Area, 1,828 square miles

Population (1891), 616,227. Loire, Army of the. 1. A French army improvised after the battle of Sedan (Sept. 1, 1870) for the relief of Paris. It was commanded by Aurelle de Paladines.-2. After the beginning of Dec., 1870, the part of the first army commanded by Chanzy (the remaining part being commanded by Bourbaki). Loire, Haute-. See Haute - Loire . Loire-Inférieure (lwär'an-fā-ryer'). A department of western France. Capital, Nantes. It is bounded by Morbihan and Ille-et-Vilaine on the north, Maine-et-Loire on the east, Vendée on the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west, and formed part of the ancient Britt any. The surface is flat. It has flourishing agricul tural industries, commerce, and manufactures. Area, 2,653 square miles. Population (1891), 645,263. Loiret (lwä-ra'). A department of central France. Capital, Orléans. It is bounded by Eureet-Loir on the northwest, Seine-et-Oise and Seine-et-Marne on the north, Yonne on the east, Nièvre, Cher, and Loir-etCher on the south, and Loir-et-Cher on the west, being formed principally from part of the ancient Orléanais. It has flourishing agricultural industries and manufactures. Area, 2,614 square miles. Population (1891), 377,718. Loir-et-Cher (lwär'ā-shar'). A department of central France. Capital, Blois. It is bounded by Eure-et-Loir on the north, Loiret on the northeast, Cher on the southeast, Indre on the south, Indre-et-Loire on the southwest, and Sarthe on the northwest, being formed from parts of Orléanais and a small part of Touraine. It is a rich agricultural department. Area, 2,451 square miles. Population (1891), 280,358. Loja, or Loxa (lo Hä). A town in the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the Jenil 29 miles west of Granada. It was formerly a strong fortre . It was taken from the Moors in 1486. Population (1887), 19,120. Loja, or Loxa (1ō'нä). A town in Ecuador, about lat. 3° 55' S., long. 79° 25′ W.: noted for cinchona. Population, about 10,000. Loka (lō'ka). [Skt., 'world.'] A world. In Hin du works, the triloka, or three worlds, are generally heaven, earth, and hell. Another division gives seven, exclusive of seven hells (patalas). The upper worlds are (1) the earth; (2) the space between earth and sun, the region of the saints; (3) Indra's heaven, between the sun and the pole-star; (4) Maharloka, the usual abode of Bhrigu and other saints; (5) the abode of Brahma's sons, Sanaka, San and a, and Sa nat kumara; (6) the abode of the Vairagins; (7) the abode of Brahma. The first three are destroyed at the end of each kalpa, or day of Brahma; the last four at the end of his life. The Sankhya and Vedanta schools recognize eight lokas: (1) that of the superior deities; (2) that of the Pitris, Rishis, and Prajapatis; (3) that of the moon and planets; (4) that of the inferior deities; (5) that of the Gandharvas; (6) that of the Rakshasas; (7) that of the Yakshas; (8) that of the Pishachas. See these words. Lokapalas (lō-ka-päʻlaz). [Skt., 'guardians of the world.'] In Hindu mythology, the deities who preside over the eight points of the compa : i . e ., the four cardinal and four intermediate. They are Indra, E.; Agni, S.E.; Yama, S.; Surya, S.W.; Varuna, W.; Vayu, N. W.; Kuvera, N.; Soma, N. E. Each of these has an elephant who helps to protect the region: these are also known as Lokapalas. Lokeren (lõ ́ker-en). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme 23 miles northwest of Bru els. It has flourishing manufactures and trade. Population (1887), 19,667. Loki (lo'ke). [ON.: lok , end; ljúka , lúka , to close, end. In Old Norse mythology, the god of destruction. His father'was the giant Farbauti (ON. Fárbauti ), his mother Laufey or Nal (ON. Nal ) . By the giante Angurboda (ON. Angrbodha ) he had 3 children: the Midgard-serpent, the Fenris-wolf, and Hel. Loki had throughout a twofold nature. He was of handsome appearance but of evil disposition, and was at the same time the friend and the enemy of the gods. For his evil deeds he was finally seized by the gods and bound. Over him was set a serpent whose poison would have fallen in drops upon his face had not his wife, Sigyn, caught them in a bowl. He was freed at Ragnarök, when he and Heimdall slew each other. Lokman (lok-män'). [Ar. Luqman , called "The Wise."] The reputed author of a collection of fables in Arabic. Luqman is the title of the 31st surah of the Koran, in the 11th verse of which are found the words "We gave to Luqman wisdom." To this shadowy character have been ascribed the circumstances and sayings of a number of men: hence Lokman has been represented as a nephew of Job or Abraham, a councilor of David or Solomon, Balaam, an ugly Ethiopian slave, a king of Yaman, a tailor, a carpenter, a shepherd. The fables are very like those of Æsop, and still more like those of Syntipas. Many are of Greek origin, and a number of them go back, as do the fables of Pilpay, to Indian originals. They were first put into their present form by an Egyptian Christian named Barsuma, probably toward the end of the 13th century. They were first edited (with a Latin trans Lombard street Lolli (lol'lē), Antonio. Born at Bergamo, Italy, about 1730: died in Sicily, 1802. A noted Italian violinist. He played with succe in Stuttgart, St. Petersburg, Paris, and infrequently at London. "Owing