Multitudes of them

counted at from 80,- 000 to 170,000, became exiles, and the prisons were filled with those who) remained. It was at this period that Columbus, with ve els furnished by Ferdinand and Isabella, made his memorable voyages and discovered America, which the Pope Alexander VI. a umed eed to give to those sovereigns. In 15 Gonsalvo was sent to make the conquest of Naples, which, partly by the sword and partly by the most unscrupulous =e he effected. The infamous League of ad was concluded in 1508. Soon after Navarre was conquered and united to Castile and Aragon. M. Ferry then formed a cabinet, which remained in office till November, 1881. In February, 1883, he again became premier, with a policy of colonial expansion, involving a war in Madagascar and the invasion of Tonquin, where a disaster to the French troops brought about his downfall in March, 1885. In 1890 he was made senator. He died in Paris, March 17, 1893.