Pacification of Ghent

See Ghent, Pacific a tion of. Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. [F. Océan Paci fique , or Océan Austral ('southern ocean'), or Mer du Sud ('south sea'), Sp. Mar Pacifico , Pacte de famine (päkt de fä-men'). [F., 'Famine Compact.'] A monopoly formed by certain rich men in France, at the end of the reign of Louis XV., for the purpose of raising the price of corn by causing a factitious scarcity of it. Pacto de Chinandega. See Con fed era cion Cen Pactolus (pak-tō'lus). [Gr. Πακτωλός .] In ancient geography, a small river of Lydia, Asia Minor, a tributary of the Hermus. It was long celebrated for its gold. Like most gold-fields, that of the Pactolus, so celebrated at an early period, was soon exhausted. By the time of August us it had ceased to produce gold. Rawlinson , Herod., III. 301. Pacuvius (pa-kū ́vi-us), Marcus. Born at Brundisium, Italy, about 220 B. c.: died about 129 в. с. А celebrated Roman tragic poet. Only fragments of his plays have been pre served. Padan-aram (pā'dan-ā'ram). Apparently the same as Aram Naharaïm . See Aram . Padang (pä-däng'). A seaport on the western coast of Sumatra, situated in lat. 0° 58′ S., long. 100° 20′ E. It is the capital of the Dutch government of the west coast. Population, estimated, 15,000. a manufacturing center. Population (1900), 19,446. Padula (pä-döʻlä). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 52 miles southeast of Salerno. Population (1881), 8,938. Padus (pā'dus). The ancient name of the Po. Pæan (pē'an). In Greek mythology, a surname of Apollo and of other gods. Pæonia (pē-ō'ni-ä). In ancient geography, a region in the interior of Macedonia. Pæonius (pē-ō'ni-us). [Gr. Παιώνιος.] Α Greek sculptor of Mende in Thrace. His statue of Nike on a pillar, described by Pausanias, was discovered in 1875 with its inscription, and gives a perfect idea of this master's style. The eastern pediment of the Zeus temple discovered at the same time, and ascribed by Pausanias to Pæonius, is much inferior. Paer (pä-är'), Ferdinando. Italy, June 1, 1771: died at Paris, May 3, 1839. An Italian composer of opera. He was appointed maître de chapelle by Napoleon, and went to Paris in 1807; was director of the Italian opera there 1812-27; and was director of the king's chamber music in 1832. His works include "Camilla" (1801), "Sargino" (1803), and Pagani (pä-gä'nē). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 21 miles east-southeast of Naples. Population (1881), 13,290. Paes (pä-ās'), or (by a double plural) Paezes (pä-a'zaz). z). An Indian tribe of Colombia, in the mountains of the Central Cordillera, de- partments of Tolima and Antioquia. They were formerly powerful, and were at war with the Chibchas before the Spanish conquest. At present about 2,000 re- main in a semi-independent state. They have fixed vil- lages, practise agriculture on a small scale, and are noted hunters; though living at high altitudes, they go nearly naked. Their language is closely related to that of the Pan i quit as (which see). See also Pijaos . Paesiello. See Paisiello . Pæstum (pes'tum), originally Posidonia (pos- i-dō'ni-a). [Gr. Παῖστον , Ποσειδωνία .] In ancient geography, a city in Lucania, Magna Græcia, Italy, situated near the sea in lat. 40° 25′ N., long. 15° E. It was a Greek city, a colony of Sybaris, founded about 600 B. c., and brought under Roman dom i- nation after the failure of Pyrrhus's invasion in 273 Under Roman rule Pæstum dwindled, and it was finally destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. The site is now deserted. The Greek walls are still standing through- out their circuit of 24 miles, with 8 towers and 4 gates le ruined: the plan is approximately trapezoidal. Within the walls the three archaic Doric temples form, from their remarkable state of preservation, the most im- pre ive Greek architectural group existing, except the If genius, as has been justly remarked, is "the power of taking infinite pains," he certainly showed it in a wonder- ful degree in the power of concentration and perseverance which enabled him to acquire such absolute command of his instrument. Mere perfection of technique, however, would never have thrown the whole of musical Europe into such paroxysms. With the first notes his audience was spell-bound; there was in him-though certainly not the evil spirit suspected by the superstitious - a dæmonic ele- ment which irresistibly