to the eccentricity of his style of composition and execution, he was regarded as a madman by most of the audience." Burney , Hist. Music, IV. 680. Lollius (lol'i-us). An unknown author from whom Chaucer profe ed to have derived various things in his poems. He seems to stand for Petrarch, Boccaccio, and others, and "occupies in English poetry very much the same position as Junius in English politics ( Lounsbury , Studies in Chaucer, II. 411). Lolo (lo'lō), or Balolo (bä-lōlō). A great Bantu nation of the Kongo State, occupying the basins of the Lulongo, Tshuapa, and Lomami rivers in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo River, between Lake Leopold and Stanley Falls. L'Olonnois (lo-lo-nwä'), François. Died in Costa Rica about 1668. A French bucaneer and pirate, noted for his ferocity. He was transported to the West Indies for crimes, joined the bucaneers as a common sailor, rose to high command among them, and from 1660 ravaged the coasts of Central America. He was eventually wrecked, and was killed by Indians. His real name is supposed to have been Jacques Jean David Nau. Lolos (loʻlōz). A race of aborigines in western China, on the Tibetan frontier. Lom (lom). A river in Bulgaria, joining the Danube at Rustchuk. It was the scene of Turkish victories over the Ru ians, Aug.-Sept., 1877. Lomami (lō-mä'mē). One of the great affluents of the Kongo River, which it joins on the left bank midway between Stanley Falls and the Aruwimi. It has its source near lat. 10° S., and its mouth near lat. 1° N., running parallel with the Lualaba from south to north. It was discovered by Cameron, and is also called Boloko. Lomami is also the name of an affluent of the Sankuru. Lombard (lom'bärd), Peter, L. Petrus Lombardus (pē'trus lom-bär'dus). Born at Novara, Italy, about 1100: died at Paris, 1160. An Italian theologian, appointed bishop of Paris in 1159. He was surnamed “Master of Sentences," from his work "Sententia rum libri IV" ("Four Books of Sentences"). See Book of Sentences . Lombardi, I. An opera by Verdi, produced at La Scala, Milan, in 1843. Much of the music was afterward used by him in the opera “Gerusa lemme." Lombard League. An a ociation between Brescia, Bergamo, Mantua, Verona, Cremona, Treviso, and other cities of Lombardy and northern Italy, founded in 1167 for protection against Frederick Barb a ro a. It rebuilt Milan, defeated Frederick at Legnano in 1176, and secured liberties by the peace of Con stance in 1183. It was renewed against Frederick II. in 1226. Lombardo (lom-bär'dō), Pietro. Died in 1515. A Venetian architect. The name Lombardo was the patronymic of many north Italian artists who flourished in Venice from the middle of the 15th to the beginning of the 16th century. It is a ociated with a large cla of works peculiar to the early Renai ance in Venice. The most definite personality of the school is Pietro the architect, to whom are attributed two altars in the choir of San Marco (1462, 1471), the Church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (begun in 1480), the monument to Dante (1482) at Ravenna, the Vend ram in i palace, the tomb of Doge Pietro Mocenigo in San Giovanni e Paolo, and the Moro chapel in San Giobbe. He was made director of public works March 15, 1499. The anonymous marbles which have been cla ed as belonging to the school of the Lombardi comprehend nearly all the Renai ance work produced about 1475-1550. Martino Lombardo is also noted as having built the Scuola di San Marco and the San Zaccaria in Venice. It is not known whether or not he was the son of Pietro. To the Lombardi family also belong Tullio, Antonio, and Giulio (sons of Pietro), Santi, and Moro. The last probably came from Bergamo. lati on) by Erpenius (Leyden, 1615). Recent editions are by Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. A kingdom Rödiger (2d ed. 1839) and Derenbourg (1850). Lola Montez. See Gilbert , Marie D. E. R. Lollards (lol'ärdz). [From MD. Lollaerd , one who mumbles prayers or hymns.] 1. A semimonastic society for the care of the sick and the burial of the dead, which originated at Antwerp about1300. Also called Cellites .-2. The English followers of Wyclif, adherents of a wide-spread movement, partly political and socialistic, and in some respects anticipating Protestant ism and Puritanism, in the 14th and 15th centuries. They were also called Bible men, from their reverence for the Bible. They differed on some points both among themselves and from Wyclif, but in the main condemned the use of images in churches, pilgrimages to the tombs of saints, the temporal lordship of the clergy, the hierarch i constituted by Austria in 1815 out of the Italian territories a igned to her by the Congre of Vienna. It comprises Lombardy, Venetia, and Mantua. Lombardy was ceded to Victor Emmanuel in 1859, and Venetia and Mantua were surrendered to him in 1866. Lombards (lom'bärdz, formerly lumʼbärdz). [Appar. 