DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD

(1813-61), an American statesman, the son of a doctor, born at Brandon in Vermont. After having entered upon busine life he decided to study law, and was called to the bar in 1834 at Jacksonville in Illinois, where he took an active part in politics. He was judge of the Supreme Court from 1841-43, and in that year became a member of the House of Representatives. While in parliament he did a great deal to further the annexation of Texas, and was the originator of ‘Popular Sovereignty,’ (z.e.) allowing a state to vote itself slave or free. In 1860, in his struggle for the presidency, he was unsucce ful, being defeated by Abraham Lincoln, but during the Civil War which followed he upheld Lincoln’s power and did his utmost to preserve unity in the states. an American journalist and orator. He was born at Tuckahoe in Maryland, and was at first brought up as a slave, for his father, who was a white man, had married a negro slave. In 1838 he managed to free himself by escaping from a shipyard in Baltimore, and he then a umed the name of D. instead of Bailey, his original one. After living at New York and then New Bedford, he was appointed a lecturer by the AntiSlavery Society on account of his eloquence. He published Frederick Dougla ’s Paper, on the abolition of slavery, and in addition he filled some important offices, among them marshal for the district of Columbia, and minister to Haiti. a body of Ru ian Nonconformist peasants, formed about 1750, holding property in common; like Quakers, reject ritual and a profe ional priesthood; persecuted by the Ru ian Government from time to time; migrated to Cyprus, 1898; thence to Canada, 1899, to the number of 7,500. Tolstoy sympathized with them, and they largely practice his simplicity of life and belief. town, Somme, France; medieval stronghold; besieged and occupied by Spaniards, 1595; restored to France, 1598. Pop. 5,300.