took hold of those that came within his sphere. Grove, Dict. of Music, etc., II. 630. Pagasæ (pag'a-sē). [Gr. Παγασαί .] In ancient geography, a seaport in the eastern part of Thes- saly, Greece, situated at the head of the Paga- sæan Gulf, southwest of Pelion. It was the mythical starting-point of the Argonauts. The ruins of the city are visible near Volo. little theater, is visible and temple, except remains all very of ruinous. a Roman The amphitheater, temples of Pæstum are not mentioned by ancient writers, and were unknown to modern scholars until described by Ant on in i in 1745. The temple of Neptune, so called, is one of the three best-preserved Greek Doric temples, retaining all its exterior columns and most of those of the interior, and majestic in its aspect. It is peripteral, hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, mea- suring 85 by 190 feet. The columns are 75 feet in base diameter and 29 feet high. Entablature and pediments are practically intact. Both pronaos and opisthodomos have two columns in antis. The cella has two double ranges of 7 Doric columns, the lower tiers of which are still complete. The temple is built of the local travertine, which has a umed from age a rich yellow color. It dates from the 6th century B. C. The temple of Ceres, so called, is Greek Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 13 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 47 by 107 feet. There was an interior portico before the pronaos, and no opisthodomos; the cella, however, had a rear chamber occupying about one third of its length, with a door in the back. Though many architectural details ap- pear debased, the temple probably dates from the early 6th century B. C. The Basilica, so called, is a Greek Doric peripteral structure of 9 by 18 columns, measuring 80 by 178 feet, on a stylobate of 3 steps. There are 5 columns between antæ in the pronaos, and the cella is divided longitudinally by a central range of columns. A reason- able explanation of this unusual plan is that the tem- Demeter and the other to Perse phone. Despite some poor architectural details which have been thought to indicate a late date, the temple probably belongs to the first part of the 6th century B. C. Pæstum, Gulf of. See Salerno , Gulf of . Pætus (pē'tus). See Arria . Paez (pä'äth), José Antonio. province of Bar in as, June 13, 1790: died in New York city, May 7, 1873. A Venezuelan general and politician. He was a distinguished cav- alry leader in the war for independence; captured Puerto Cabello, the last Spanish post in Venezuela, in 1823; and under the Colombian republic was military commandant of Venezuela from 1823, and jefe superior, with military and civil powers, from 1827. In 1829-30 he headed the movement by which Venezuela separated from Colom- bia; was president March 18, 1831, to Feb. 9, 1835, and again Feb. 1, 1839, to Jan. 28, 1843: in the interval between these terms he commanded the army and put down two rebellions. In Jan., 1848, he declared against Monagas, but was eventually defeated, imprisoned Aug., 1849, to March, 1850, and banished for some years. On the deposi- tion of Gual (Aug. 29, 1860), General Paez was proclaimed dictator by the army. He a umed the office Sept. 9, and held it until his final defeat by Falcon and Guzman Blanco, May, 1863. His autobiography was published at New York in 1867. Paez, Ramon. Born about 1825. An author, son of General J. A. Paez. He has written "Wild Page, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Shelly, Gloucester Co., Va., Jan. 4, 1808: died at Rome, Italy, Oct. 26, 1899. An American naval officer. As lieutenant-commander he was engaged 1853-56 in ex- plorations in the Platine region, South America. In Feb., 1855, his ve el, the Water Witch (then in charge of Lieu- tenant Jeffers), was fired upon by a Paraguay an fort, and one man was killed: the fire was returned. Page resigned early in 1861; entered the Confederate service; was commis- sioned commodore; and in 1862 was sent to England to take charge of a cruiser. His ship was not permitted to leave, and he took command of a small ironclad at Copenhagen, but it was soon after seized in a Spanish port, thus ending his Confederate service. Subsequently he resided in the Ar- gentine and in Florence, Italy. He was the author of "La Plata, the Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay" (1859). Page, Thomas Nelson. Born in Hanover County, Va., April 23, 1853. An American lawyer and author. He is chiefly noted for his tales and verses in the negro dialect. Among his works are "In Ole Virginia, or Marse Chan and Other Stories" (1887), "Two Little Confederates" (1888), "On Newfound River" (1890), "The Old South" (e ays, 1892), "Meh Lady" (1893). Page, William. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811: died at Tottenville, Staten Island, Oct. 1, 1885. An American painter, best known for his portraits. Among his other works are "Ve- nus," "Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," "Flight into Egypt," etc. Pagès. See Garnier - Pagès . Paget (paj'et), Henry William, first Marquis of Anglesey. Born 1768: died 1854. An Eng- lish general and politician. He served with distine- tion in the Low Countries and in Spain 1808-09; and com- manded the British cavalry at Waterloo. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1828-29 and 1830-33. Later he was made field-marshal. Pago Pago (pä'gō). An island in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, intersected by lat. 44° 30′ N., long. 15° E. It is separated from Croatia by the Canale dell a Morlacca. Length, 36 miles. Population (1890), commune, 6,203. Pago-Pago. See Pango - Pango . Pahang (pä-häng'). A native state under British influence, in the eastern part of the Malay peninsula, north of Johore. Pahlanpur, or Pahlampoor. See Palanpur . Pahouins. See Fan . Pah-Utah. See Paiute . Paiconecas (pä-e-kō-nāʼkäs). A race of Indians in northeastern Bolivia, between the rivers Guaporé and Baurés. They were numerous, forming many small independent villages, and subsisting mainly by agriculture. The Jesuits induced some of them to join their mi ion of Concepcion, where about 500 remained in 1831. They belong to the Arawak or May pure linguistic stock. Probably the Paunacas, a tribe mentioned by Fernandez, but located further south, were the same. Päijänne (pā-yān'ne). A lake in southern Finland, 70 miles north by east of Helsingfors. Length, 80-90 miles. Paillamacu (pä-ēl-yä-mäʼkö). Born about 1525: died in 1603. An Araucanian Indian of Chile, toqui or war-chief from about 1593. He attacked the most succe ful rising of his tribe: the governor of Chile, Oñez de Loyola, was surprised and killed (Nov. 22, 1598), Villa rica, Imperial, and other places were besieged for several years and finally taken, and the Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. Also written Paillamachu . Spaniards in 1595, 1596, and 1597, and in 1598 headed Pailleron (pä-yė-rôn'), Édouard Jules Henri. Born at Paris, Sept. 17, 1834: died in April, 1899. A French poet and dramatist. He began life as a notary's clerk, incidentally writing poems and plays. On his first appearance before the public he brought out a short comedy entitled "Leparasite" and a volume of satires, "Les parasites" (1860), followed in 1861 by "Le mur mitoyen.” Further plays are "Le dernier quartier” (1863), "Lesecond mouvement" (1865), "Le monde où l'on s'amuse" (1868), "Les faux ménages" (1869), "L'Autre motif" (1872), “Hê lène" (1872), "Petite pluie" (1875), "L'Age ingrat" (1878), "L'Entincelle" (1879), "Le monde où l'on s'ennuie” (1881), "La sour is" (1887), "Les cabotins" (1894). Three of his comedies-"Le chevalier Trumeau," "Le narcotique," and "Pendant le bal" - were published together as "Le théâtre chez Madame" (1881). He married the daughter of M. Buloz, general manager of the "Revue des Deux Mondes," and many of his poems appeared in that publication. Among them are "Le départ" (1870), "Prière pour la France" (1871), and the collection entitled "Amours et haines" (1888). Pailleron was elected to the French Academy in 1881. His inaugural speech, together with his addre es to that body on other occasions, appeared as "Discours académiques" (1886). More recently he wrote the "Biographie d'Émile Augier" (1889). 