'long-beards.'] The natives or inhabitants of Lombardy in Italy. The name is used more specifically for the members of the Germanic tribe (Longobards) who about 568, under Alboin, conquered the part of northern Italy still called Lombardy, and founded the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended over a much larger territory, and was finally overthrown by Charlemagne in 774. In old London the name Lombards was generic, and was applied to foreign merchants from southern Europe, but more especially to representatives of the great houses of the northern Italian cities. They also established themselves in France, chiefly at Nimes and Montpellier. See Lombard street. Lombard street. A street in the City, London, where the Lombard merchants of the middle cal organization, papal authority, religious orders, ecclesiastical decorations, the ceremony of the ma , the doctrine of transubstantiation, waging of wars, and capital punishment. Some of them engaged in seditious proceed ings, and they were severely persecuted for more than a hundred years, especially after the adoption of a special statute ("De hæretico comburendo") against them in 1401. Lollards were very numerous at the close of the 14th century, and perhaps formed later part of the Lancastrian party in the Wars of the Roses. ages established themselves before the reign of Edward II. With the Germans of the Steelyard they engro ed the more profitable branches of English trade. The goldsmiths seem to have had the most ready money. On occasion they lent money on interest, and gradually of the London County Council of 118 members. For par liamentary purposes London is divided into 58 constitu- encies with 1 member each, except the City, which returns 2 members (West Ham is sometimes included in parlia- mentary London, making 60 divisions): Batter sea, Ber- mondsey, Bethnal Green (2), Bow and Bromley, Brixton, Camber well North, Chelsea, City of London, Clapham, Deptford, Dulwich, Finsbury (2), Fulham, Green wich, Hackney (3), Hagg erst on, Hammer smith, Hampstead, Holborn, Hoxton, Isling ton (4), Kensington (2), Lambeth (2), Lewisham, Lime house, Marylebone (2), Mile End, Newing ton West, Norwood, Padding ton (2), Peckham, Poplar, Rother hi the, St. George (Hanover Square), St. George's-in-the-East, St. Pancras (4), South wark West, Stepney, Strand, Walworth, Wands worth, West Ham (2), Westminster, White chapel, Woolwich. The University of London is also represented. London was probably an ancient British town. It appears to have been reset- also August a) was the capital of Britannia in the last part of the Roman period. After the departure of the Romans (about 410) and in the early Saxon period its history is ob- scure, though there were bishops of London from the 7th century. It was plundered by the Danes, and rebuilt by Alfred and Athelstan. It received a charter from Wil- liam I., and many privileges from Henry I. By the 14th century its commerce had greatly developed. The insur- rection of Wat Tyler occurred in 1381. London sided with the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, and with the Par- liamentarians in the civil war. It was scourged by the plague in 1665, and was almost entirely destroyed by the great fire of 1666. A financial panic happened in 1720, and the "No-Popery" riots in 1780. The "Great Exhibition" of 1851 was the first of the international expositions: it was followed by another in 1862. (For various objects of inter- est (the British Museum, the Guildhall, the Monument, the National Gallery, the Houses of Parliament, Royal Academy, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Tower, Westminster Abbey, etc.), and for very many local details, see the spe- cial headings.) The London Government Act of 1899 di- vided the administrative county of London (with the ex- ception of the City) into 28 municipal boroughs: Batter sea, Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Camber well, Chelsea, Dept- ford, Finsbury, Fulham, Green wich, Hackney, Hammer- smith, Hampstead, Holborn, Isling ton, Kensington, Lam- beth, Lewisham, Marylebone, Padding ton, Poplar, St. Pancras, Shore ditch, South wark, Stepney, Stoke Newing- ton, Wands worth, Westminster, Woolwich. Lome (lo'mā). The principal port of To go land, London. A city and the capital of Middle- Slave Coast, western Africa. Lome Armé. See Homme Armé , L ' . Loménie (lō-mā-nē ́), Louis Léonard de. Born at St.-Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, France, Dec. 3, 1815: died at Menton, France, April 2, 1878. A French man of letters, author of "Galerie des contempo rains" (1840–47), “Beau march a is et son temps" (1855), etc. Loménie de Brienne (lō-mā-në' dė bre-en'), Étienne Charles de. Born at Paris, 1727: died in prison, Feb. 15-16, 1794. A French politician and prelate. He became archbishop of Toulouse in 1763; was a member of the A embly of Notables in 1787; and succeeded Calonne as comptroller-general of finances in 1787. He was made premier and archbishop of Sens in 1788, but was forced to resign the premiership in the same year, after having convoked the States-General for May 1, Lomza (lom'zhä). 1. A government of Ru ian Poland, bordering on East Pru ia. Area, 4,667 square miles. Population (1887–89), 608,683.