants in the alliance A men tales . Its only gen. is the Liquidambar , the spines of which form generally a branching tree, having very much the appearance of a maple. Diagnosis : Leaves alternate, simple or lobed, aments moncæcio us, roundish. with achlamydeous flowers, styles, 2 and long; fruit, a kind of strobile, composed of the indurated scabs and capsules; capsules 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening between the beaks; seeds, several-winged. They are natives of the Levant, India, and N. America. The Liquidambar altingia , which gives its name to the order, is a superb tree, 120 to 150 feet high, with a brown-red- dish, hard, and very aromatic wood. The Altingia or Liquidambar styraciflua , a sweet gum or gum-tree, 60 feet high, with a diameter of 5 feet, is thinly di eminated through the U. States. Its trunk is covered with a deeply furrowed bark, which, when punctured in sum- mer, distils a fragrant resin used in medicine under the name of storax or styrax . - See STORAX. IMG:content-0151.png:[blocks in formation] pendicular height of the eye above the geometrical plane. The A. of a mountain may be determined by trigonometry or by the barometer; for as the weight and elasticity of the atmosphere diminishes as we rise, so the fall of the barometer determines the elevation of any place. - See HEIGHT. (Astron.) The A. of a star or other celestial object is measured or estimated by the angles subtended between IMG:content-0152.png:[blocks in formation] the object and the plane of the horizon. Thus, if A be the position of a spectator on the earth, and AB the line on the horizon which is drawn toward the point directly under the star 8, the angle BAS is the altitude of the star. This A. is either true or apparent. The apparent A. is that which is obtained immediately from observa- tion; and the true A. that which results from correcting the apparent A. , by making allowance for parallax, ге- fraction, .- The A. at sea is directly observed with the sextant . In fixed observation on land, the A. of stars, or rather their zenith distance which are what the A. wants of 90 degrees, are observed with the mural or the transit circle. See SEXTANT, CIRCLE-MURAL, TRANSIT. Altitudina'rian, a. Which has, or pertains to, alt i- tude. (R.) Alt'muhl, a river of Bavaria, which falls into the Dan- ube at Kelheim. From Dietfurt to Bamberg-on-the- Regnitz, there is a canal called the Maine-and-Danube, which connects the Black sea with the German ocean. Alto, n. [It., high.] (Mus.) The highest natural adult male voice, or counter-tenor, the usual compa of which is from F the 4th line in the base, to C the 3d space on the treble. -Also, the instrument that we call the Tenor , and the Italians Viola . Alto Clef , a name of the C clef, when placed on the 3d line; called also the counter -tenor clef. Al'to, in Illinois , a township of Lee co. Al'to, in Indiana , a post-office of Howard co. Al'to, in Michigan , a post-office of Kent co. Al'to, in Texas , a village of Cherokee co. Al'to, in Virginia , a post-office of Amherst co. Al'to, in Wisconsin , a post-township, in the S.W. of Fond du Lac co. Al'to et Bas'so. [Lat., high and low.] ( Law .) An agreement between two parties, including an absolute submi ion of all differences to arbitration. Al'together, adv . [From all and together .] Com- pletely; without restriction; without exception. "I do not altogether disapprove of the manner of interweaving texts of Scripture." - Swift . Al'ton, in Illinois , a city and port of entry in Madison co., on the Mi i ippi river, about 21 m. above St. Louis, 3 m. above the mouth of the Mi ouri river, and 76 m. S.S.W. of Springfield. A. , connected by railroads with Chicago and St. Louis, is a thriving place. It is the mar- ket town and port of exportation for the grain, hay, fruit, and lime of a large county. Limestone and stone- coal abound in the vicinity. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese, with a large cathedral. P. (1890) 10,294. Al'ton, in Indiana , a post-village of Crawford co., on the Ohio River, about 40 m. W.S.W. of New Albany. Al'ton, in low a , a thriving twp. of Buchanan co. -a post-village of Dallas co., on the Racoon river, about 36 m. N.W. of Des Moines, -a village of Howard co. Al'ton, in Maine, a post-township of Penobscot co., about 15 m. N. of Bangor. Al'ton, in Michigan , a post-office of Kent co. Al'ton, in Mi ouri , a post-village, cap. of Oregon co., about 170 m. S.S.W. of St. Louis. Al'ton, in New Hampshire , a post-township of Belknap co., 22 m. N.E. of Concord. Al'ton, in New York , a post-village of Sodus township, in Wayne co., 10 m. N. of Lyons. Al'ton, in Ohio , a post-village of Franklin co., 9 m. W. of Columbus. Al'ton, in Penna . , a thriving town of McKean co. Al'ton, in Virginia , a post-office of Halifax co. Al'ton, in W. Va ., a post-office of Upshur co. Al'ton Hill, in Tenne ee , a post-office of Macon co. Al'ton a, in Pru ia , prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on