Becket

(q. v.) was murdered; as some say at the instigation of the king, who afterward did penance at his grave. The conquest of Ireland (1169-1175), and the rebellion of his sons, supported by French arms, were the closing features of H.'s reign. D. 1189. — H. ІІІ., B. 1206, ascended the throne in 1216, and in 1230-1240 unsucce fully invaded France. H. was a weak and vacillating prince; after confirming the Magna Charta, his violation of its spirit drove the barons to arms, who defeated and made H. prisoner at Lewes, 1264. In the next year, however, the royal authority was reinstated. [s. 449] D D. 1272.-H. IV. (known as BOLINGBROKE), at the death of his father John of Gaunt, in 1399, became Duke of Lancaster. Richard II., refusing to confirm him in the po e ion ofhis estates, H. raised an army which, with the consent of Parliament, eventually placed him on the throne. Other events of this reign were the defeat of the invading Scots at Homildon, and the bloody quenching of the rebellion of Hotspur and Glen dower on the field of Shrews bury. D. 1413. (The ordinary costume of the nobility during the early part of this reign is well displayed in the accompanying Fig 387. Not the least curious part of this figure is the hood, which the gentleman carried over the left shoulder, so slung that the pendant or liripipe hangs in front of the face. It must have been an exceedingly warm article of clothing, encasing both head and shoulders, and with but a 0 00 00 Fig.387.- COSTUMES OF THE REIGN OF HENRY IV. (1400.) slight oval opening for the face. The hair of the lady is fastened in a reticulated caul, and from it streams the long contoise, so fashionable during the preceding reign, and which frequently floats a yard or more in length from the jousting-helmet of the knight.)-H. V. was B. in 1385. After a wild and reckle youth, he s. his father H. IV., 1413, and signalized his acce ion to the throne by acts of self-reformation, becoming ajust, wise, and popular ruler. In support of his pretensions to the French crown, he entered France with an army of 30,000 men, and won the great victory of Agin court, 1415; and in 1422, cemented a treaty of peace entered into between the two countries, by allying himself in marriage with Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. D. the same year.-H. VI. (styled of WINDSOR from the place of his birth), B. 1421, s. his father the preceding king in 1422. His reign was singularly unhappy and disastrous. After losing all her French po e ions, England became next the theatre of that long and sanguinary civil warfare known in history as the Wars of the Roses, in which the Yorkists ultimately prevailed and made H. prisoner, substituting their duke as king under the title of Edward IV., 1461. D. in prison,1471. -H. VII., first of the royal house of Tudor, B. 1456, was descended from the blood-royal of both England and France. After the acce ion of Richard III., H., as Earl of Richmond, became the recognized head of the Lancastrian party, and as such laid claim to the throne, encountering and defeating Richard at Bosworth Field, in 1485. In the following year, the marriage of H. with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., brought durable peace to the realm by a union of the houses of York and Lancaster.- H. VIII., B. 1491. This monarch, the | " bluff King Hal " of poetry and romance, during a reign extending over 38 years, twice made war against France; prostrated the Scottish power at Flodden (1513); suppre ed the abbeys and monasteries; repudiated the supremacy of the Church by declaring the Reformed religion to be that of the state, under the protection of the crown, and ordered a new translation of the Bible. H.married not fewer than six wives, two of whom he brought to the block for alleged infidelity to the marriage vow. Despite his exce es and his love of arbitrary power, H. was a popular king; his strength of intellect, personal courage, and bonhommie of manner serving to redeem many of his more ignoble traits of character. [s. 449] D D. 1547.- KINGS OF FRANCE. H. I, grandson ofHugues Capet, became king in 1031, and D. in 1060, after a troublous reign, during which the country was at perpetual strife-both internecine and foreign.- H. II. s. his brother Francis II. in 1547, engaged in war against the emperor Charles V. and his son Philip II, took Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and in 1558 recovered Calais, which town had been held by the English for more than two centuries. D. 1559, of a wound received in a tourney. H. III., a son of the preceding, s. his brother Charles IX. in 1574, after having the year previous been elected king of Poland. His reign was marked by a negative policy with reference to the conflicting factions of the Leaguers and the Huguenots; while the open profligacy of the court was such as to give license to every form of general corruption among the people. In 1588, H. was excommunicated by the Pope on account of the murder of the Duc de Guise (q. v.). H., the last prince of the line of Valois, was a a inated by one Jacques [s. 450]