– 2. The capital of the government of Lomza, situated on the Narew 78 miles northeast of Warsaw. Population (1890), 18,405. Lonato (lō-näto). A town in the province of Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles east-southeast of Brescia. Here, Aug. 3, 1796, the French un- der Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Wurmser. sex County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames in lat. 43° N. It is a manufacturing and commercial center. Population (1901), 37,983. London, Convention of. A convention con- cluded between England and France, Oct. 22, 1832, for the purpose of coercing Holland into withdrawing its troops from Belgium. London, Treaty of. The name of a number of treaties concluded at London between England and other powers, chief among which are the following. (a) The treaty of July 6, 1827, between Eng- land, France, and Ru ia, whereby those powers agreed to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation with a view to restoring peace in the East. Greece was to be made autonomous under the sovereignty of the sul tan, the Mohammedan population was to be removed, and the Greeks were to receive po e ion of all Turkish prop- erty in Greece on the payment of an indemnity. The of- fer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, which resulted in armed intervention. (b) The treaty of Nov. 15, 1831, between Great Britain, France, Austria, Pru ia, and Rus- sia, for the settlement of the Belgian question. It pre- scribed, among other things, that Belgium and Holland should bear separately the debts which they had contracted before the union, and that they should share the liabili- ties contracted since. The treaty was eventually carried out. (c) The treaty of 1832 between England, France, Ru ia, and Bavaria, by which the crown of Greece was given to Frederick Otho, second son of the king of Bava- ria. (d) The treaty of March 13, 1871, by which the signa- tory powers of the treaty of Paris (which see) of 1856 ас- London, University of. An educational insti- tution, founded at London in 1836, which con- fers degrees after examination, but, until 1900, provided no courses of instruction. London Bridge. The first of the bridges acro the Thames at London, situated at the head of navigation, half a mile above the Tower. The destroyed Nov. 16, 1091, by a storm and high tide. The first stone bridge was built 1176-1209 on a wooden found a- tion. It consisted of 20 arches. The roadway was 926 feet long, 60 feet above water, and 40 feet wide. Houses were built upon it, and in course of time it became a continuous street with 3 openings on each side to the river. A chapel of St. Thomas Becket stood upon the east side. The super- structures were repeatedly devastated by fire, most notably the great fire of 1666. The eleventh span from the South- wark end formed a drawbridge flanked by a tower built in 1426, on the top of which were stuck the heads of persons executed for treason. All the superstructures were Rennies, was begun March 15, 1824, and opened Aug. 1, 1831. It stands about 180 feet above the site of the old structure, which was pulled down in 1832. It is 920 feet long, 56 feet wide, and 55 feet high, and the central span is 150 feet. London Company. A company of merchants and others dwelling in and near London, formed for the purpose of planting colonies in Ameri- It was chartered in 1606, founded a colony at James town in 1607, and was di olved in 1624. county in Ulster, Ireland. It is bounded by the At- Long fellow, Henry Wads worth Courtship of Miles Standish" (1858), "Birds of Pa age" (1858-63), "Tales of a Wayside Inn" (1863), "Flower-deLuce" (1867), a translation of the "Divine Comedy" (1867= 1870), "New England Tragedies" (1868), "The Divine Tragedy" (1871), "Three Books of Song" (1872), "Aftermath" (1873), "Hanging of the Crane" (1874), "Morituri Salu (1875), "Mask of Pandora" a" (1875), "Keramos amus) (1) Thule (180aerand Trismegistus" (1882), "In the Harbor" (1882). His prose works are "Outre-Mer" (1835), and the novels "Hyper i on" (1839) and "Kavanagh" (1849). He also edited "Poems of Places" (31 vols. 1876-79). Long fellow, Samuel. Born at Portland, Maine, June 18, 1819: died there, Oct. 3, 1892. An American Unitarian clergyman and hymn-writer, brother of H. W. Long fellow. He graduated at Harvard in 1839, and at the Divinity School in 1846. He was pastor of a church in Fall River, Ma achusetts, 18481853; in Brooklyn 1853-60; and in German town, Pennsyl - vania, 1878-82. He then returned to Cambridge. He edited a "Life of Henry Wads worth Long fellow" (1886) and "Final Memorials," etc. (1887), and published a number of books of hymns, and "Thalatta: a Book for the Seaside" (with T. W. Higginson, 1853). Long ford (long'ford). 1. A county in Leinster, Ireland. It is bounded by Leitrim on the northwest, Cavan on the northeast, West meath on the east and south, and Lough Ree and Roscommon on the west. The sur face is generally level. Area, 421 square miles. Pop. ulation (1891), 52,647. 