the Elbe, 2 m. W. of Hamburg, Lat. 53° 32′ N.; Lon. 90° 56' E. It is a free port. A. has a good deal of trade; shipbuilding is also carried on to a considerable extent. Manf. Velvets, silk stuffs, calico, stockings, gloves, tobacco, starch, wax, and looking-gla es. It was burnt by the Swedes in 1713. Population (1895), 142,249. Altona, in Nebraska , a village of Platte co., about 60 m. W. by N. of Omaha. Altona, in New York , a post-township of Clinton co., about 10 m. N.W. of Plattsburg. Altona, in Wisconsin, a village of Buffalo co., on the Mi i ippi river. Altoo'na, [from Lat. alto , high,] in Pennsylvania, a flourishing city of Blair co., at the foot of Alleghany mountains, 2364 m. W. of Philadelphia, and 117 N.E. of Pittsburgh.- Ind . The Pennsylvania railroad has here extensive machine-shops, where you sands of operatives are employed in the manufacture of locomotives, rail- way cars, .-A. has also steam planing-mills, brew- eries, several daily and weekly papers, 4 banks, .-It was laid out in 1849, and incorporated as a city in 1868. Pop . in 1880, 19,746; in 1890, 30,337; in 1897 (est.) 39,500, Al'to otta'vo, n. [It.] An octave higher. Al'to-relie'vo, n. [It.] ( Sculp . ) That kind of sculp- ture which is executed on a flat surface, but projects considerably above the ground or plane. The degree of projection given to alto-relievo depends on the will of the sculptor; more than three-fourths of the figure are frequently shown, and figures in ba o - relievo (low relief) are sometimes added, to expre gradations of distance. The largest performance ever executed in alto-relievo is the stupendous work by Algardi, in St. Peter's at Rome, representing the repulse of Attila by St. Peter and St. Paul. The alto-relievos of Dona- tell i at Florence are among the most perfect examples of this art. Al'torf, or ALT'DORF, a town of Switzerland, cap. of the canton Uri, near the S.E. extremity of the lake of Lucerne, at the N. extremity of the pa over Mount St. Gothard. Here there is a tower which marks the spot where William Tell is said to have shot off the apple from his son's head. Close by is the village of Burglen, pointed out as being the birthplace of that patriot. Pop . 2,426. Altu'ras, in Idaho , the former name of a south central county, east of Boisé co. and containing the flourishing town of Hailey-now called BLAINE CO. Alu'cit a. See ALUCITIDE. Aluci'tidæ, n . pl . (Zool.) A family of small lepidop- terous insects, distinguished by the wings being singu- larly divided into narrow feathered rays. The larvæ are clothed with very long hairs; they have sixteen feet, and are very inactive; the pupæ are either naked, and enclosed in a transparent silken cocoon; or conical, hairy, and either suspended perpendicularly by a thread, or affixed at the posterior extremity of the body to a layer of silk or leaves. These insects vary in the time of their flight; the Alucita frequenting our gardens, and sitting with its beautiful fan-like wings on our hot-houses, whilst the Pterophori , being crepuscular, fly over low plants. Al'ula, n. [Lat, dim. of ala , a wing.] See OTIS. Al'um, n. [Fr. from Lat. alumen.] (Chem.) The alum, or sulphate of aluminium and pota ium , is a very imp or- tant salt, occasionally found native in volcanic districts,. of the sulphuric acid of the volcano upon the alumina. and potash contained in the lava and trachytic rocks.. For the purposes of commerce, alum is manufactured artificially. It has a sweetish, astringent taste, is solu- ble in about 18 parts of cold water, and in le than its own weight of boiling water. The solution has a strongly acid reaction, and di olves iron and zinc with evolution of hydrogen. Comp . pota ium sulphate, 18.4: alum i nium sulphate, 36.2; water 45.4 - 100. Form . Al, (804) 3. + K80 + 24H,O. Alum is used in large quantities in. many manufactories. When added to tallow, it renders it harder. Printers' cushions, and the blocks used in the calico manufactory, are rubbed with burnt alum to re- move any greasine , which might prevent the ink or color from sticking. Paper impregnated with alum is. useful in whitening silver, and in silvering bra without heat. A. mixed in milk helps the separation of its butter. If added in a very small quantity to turbid water, in a few minutes it renders it perfectly limpid, without any bad taste or quality. It is used in making pyrophorus, in tanning, and many other manufactories, particularly in the art of dyeing, in which it is of the greatest and most important use, by cleansing and opening the pores. on the surface of the substance to be dyed, rendering it. fit for receiving the coloring particles (by which the A. is generally decomposed), and at the same time making the color fixed. Bakers mix a quantity of A. with their bread, to render it white, a proce highly pernicious. Al'um Creek, in Ohio , a post-office of Delaware ca Al'um Creek, in Texas , a post-office in Bastrop co. Al'umed, a. Mixed with alum.