BROTHERHOODS, RAILROAD

four leading labor unions of employes in the United States are by this name. They are the Grand national Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; the Order of Railroad ductors; the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Engine men; and Brotherhood of Railroad 'Trainmen. Sometimes the Brotherhood of Telegraphers is included among The Locomotive Engineers are the zZroup, their organization dating 1863. Today it is one of the largest most powerful of the brotherhoods, a membership (1922) of 85,255, headed bya notable labor leader, S. Stone. The Railrcad Conductors next organized in 1868, but the of the early union was impeded by sensions on strikes, resulting in a strike policy that lasted from 1877 1890. Abstention from strikes abandoned, thereafter in the of a new brotherhood by seceding bers of the original order. Unity with the inclusion in the new body those who had stood by the old zati on, which was disbanded. membership in 1921 was 54,344. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen Engine men was first organized in and a few years later absorbed a body, the International Firemen’s About this time its history was by the prominence of Eugene V. in its conduct and the progre it under his organizing ability. The therhood of Railroad Trainmen, lished in 1883,, includes conductors, train and yard switchmen. The Railroad Brotherhoods are affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. They operate independently of organized labor unions in and have features which distinguish them from the other bodies. they observe a conservative in labor disputes, but occasionally large sums for strike purposes. of their funds, however, are devoted the payment of death and insurance. They have grievance mittees for adjusting differences tween their members and employers for avoiding strikes, and succeed maintaining agreeable relations with companies. Wage schedules, hours labor, gradations and promotions other questions with which labor zations commonly deal are in their jurisdiction. The brotherhoods enter into agreements with the esi hours and conditions of and have been instrumental in ing increased wages and general prove ment in working conditions, The brotherhoods have the power to federati railroad for the purpose of adjusting any com known plaint which may be presented in accord Inter ance with the laws of the organ i zati or aggrieved. In 1916 the brotherhoods dic Conso by uniting in calling a strike for a1 eight-hour day instead of the ten-how _ the day named in the contracts with thi railroads. The pa age of the Adamso1 Railroad Hight-Hour Law averted the strike them. but the acts constitutionally remainec oldest in question, and the strike threat wa from revived until the Supreme Court de and livered its decision upholding the measur with as constitutional. There are a numbe and of le er railroad labor unions, am on: Warren them brotherhoods of maintenance-of way men, switchmen, carmen, clerks progre mechanical trackmen, freight handler: dis signalmen, station agents and em nonployees, expre men and me engers to