2. The capital of the county of Long ford, situated on the Camlin 68 miles west-northwest of Dublin. Population (1891), 3,827. Longhi (long'ge), Giuseppe. Born at Monza, near Milan, Oct. 13, 1766: died at Milan, Jan. 2, 1831. A noted Italian engraver. His best known works are engravings after Correggio and Raphael. Long i man us. See Artaxerxes I. Long in us (lon-ji'nus), Dionysius Ca ius. Born about 210 A. D.: executed 273. A celebrated Greek critic and philosopher, chief counselor of Zenobia, and the instructor of her children. "To him is ascribed, though doubtfully, the e ay 'On Sublimity,' one of the best pieces of literary criticism in the language." ( Jebb .) On the fall of Zenobia, Long in us was beheaded as a traitor by the command of the emperor Aurelian. Long is (lon'jis), Long i us (lon'ji-us). The nang is given in the middle ages to the soldier who pierced the side of Jesus with his lance. Long Island. An island forming part of the State of New York. It is separated from Connecticut on the north by Long Island Sound, and from the mainland of New York on the northwest, and Manhattan Island on the west, by Long Island Sound and the East River; it is also bordered on the west by New York Bay and the Narrows. The surface is diversified, and the coast-line is much indented. It is divided into 3 counties-Suffolk, Queens, and Kings (containing Brooklyn)-and contains many seaside resorts. It was discovered by the Dutch in 1609, and was first settled by them about 1632-36. Length, 118 miles. Greatest width, 23 miles. Area, 1,682 square miles. Long Island, Battle of. A battle fought at the western extremity of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776, in which the British under Howe defeated the Americans under the immediate command of Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam. Long Island City. A former city of Queens County, Long Island, New York, separated from Brooklyn on the south by New town Creek: incorporated in New York city (act of 1896). It comprises Hunter's Point, Astoria, Ravens wood, etc., and has extensive manufactures. Population (1897), about 45,000. Long Island Sound. An arm of the Atlantic Ocean which separates Connecticut and the mainland of New York on the north from Long Island on the south. It is connected with the ocean on the east by the Race, and with New York Bay by the East River on the southwest. Length, about 110 miles. Greatest width, about 20 miles. Longjumeau (lôn-zhü-mō'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, on the Yvette 12 miles south of Paris. A treaty of peace between the Catholics and Protestants was signed here March 23, 1568, but war broke out again six months later. Popula tion (1891), 2,551. Long land. See Lang land . Long man (lông' mạn), Thomas. Born at Bristol, England, 1699: died at London, June 18, 1755. An English publisher. He was apprenticed to his uncle, John Osborn, a London bookseller, with whom he later entered into partnership, and to whose busine VIII. A play with this name was performed at the Fortune Theatre in 1594. The name "Long Meg" has since been given to a number of things of unusual length, particularly to a column of red freestone near Penrith, England. It is 15 feet in circumference and 18 feet high, and is supposed to be part of a Druidical temple. Longobardi, Longobards. See Langobardi. Long Parliament. The Parliament which a embled on Nov. 3, 1640, and carried on the civil war. On its showing a disposition to come to terms with the party of Charles I., it was "purged," Dec. 6, 1648, by the expulsion of a large number of its members. It then abolished the House of Lords, and appointed the High Court of Justice which tried and condemned the king. The Parliament was forcibly di olved by Cromwell on April 20, 1653, but was twice restored in 1659, and was finally di olved in March, 1660, after providing for the summoning of a free Parliament. In its later history it was known as the Rump Parliament. Long's Peak (lôngz pēk). A peak in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, about 45 miles northwest of Denver. Height, 14,270 feet. Long street (lông's trēt), August us Baldwin. Born at August a, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790: died at Oxford, Mi ., Sept. 9, 1870. An American clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, educator, and humorous writer. He is best known from his "Georgia Scenes" (1840). He also wrote "Master William Mitten" (1858), etc. Long street, James. Born in Edge field district, S. C., Jan. 8, 1821: died at Gainesville, Ga., Jan. 2, 1904. An American general in the Confederate service. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served in the Mexican war; entered the Confederate service with the rank of brigadier-general in 1861; was promoted major-general in the same year; commanded a corps at the second battle of Bull Run; commanded the right wing of Lee's army at Antietam: commanded a corps with the rank of lieutenant-general at Gettysburg; led the left wing at Chick am aug a; unsucce fully attacked Burnside at Knoxville in 1863; and served with distinction in the Wilderne in 1864, and before Richmond 1864-65. He was United States minister to Turkey 1880-81. Long sword (lông'sōrd), Richard. A son of Henry II. Rosamond Clifford has long been said to be his mother. The evidence of Long sword being Rosamund's son is Lopez, Carlos Antonio Lönnrot (len'rot), Elias. Born at Sammatti, Nyland, Finland, April 9, 1802: died there, March 19, 1884. A Finnish scholar, one of the founders of modern Finnish literature. He ed. ited the "Kalevala" (1835-49), and collections of Finnish poems, proverbs, and riddles, and published a Finnish Swedish lexicon (1874-80). Lons-le-Saunier (lôn'le-sō-nya'). The capital of the department of Jura, France, situated on the Vallière in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 5° 33′ Ε.: the Roman Ledo Salinarius. It contains noted salt springs, and has a museum. It was an ancient Gallic and Roman town. Rouget de l'Isle was born here. Population (1891), commune, 12,610. Loochoo (lö-chö ́), or Liu-kiu (lyökyö'), or