HOLLAND. JOHN PHILIP

(is4i1914), submarine inventor; b. Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland. He _ studied submarine navigation in Cork while following the occupation of a school teacher, and when thirty years old came to the United States, where he pursued his calling at Pa aic, N. J.. In 1875 he invented his first submarine device, which was tested in the Pa aic river and remained below water for 24 hours. His next experimental ventures were financed by the Fenian Brotherhood, oats that could attack British shipping. differences finally ended Holland’s fin an- | “!@l support from his Irish compatriots. Towards the close of the nineteenth century the U. 8. government began to be impre ed by the progre of sube | marine science abroad ad the imprese sion which Holiand’s further experimen-| tal craft made on several naval officers, A competition was held, in which American and foreign inventors were invited to tender bids for building a modern submarine that met the government’s specifications. Holland’s device won, and while the first boat built for the government failed, subsequent boats abundantly justified the claims he made for his design. Great Britain later adopted submarines of the Holland type, as well as Ru ia, Japan, Holland and other countries. He may be said to be the father of the modern submarine that dealt such havoc in the World War, as the most effective types were based on his conceptions. As the science advanced 16 machines developed went far beyond the trail that made them po ible.