Spirillum (spirilum)

[NL. (Ehrenberg, 1830), dim. of L. spira, a coil, spire: see spire2.] A genus or form-genus of Schizomycetes or bacteria, having cylindrical or somewhat compre ed spirally twisted cells. They are rigid and furnished at each end with a cilium, and multiply by transverse division, the parts soon separating from one another. This genus, which according to some authorities also embraces the genus known as Vibrio, contains many species, found in swamp-water, salt water, infusions, etc. See Schizomycetes. - Spirillum fever. See fever1. spirit (spir'it), n. [ E. spritel ), refined, and converted into spirits of sense, or animal spirits. In vision these spirits dart out from the eye to the object, though this be the most distant star, and immediately return laden in some form with information. This doctrine, modified by the addition of an incorporeal soul, and confused with the Hebrew conception of a spirit, was generally believed down to and into the scientific era. Old writers, therefore, who use phrases which are still employed metaphorically must be understood as meaning them literally. See def. 3. There is no malice in this burning coal; The breath of heaven hath blown his spirit out. Shak ., K. John, iv. 1. 110. From the kind heat which in the heart doth raigne The spirits of life doe their beginning take; These spirits of life, ascending to the braine, When they come there the spirits of sense do make. These spirits of sense in fantasie's high court Judge of the formes of objects ill or well; And so they send a good or ill report Downe to the heart, where all affections dwell. spirit Adam, now enforced to close his eyes, Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranced. Milton, P. L., xi. 419. Thus much cannot be denied, that our soul acteth not immediately only upon bones, flesh, brains, and other such like gro parts of the body, but, first and chiefly, upon the animal spirits , as the immediate instruments of sense and fancy, as that by whose vigour and activity the other heavy and unwieldy bulk of the body is so nimbly moved. And therefore we know no reason why we may not a ent here to that of Porphyrius: that the blood is the food and nourishment of the spirit , and that this spirit is the vehicle of the soul, or the more immediate seat of life. Cudworth, Intellectual System, v. § 3. 2. The principle of life conceived as a frag ment of the divine e ence breathed into man by God. This conception is developed in the Old and New Testaments, in the writings of the Neoplatonists, and by theologians. In Biblical and theological language the spirit is the highest part of human nature, as most akin to the divine, connected mediately with the body through the soul, and spoken of alone, or in contradistinction to the body, or as distinguished from both body and soul (see soul ). All flesh died that moved upon the earth,... all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life. Gen. vii. 21, 22. The spirit of Elijah doth rest on Elisha. 2 Ki. ii. 15. My spirit is consumed, my days are extinct, the grave is ready for me. Job xvii. 1. Who among men knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of the man, which is in him? 1 Cor. ii. 11 (R. V.). Our body shall be turned into ashes, and our spirit shall vanish as the soft air. Wisdom of Solomon, ii. 3. 3. Metaphorically, animation; vivacity; exuberance of life; cheerfulne ; courage; mettle; temper; humor; mood: usually in the plural. But in old writers this meaning is not figurative, since they conceived this quality to be due to the tension of animal spirits. So feble were his spirites , and so low. Chaucer , C. T., L. 1361. Hastings went to the council that morning in remarkably high spirits . J. Gairdner, Rich. III., ii. All furnish'd, all in arms;... As full of spirit as the month of May. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 101. I wonder you can have such spirits under so many distre es. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1. 4. A peculiar animating and inspiring principle; dominant influence; genius genius; that which pervades and tempers the conduct and thought of men, either singly or (especially) in bodies, and characterizes them or their works. O spirit of love! how quick and fresh art thou! Shak ., T. N., i. 1. 9. This shows plainly the democratical spirit which acts our deputies. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 141. All seem to feel the spirit of the place, And by the general reverence God is praised. Words worth, Sonnets, iii. 48. That is the best part of each writer which has nothing private in it;.... that which in the study of a single artist you might not easily find, but in the study of many you would abstract as the spirit of them all. Emerson, Compensation. And that law of force which governs all the changes of character in a given people at a given time, which we call the Spirit of the Age, this also changes, though more slowly still. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 80. 5. The e ence, real meaning, or intent of any statement, command, or contract: opposed to letter. Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. 2 Cor. iii. 6. The scientific principles of Aristotle were in spirit , if not in form, in contrast with those of modern science. W. Wallace, Epicureanism, p. 171. 6. Incorporeal, immaterial being or principle; personality, or a personality, unconnected or only a ociated with a body: in Biblical use applied to God, and specifically [ cap.] to the third person of the Trinity (the Holy Spirit); also to supernatural good and evil beings (angels). God is a spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. John iv. 24. But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit : for the Spirit search eth all things, yea, the deep things of 1 Cor. ii. 10. God. Putting together the ideas of thinking and willing, or the power of moving or quieting corporeal motion, joined to substance, of which we have no distinct idea, we have the idea of an immaterial spirit . Locke, Human. Understanding, II. xxiii. 15. If we seclude space out of our consideration, there will remain but two sorts of substances in the world: that is, matter and mind; or, as we otherwise call them, body and spirit. Watts , Logic, L. ii. § 2. Spirit exists everywhere in nature, and we know of no spirit outside of nature. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 455. 7. A person considered with respect to his Sir J. Davies, Nosce Teipsum. peculiar characteristics of mind or temper, Besides, another motive power doth rise Out of the heart, from whose pure blood do spring The vitall spirits , which, borne in arteries, Continuall motion to all parts doe bring. IMG:content-1770.png:[blocks in formation] 10. A subtle fluid contained in a particular substance, and conferring upon it its peculiar properties. (a) In Bacon's philosophy, such a fluid for each kind of substance, living or dead. The spirits or pneuma ticals, that are in all tangible bodies, are scarcely known. Spirits are nothing else but a natural body, rarefied to a proportion, and included in the tangible parts of bodies, as in an integument. And they be no le differing one from the other than the dense or tangible parts;... and they are never (almost) at rest; and from them and their motions principally proceed arefaction, colliquation, concoction, maturation, putrefaction, vivifaction, and most of the effects of nature. Bacon , Nat. Hist., § 98. (b) In old chem., a liquor obtained by distillation: often in the plural. 11. A strong alcoholic liquor; in a restricted sense, such a liquor variously treated in the proce of distillation, and used as a beverage or medicinally, as brandy, bra i whisky, and gin; in the plural, any strong distilled liquor. They are like too frequent use of Spirits in a time of health, which weaken the force of Nature by raising it too high. Stilling fleet , Sermons, II. ix. 12. A solution of tin in an acid, used in dyeing.-13. An aspirate; a breathing, as the letter h. But be it [h] a letter or spirit , we have great use of it in our tongue, both before and after vowels. B. Jonson, Eng. Grammar, iv. 14. The e ence or active principle of any thing.-15. In mod. German philos., the highest mode of existence; also, anything po e ing such existence. - Animal, ardent, astral spirits. See the adjectives. - Aromatic spirit, a liquid composed of compound spirit of orange and alcohol. - Aromatic spirit of ammonia, a liquid composed of ammonium carbonate 40, water of ammonia 100, oil of lemon 12, oil of lavender-flowers 1, oil of piment a 1, alcohol 700, water to make 1,000 parts. It is stimulant, antacid, and is used in sick-headache or as an aid in recovering after alcoholic debauch.-Barwood spirits. Same as tin spirits. - Brethren of the Free Spirit, Brethren of the Holy Spirit. See brother. Compound spirit of horse-radish, a liquid composed of scraped horse-radish root, bitter-orange peel, nutmeg, proof-spirit, and water. - Compound spirit See of Juniper, a liquid composed of oil of juniper 10, oil of caraway 1, oil of fennel 1, alcohol 3,000, water to make 5,000 parts. It is adjuvant to diuretic remedies. - Compound spirit lavender. Same as compound tincture of lavender (which see, under tincture ). Compound spirit of orange, a liquid composed of the oils of bitter orange peel, lemon, coriander, star-anise, and alcohol. Dulcified spirit. See dulcify. - Dyers' spirit. dyer. Familiar spirit. See familiar.- Fetid spirit of ammonia, a liquid composed of asafetida, strong solution of ammonia, and alcohol. It is a nervous stimulant, antacid.