Riu-kiu (ryö kyö) Islands. A group of islands southwest of Japan, to which they belong. The chief islands are Okinawa and Oshima. The chief port is Nafa. They were annexed to Japan in 1874. Area, 950 square miles. Population (1893), 410,881. Looking Backward: 2000-1887. A story by Edward Bellamy, published in 1888. In it he sets forth his views of the "next stage in the industrial and social development of humanity." His idea is a pure socialism. Looking-Gla for London and England, A. A play by Lodge and Greene, published in 1594. The plot is the story of Jonah and the Ninevites, with application to London and England. It was probably written about 1590. Lookout (lük'out), Cape. A cape in North Carolina, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 34° 37′ N., long. 76° 31′ W. Lookout Mountain. A ridge in northwestern Georgia and adjacent parts of Tenne ee and Alabama. It is 1,600 feet above the Tenne ee River. Lookout Mountain, Battle of. A part of the battle of Chattanooga, a Federal victory won by General Grant over the Confederates under Bragg. In the storming of Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863, the Federals were under the immediate command of Hooker, and advanced up the northern face. Owing to the heavy mist on the mountain-side, the battle is often called "the battle above the clouds." equally untrustworthy, and the fact is discredited by all Loomis (lomis), Eliased Born at Willing ton, writers. The name of his true mother is unknown even in early tradition. The argu ment, drawn from the grant made to Long sword by his father, shortly before his death, in 1188, of the manor of Apple by in Lincoln shire, rests on a confusion between that manor and the manor of Apple by in West more land, which was held by Rosamund's family, the Cliff ords. Long Tom. A 42-pound gun, originally part of the armament of the French line-of-battle ship Hoche, captured by the English 1798, and sold to the Americans. It was used during the French at tack on Haiti in 1804; was dismounted till 1812; and was placed on the General Armstrong, which ran the blockade of the British at New Orleans, Sept. 9, 1814. This ve el ran into the bay near Horta, Fayal, for water after an en- counter with a British squadron, in which she was rendered helple . Long Tom was dismantled, and lay at Fayal till it was brought back to New York on the steamship Vega April 18, 1893, through the efforts of Colonel Reid, the son of the commander of the General Armstrong. Long Tom Coffin. See Coffin . Long Tom Indians. See Chelamela . Longton (lông'ton). A town in Staff ords hire, England, 34 miles south of Manchester. It has 34,327. Longueville (lông-vēl'), Duche e de (Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé). Born at Vin- cennes, near Paris, Aug. 28, 1619: died at Paris, April 15, 1679. Sister of the great Condé, and one of the chief leaders of the Fronde. She Longus (long'gus). [Gr. Λόγγος.] A Greek mancer and sophist, probably sophist, probably of the 5th century A. D.: author of the pastoral romance "Daphnis and Chloe" (which see). Nothing is known of his life, and it is doubtful whether the name "Longus" has been rightly a igned to him. Longus (the grammarian). See Velius Longus. Longuyon (lôn-gyôn). A town in the depart- ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated at the junction of the Crusne and Chiers, 35 miles northwest of Metz. It has important hardware manufactures. Pop. (1891), commune, 2,618. Long Walk, The. A straight avenue, about 3 Conn., Aug. 7, 1811: at New Haven, Aug. 15, 1889. An American mathematician and physicist. He graduated at Yale in 1830, and was profe or of mathematics at Western Reserve College 1837-44, of natural philosophy at the University of the City of New York 1844-60, and of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale 1860-89. He published a series of mathematical textbooks, including "Plane and Spherical Trigonometry" (1848), "Elements of Algebra" (1851), "Elements of Geometry and Conic Sections" (1851). Loos (los). A town in the department of Nord, France, immediately west of Lille. Population (1891), commune, 7,924. Loosjes (lōs'yes), Adriaan. Born on the island of Texel in 1761: died at Haarlem in 1818. A Dutch novelist and poet. He was intended, at the outset, for the church, but became a bookseller, a calling which he followed until his death. He wrote the volume of poems "Minnezangen" ("Love Songs," 1783), the epic "De Ruyter" (1784), and a number of dramas. His principal work is, however, his romances. These are the historical novels "Frank van Borselen en Jacoba van Beijeren" (1790-91), "Charlotte van Bourbon" (1792), "Hugo de Groot en Maria van Rei gers bergen" (1794), "Louise de "Johan de Witt" (1805). They were folColligny" (1803), lowed by a series of contemporary character sketches in three parts, under the title "Zedelijke Vertalen" ("Moral Tales, 1804-05). The novel "Historie van Mejnfvrouw His principal Susanna Bronkhorst" ("The History of Mi Susanna Bronkhorst," 1806-07) was in epistolary form. historical novel, "Maurits Lijnslager," was the next to appear (1808). This was followed, finally, by four others: "Hillegonda Buisman”(1808), “Lotgevallen van den Heere R. J. van Golstein" ("The Adventures of Mr. R. J. van Golstein," 1809-10), "Robert Hellemans" (1815), and "Johan Wouter