2,180. Paimbœuf (pan-bef'). A decayed seaport in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, 23 miles west of Nantes. Population (1891), commune, Paine (pān), Elijah. Born at Brooklyn, Conn., Jan. 21, 1757: died at Williams town, Vt., April 28, 1842. An American jurist and politician, United States senator from Vermont 1795-1801. Paine, Halbert Eleazar. Born at Chardon, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1826. An American general in the Civil War. He was Republican member of Congre from Wisconsin 1865-71, and United States commi ioner of patents 1879–81. He has published "A Treatise on the Law of Elections to Public Offices" (1888). Paine, John Knowles. Bornat Portland, Maine, Jan. 9, 1839. An American composer and organist. He went to Berlin in 1858 to study, and in 1861 returned to America, where he gave several organ concerts. He was instructor of music at Harvard University in 1862, and profe or from 1876. Among his works are a ma and the oratorio "St. Peter." He has also written a "Symphony in C Minor” and another called “Spring," besides chamber-music, cantatas, songs, etc. Paine, Martyn. Born at Williams town, Vt., July 8, 1794: died at New York, Nov. 10, 1877. An American physician, son of Elijah Paine. His works include "Cholera Asphyxia of New York" (1832), "Medical and Physiological Commentaries" (1840-44), "Institutes of Medicine" (1847), "Review of Theoretical Geology" (1856), etc. Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Boston, March 11, 1731: died there, May 11, 1814. An American patriot, politician, and judge: a signer of the Declaration of Independence as member of Congre in 1776. Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Taunton, Ma ., 9, 1773: died at Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. An American poet, son of R. T. Paine. His collected works were published in 1812. Paine, Thomas. Born at Thetford, Norfolk, England, Jan. 29, 1737: died at New York, June 8, 1809. An Anglo-American political writer and free-thinker. He emigrated to America in 1774; published in 1776 the political pamphlet "Common Sense,' in which he advocated the independence of the American colonies; took a prominent part in support of the American Revolution; published the periodical "Crisis" 1776-83; went to Europe in 1787; published the "Rights of Man 1791-92, for which he was outlawed from England; was elected to the French National Convention in 1793; was IMG:content-0876.png:[blocks in formation] imprisoned in 1794; and returned to the United States in Pakhoi (päk-hoi'), or Peihai (pi-hi'), or Pei1802. His "Age of Reason" was published in 1794. hoi (pi-hoi'). A seaport in the province of Painesville (pānz'vil). The capital of Lake County, Ohio, situated on Grand River 30 miles northeast of Cleveland. Population (1900), 5,024 . Painter (pān'ter), Gamaliel. Born at New Haven, Conn., May 22, 1743: died at Middle bury, Vt., May 21, 1819. An American politi Kwangtung, China, situated on the Gulf of Tongking in lat. 21° 29′ N., long. 109° 6' E. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1876. Population, about 25,000. Pakht (pacht). In Egyptian mythology, a lione -headed or cat-headed godde , with difficulty distinguishable from Bast. She was honored cian, chief founder of Middle bury College. at Memphis as the wife of Ptah, and was identified with Painter, William. Born in Middle sex about 1540: died at London in 1594. The author of a collection of translations called "The Palace of Pleasure." He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1554, and in 1561 was made clerk of the ord. nance in the Tower of London. In 1566 he published the first volume of "The Palace of Pleasure," containing 60 novels. He originally intended it to contain only translations of tales from Livy and the older writers, but altered his plan and added tales taken from Boccaccio, Isis as a bringer of misfortune, and by the Greeks, like Bast, with Artemis. Pakington (pa'king-ton), Sir John Somerset, first Baron Hampton. Born Feb. 20, 1799: died April 9, 1880. An English Conservative politi- cian. He was colonial secretary in 1852: first lord of the admiralty 1858-59 and 1866-67; and war secretary 1867-68. He was created a baronet in 1846, and raised to the peerage as Baron Hampton in 1874. Paks (poksh). A town in the county of Tolna, Bandello, Str a parol a, and other Italian and French novelists. The second volume was published in 1567, contain. Hungary, situated on the Danube 60 miles ing 34 novels; a third volume, although announced, did not appear. In later editions 6 more novels were added, so south of Budapest. Population (1890), 11,803. Palace of Honour, The. A poem by Gawain Douglas, written in 1501. It is an imitation of that there were 100 novels in all. It is the largest prose work between "Morte d'Arthur" and North's "Plutarch," and is the source from which the Elizabeth an dramatists Chaucer's "House of Fame." took many of their plots.