AbdulAziz

the 32d Sultan of the Ottoman Turks, was born Feb. 9, 1830, and succeeded his brother, Abdul-Medjid, in 1861. His government had great difficulties to contend with in the Cretan insurrection, the struggle of Rumania and Servia for full af autonomy, and finally the outbreak of Mohammedan fanuticism. In 1871 the Sultan strove to get the succe ion settled upon his son, instead of his nephew Murad, in accordance with Turkish custom. At last a pouapieen forced him _to abdicate the throne, May 30, 1876. Four days later, the unhappy Sultan was found dead, it is almost certain by foul play,. Abdul-Hamid I1., 34th Sultan of Turkey, born Sept. 22, 1842, the second son of Sultan Abdul-ul-Medjid; succeeded to the throne in 1876, on the deposition of his brother, Murad V. Defeated in the war of 1877-1878 with Ru ia, he was compelled by the Treaty of Berlin to surrender a small portion of territory in Europe and Asia, to recognize the independence of the va al States in Europe, and to acknowledge Bulgaria as a tributary principality. In 1895-1896, during the ma acres of the Armenians, he took an active part in the negotiations with the European powers. In 1897, Greece forced war on Turkey in behalf of the Cretans, and in 1898, after another uprising in Crete, Great Britain and Ru ia forced Turkey to evacuate the island. A_ constitution granted Turkey in 1876, before his acce ion, was quickly suppre ed ‘by him, and he ruled despotically until 1908, when he was forced to restore it by a revolutionary party known as the Young Turks. A legislative a embly was elected and a large measure of liberty granted, but in _ 1909, a reactionary movement at Constantinople led to the occupation of the city by troops Hedi 3 ~~ Turks party, and the deposition an exile to Salonica of the Sultan. He was succeeded by his brother, Mohammed- Reshad, under the title of Mohammed V. At the outbreak of the war of the Balkan States against <i in 1912, Abdul-Hamid was removed to_Constantinople, through fear that Ru ia might restore him to the throne during the excitement of the war.. Abdul-Medjid, a Sultan of Turkey, born April 23, 1822; succeeded to the throne aly 1, 1839, at the early age of 17, The great event of his reign was the Crime an War, in which France and England allied themselves with Turkey against the encroachments of Ru ia, and which was _terminated by the fall of Sebastopol after a long siege, in 1856. He was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz Khan. He died June 35, 1861.