Blommestein" (1816). (lō-pä-mö'drä). In Hindu mythol Lopamudra ho the gated from the most graceful parts of different animals and introduced into the palace of the King of Vidarbha, who believed her to be his daughter. When she was grown, Agastya, who had formed her that he might have a wife after his own heart, asked her in marriage. Her name is explained as meaning that the animals suffered lo (lop a) by her engro ing of their distinctive beauties (mudra), such as the eyes of the deer. Lope de Rueda. See Rueda . he ultimately succeeded about 1734. He was part owner of Long man, Thomas. Born at London, 1730: died near London, 1797. An English publisher, nephew, partner, and succe or of Thomas Long man (1699-1755). Long man, Thomas Norton. Born at London, 1771: died at Hampstead, Aug. 29, 1842. An English publisher, son and succe or of Thomas Long man (1730-97). He published, with Rees, Lardner's and Rees's cyclopædias, Lindley Murray's "English Grammar," and works of Scott, Moore, Macaulay, Words worth, Southey, and others. After 1826 they were sole proprietors of the "Edinburgh Review." Long Meg of Westminster. A name given to a noted scold and procure in the time of Henry Long wood (long wud). A farm-house in the interior of the island of St. Helena: the res i dence of Napoleon in his exile. Longwy (lon-we'). A fortified town in the de- part ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, northeastern France, situated on the Chiers 34 miles north- Lopez (path), Capered cap on the western coast of Africa, situated inlat. 0°36′ S., long. 8° per Lopez (lõ'path, locally lō'pāz), Carlos Antonio. Born near As unci on about 1795: died there, Sept. 10, 1862. President of Paraguay. He was made first consul March 12, 1841, and from that time was practically dictator. Elected president for 10 years in 1844, he was reëlected for 3 years in 1854, and for 7 since Congre simply obeyed his orders. His arbitrary acts caused constant quarrels with foreign nations, and in 1859 the United States sent a squadron to the Plata to enforce demands against him; in this case he offered to submit the question of damages to arbitration, but subsequently evaded the claim. Lopez, Francisco Solano Lopez, Francisco Solano. Born at As unci on, July 24, 1826 or 1827: died near the Aquidaban, March 1,1870. A A Paraguay an soldier and statesman, son of Carlos Antonio Lopez. On the death of the elder Lopez, Sept. 10, 1862, he a umed the execu tive by virtue of his father's will, and convoked a congre which him for 10 years. pre viously made secret preparations for war, he interfered in the quarrel of Brazil and Uruguay, and finally, without previous declaration of hostilities, seized a Brazilian mail IMG:content-0713.png:[ocr errors] after this he sent a large force to Matto a 1870. An American Congregational clergyman, president of Dart mouth College 1828-63. Lord Cromwell. A play once attributed to Shaksper Shakspere on account of the initials W. S. on the title-pa title-page of the edition of 1602. Lord Fanny. See Fanny . Lord of Burleigh. A poem by Alfred Tennyson, showing the disadvantages of an unequal marriage. Lord of the Age. A title of Soliman the Mag Brazilian province, and made war on the Argentine. This nificent. led to the alliance of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina against Paraguay, and a long and bloody struggle. (See Triple Alliance , War of the .) As the events of the war turned against him, his despotism and cruelty bordered on insanity. In many of his worst acts he appears to have been influenced by his Irish mistre , known as Madam Lynch. In 1868 several hundred natives and foreigners were arrested, tortured, and executed on an entirely un- proved charge of conspiracy: they included generals, ministers, judges, bishops, priests, merchants, foreign con- Lopez, Narciso. Born in Venezuela, 1798 or 1799: died at Havana, Cuba, Sept. 1, 1851. Spanish-American general and filibuster. He fought against the patriots in Venezuela, and subsequently against the Car lists in Spain, where he was governor of Valencia 1839, and became general in 1840. In 1841 he went to Cuba, became involved in revolutionary plots, and in 1849 fled to the United States. Thence he organized three filibustering expeditions. The first (1849) was stopped by the United States authorities; the others (May, 1850, and Aug., 1851) left New Orleans and reached Cuba, but resulted disastrously, and Lopez was finally captured and shot with many of his followers. Lopez, Vicente Fidel. Born at Buenos Ayres, 1814. An Argentine author, son of Vicente Lopez y Planes. In 1874 he was made rector of the University of Buenos Ayres. Among his works are "Razas del Perú anteriores a la con quist a," "Tratado de derecho Romano," and "Hist or i a de la República Argentina." He edited the "Revista del Rio de la Plata." Lopez de Gomara, Francisco. See Gomara . Lopez de Villa lobos (dā vēl-yä-lō'bōs), Rui. Died at Amboyna, East Indies, 1546. A'Spanish navigator, a relative of Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico. In Nov., 1542, he sailed from the west coast of Mexico with a small fleet destined to form a colony in the Philippine Islands; but his ships were scattered by storms, he quarreled with the Portuguese of the Moluccas, and in the end the enterprise was given up. Most of the