-Fever of the spirit. See fever1. - Holy Spirit, or the Spirit, the Spirit of God; the Holy Ghost. See ghost. In spirit. (a) Inwardly: as, to groan in spirit. (b) By inspiration; by or under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. How then doth David in spirit call him Lord? 5841 spirit. - Public spirit, active interest in the welfare of the community; disposition to exert or to deny one's self for the general good.-Pyro-acetic spirit. Same as acetone.-Pyroligneous spirit. Same as methylic alcohol (which see, under alcohol ). - Pyroxylic spirit, See pyroxylic. Rectified spirit. See rectify and alcohol. Silent spirit. See silent. - Spirit colors. See color.- Spirit of ammonia, an alcoholic solution of ammonia, containing 10 per cent. by weight of the gas. It is stimulant and antispasmodic. Spirit of anise, a liquid composed of oil of anise 10, alcohol 90 parts. It is a stomachic and carminative. - Spirit of ants. Same as spirit of formic acid.-Spirit of bitter almonds, a liquid composed of oil of bitter almonds, alcohol, and water. - Spirit of cajeput, a liquid composed of oil of cajeput 1, alcohol 49 parts. Spirit of camphor, a liquid composed of camphor 10, alcohol 70, and water 20 parts. Spirit of chloric ether. Same as spirit of chloroform. - Spirit of chloroform, a liquid consisting of purified chloroform 10, alcohol 90 parts. - Spirit of cinnamon, a liquid composed of oil of cinnamon 10, alcohol 90 parts: aromatic cordial. - Spirit of citron, a 2 per cent, solution of oil of citron in alcohol. Spirit of Cochlear i a, a liquid composed of fresh scurvy-gra 8, alcohol 5, water 3 parts. Spirit of cucumbers, a liquid made by distilling a mixture of grated cucumbers and alcohol 3 parts, used in making ointment of cucumber. Spirit of cur açao, a liquid composed of the oil of Curação orange, fennel, bitter almonds, and alcohol. Spirit of ether, a spirit composed of strong ether 30, alcohol 70 parts. It has properties similar to those of ether.- Spirit of formic acid, a liquid composed of formic acid, alcohol, and water. Also spirit of ants. - Spirit of French wine. Same as brandy. - Spirit of Garus, a liquid composed of aloes 5, myrrh 2, clove 5, nutmeg 10, cinnamon 20, saffron 5, alcohol 5,000, water 1,000 parts. - Spirit of Gaultheria, a liquid composed of oil of Gaultheria 3, alcohol 97 parts: nitroglycerin. - Spirit of hartshorn. See hartshorn, 1.used for flavoring. Spirit of glonoin. Same as spirit of Spirit of juniper, a liquid composed of oil of juniper 3, alcohol 97 parts: adjuvant to diuretic medicine. Spirit lemon, a liquid composed of oil of lemon 6, lemon-peel of 4, alcohol to make 100 parts: used for flavoring medicines, custards, etc. Also called e ence of lemon.-Spirit of Mindererus. Same as solution of acetate of ammonia (which see, under solution). - Spirit of myrcia. Same as bay rum. Spirit of nitert. An obsolete name for nitric acid. Spirit of nitroglycerin, a solution of nitroglycerin (glonoin) in alcohol, containing 1 per cent. by weight of nitroglycerin. - Spirit of nitrous ether. See nitrous.Spirit of nutmeg, a liquid composed of oil of nutmeg 3, alcohol 97 parts. Also called e ence of nutmeg, and used as a flavoring for medicines. - Spirit of orange, a liquid composed of oil of orange-peel 6, alcohol 94 parts: used in flavoring medicines. - Spirit of peppermint, a liquid composed of oil of peppermint 10 parts, peppermint in powder 1 part, and alcohol to make 100 parts. Also called e ence of peppermint. - Spirit of phosphorus, a liquid composed of phosphorus and alcohol. Also called tincture of phosphorus. - Spirit of rosemary, a liquid composed of oil of rosemary 1, rectified spirit 49 parts: a perfume and adjuvant to liniments, etc.- Spirit of sea-salt. as hydrochloric acid (which see, under hydrochloric ). Same as -Spirit of senset, the utmost refinement or nicety of sensation; sensibility or sensitivene of touch, sight, etc. To whose soft seizure The cygnet's down is harsh, and spirit of sense Hard as the palm of ploughman. Shak., T. and C., i. 1. 58. Spirit of soap, a liquid composed of Castile soap, alcohol, and water.- Spirit of spearmint, a liquid composed of oil of spearmint 10, powdered spearmint 1, alcohol 89 parts: a carminative. - Spirit of turpentine. Same as oil of turpentine (which see, under turpentine ). - Spirit of wine. Same as alcohol. Spirits Act, an English statute of 1880 (43 and 44 Vict., c. 24) which consolidates the laws relating to the manufacture and sale of spirits Sweet spirit of niter. Same as spirit of nitrous ether. -The four spiritst, four substances used in alchemy: quicksilver, orpiment or arsenic, sal ammoniac, and sulphur. The firste spirit quicksilver called is, The second orpiment, the thridde ywis Sal armoniak, and the ferthe brims to on. Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 269. Tin spirits, solutions of tin, in the preparation of which nitric acid and sulphuric acid, as well as hydrochloric acid, are used. - Wood-spirit. Same as methylic alcohol (which see, under alcohol ). =Syn. 3. Life , Liveline , etc. (see animation ), force, resolution.-4. Drift, gist, sense, significance, nature.-6. Soul , Intellect , etc. (see mind1 ); inner self, vital e ence. spirit (spir'it), v . t . [ spirit , n. Cf. spritel , v.] 1. To animate; inspire; inspirit; excite; en- courage; enliven; cheer: sometimes with up . Shall our quick blood, spirited with wine, Seem frosty? Shak . , Hen. V., iii. 5. 21. It is a conce ion or yielding from the throne, and would naturally spirit up the Parliament to struggle on for power. Walpole , Letters, II. 393. Well, I shall spirit up the Colonel as soon as I can. Jane Austen , Sense and Sensibility, xxx. 2. To convey away rapidly and secretly, as if Mat. xxii. 43. by the agency of a spirit; kidnap: kidnap: gene generally Mahwa-spirit, an alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented flowers of Ba ia latifolia. - Master spirit. See master1.- Materialized spirit. See materialize.-Medicinal spirits, medicines prepared either by macerating bruised seeds, flowers, herbs, etc., in alcohol or spirit for two or three days before distillation, and then drawing off by a gentle heat, or extemporaneously by adding a proper proportion of e ential oil to pure spirit of the prescribed strength. In this way are prepared spirits of aniseed, ca ia, cinnamon, juniper, lavender, peppermint, rosemary, etc. They are used princi pally as aromatics and stimulants. - Methylated spirit. methylate. - Perfumed spirit. Same as cologne. Poor in spirit. See poor. - Proof spirit. See proof with off, away, or other adverb of direction. When we came abreast of Old Panama we anchor'd, and sent our Canoa ashore with our Prisoner Don Diego de Pinas, with a Letter to the Govern our, to treat about an Exchange for our Man they had spirited away. 3. To treat with spirits. Dampier , Voyages, I. 178. The whole carpet is to be cleaned, spirited , and dried, a square yard at a time. Workshop Receipts , 2d ser., p. 142. spiritallyt (spir'i-tal-i), adv . [ spirital (=OF. spirital , espirital , esperital , spirit a lis , spiritus , breath, spirit: see spirit , and cf. spir spiritle itual) +-ly2.] By means of the breath, as a spirant non-vocal sound. We may conceive one of each [ll or rr occurring in a word] pronounced spirit ally, the other vocally. Holder, Elements of Speech, p. 58. spirit-back (spir'it-bak), n. In distilling , the cistern which holds the spirit. spirit-blue (spir'it-blö), n. An aniline blue derived from coal-tar, used for dyeing, and soluble in spirit (alcohol). There are two kinds. The first is prepared from rosaniline by heating it with an exce of aniline and some benzoic acid, distilling off the exce of aniline, saturating the residue with hydrochloric acid, drying, and powdering: it produces the hydro chlorid of tri phenyl-rosaniline. The second is prepared from diphenylamine by treating it with oxalic acid and hydrochloric acid, producing the hydro chlorid of tri phenyl pararosaniline. The chemical composition of these two is not identical. They are used in dyeing silks, giving very pure blues, the latter being the finer. Also called diphenyl amine- blue, Gentian a blue, Humboldt blue, imperial blue, Lyons blue, rosaniline- blue. spirit-brown (spir'it-broun), n. See brown. spirit-butterfly (spir'it-but"er-flī), n. A tropical American butterfly of the genus Ithomia, of numerous species, delicate in form, with nearly scalele gauzy wings. spirit-duck (spir'it-duk), n. 1. In the United States, the bufflehead, Clangula ( Bucephala ) al beola: so called from its expertne in diving and its sudden appearances and disappearances. See Clangula, and cut under bufflel, 2. - 2. Any duck that dives at the flash of a gun or twang of a bow-string; a conjuring duck. Compare hell - diver. spirited (spir'i-ted), a. [ Dryden's translation of Virgil is noble and spirited . Pope . His rebuke to the knight and his sottish revellers is sensible and spirited. Lamb, Old Actors. 2. Having a spirit of a certain character: used in composition, as in high- spirited, low- spirited, mean- spirited. That man is poorly spirited whose life Runs in his blood alone, and not in 's wishes. Fletcher, Val ent in i an, v. 1. 3. Po e ed by a spirit. [Rare.] So talk'd the spirited sly snake. Milton , P. L., ix. 613. = Syn. 1. Spiritual , etc. (see spirituous ); ardent, high mettled, high-spirited. See also animation . spiritedly (spir'i-ted-li), adv . In a spirited or lively manner; with spirit, strength, or animation.