Drafts

methods employed twice by the United States Government and twice by the Confederacy for raising and increasing the armies. The first measure, introduced into Congre in 1814, during the war with Great Britain, was due to a proposal by New York and Virginia of a Federal cla ification and draft from the State militia. This bill was prepared largely by James Monroe, but was highly unacceptable to the Federalists and proved a failure, though the army was much in need of men. In 1863 a somewhat similar plan was int reduced in Congre , but was objected to by the Democrats on the grounds of unconstitution ality and failed. Accordingly May 3, 1863, another bill pa ed both Vol. V.—15 Houses, which had no reference to the militia but called every able bodied citizen of military age into the Federal service. A commutation of $300 for exemption was permitted, and persons refusing obedience were treated as deserters. April 16, 1862, and July 18, 1863, the Confederate Congre pa ed conscription laws levying on all persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The unpopularity of the conscription caused the ‘‘ drafts riots ’’ in New York City July 13- 16, 1863, when the city was for four days in the po e ion of the mob. 229