members of the expedition returned to Europe by the Cape of Good Hope, Villa lobos dying on the way. Lopez de Zúñiga (thön'yē-gä), Diego de, Count of Nieva. Born in Spain about 1520: died at Lima, Peru, Feb. 20, 1564. Viceroy of Peru from April 17, 1561. He led a loose life, and, as was supposed, was a a inated by a jealous husband. Lopez Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla (pä-chā'kō kä-brāʼrä ē bō-bä-rhelyä), Diego, Duke of Escalona and Marquis of Villena. Died after 1643. A Spanish administrator. He became viceroy of Mexico Aug. 28, 1640. Owing to his being related to the royal house of Portugal, which at this period separated from Spain, he was an object of suspicion, and this was increased by his quarrels with the visit a dor Palafox. On June 9, 1642, he was arrested, and soon after sent to Spain. There he cleared himself of all charges, and was appointed viceroy of Sicily. Lorbrulgrud (lor'brul-grud), The. The capital of Brobdingnag in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." Lorca (lor'kä). A city in the province of Murcia, southeastern Spain, situated on the San goner a 35 miles southwest of Murcia. It has a castle. Population (1887), 58,327. Lord (lord), John. Born at Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 27, 1810: died at Stamford, Conn., Dec. 15, 1894. An American historian. He was pastor of Congregational churches in New Marl borough, Ma achusetts, and Utica, New York; lecturer on history at Dart mouth College 1866-76; and public lecturer from 1843. He wrote "Modern History" (1850), "The Old Roman World" (1867), "Ancient States and Empires" (1869), "Ancient History" (1876), "Beacon Lights of History" (1883-94), etc. Lord (lord), Nathan. Born at Berwick, Maine, Nov. 28, 1793: died at Hanover, N. H., Sept. 9, Lord of the Isles. See Isles , Lord of the . Lord of the Isles. A narrative poem by Sir published in 1814. The scene is Walter Scott, publishe laid in Scotland early in the 14th century. Lorel (lõ'rel). In Ben Jonson's "Sad Shepherd," a swineherd, a rustic lover of Earine. There is very beautiful rustic imagery in his part, taken from Ovid's song of Polyp hem us to Galatea. Lorelei, or Loreley (lõ're-li), or Lurlei (lör'li). A dangerous cliff on the Rhine, between St. Goar and Oberwesel, the traditional abode of a river siren. It is the subject of poems by Heine and others, and of operas by Mendel ohn (fragmentary) and Lachner. Height above the Rhine, 430 feet. Lorelei, Die. 1. An opera begun by Mendel ohn in 1847. The words are by Geibel. It has since been composed by Max Bruch (1864).-2. An opera by Lachner, with words by Molitor, pro duced Munich in 1846. Lorencez (lō-ron-sā'), Comte de (Charles Ferdinand Latrille). Born at Paris, May 23, 1814: died in Béarn, April 25, 1892. A French general. He distinguished himself in the Crime an war, and from April to Nov., 1862, commanded the French army of invasion in Mexico. On May 5 he was repulsed at Puebla. Lorente (lō-ren'te), Sebastian. Born about 1820: died at Lima, Nov., 1884. A Peruvian his tori an. From 1845 he was profe or of history at the University of San Marcos. His most important works are "Hist or i a del Perú" (5 vols. 1860) and "Hist or i a de la Con quist a del Perú" (1861). He contributed various important articles to the "Revista Peruana." Lorenz (lõ'rents), Ottokar. Born at Iglau, Moravia, Sept. 17, 1832. An Austrian historian, profe or of history in Vienna from 1862. His works include "Deutsche Geschichte im 13. und 14. Jahr hundert" (1863-67), with Scherer "Geschichte des Elsa " (1871), etc. Lorenzana y Butron (lō-ren-thä'nä ē bö-trōn'), Francisco Antonio. Born in Leon, Spain, Sept. 22, 1722: died at Rome, April 17, 1804. A Spanish prelate and historian. He was bishop of Plasencia 1765; archbishop of Mexico 1766-72; and archbishop of Toledo and primate of Spain 1772-1800. In 1789 he became a cardinal. During the French Revolution he protected many banished priests, and by direction of Charles IV. he accompanied and aided the Pope during his French captivity. After 1800 he resided at Rome. His most important works are "Hist or i a de Nueva-España" (1770: founded on the letters of Cortés), and several books (in Latin) on the Mexican ecclesiastical councils. Lorenzo (lō-ren'zō). See Laurence . Lorenzo. 1. A Venetian gentleman in love with Je ica, in Shakspere's “Merchant of Venice.”— 2. The principal character in Shirley's tragedy "The Traitor," the kinsman and favorite of the duke: a subtle and traitorous schemer for the duke's death. Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici , Lorenzo de . Lorenzo Marques (lō-ran'sö märkes). A seaport in Portuguese East Africa, situated on Delagoa Bay in lat. 25° 58′ S.; also, the province of which this is the capital. Loreto (lō-rā'tō), or Loretto (lō-ret'tō). A small town in the province of Ancona, eastern Italy, situated on the Musone 13 miles south by east of Ancona. The Chiesa dell a Santa Casa here is a beautiful late-Pointed building of 1465, with a Renai ance marble façade and three celebrated bronze doors bearing Old and New Testament reliefs. The three-aisled interior incloses beneath the central dome the Santa Casa, a famous pilgrimage shrine, reputed to be the veritable house of the Virgin, transported by angels from Nazareth and miraculously set down in Italy on Dec. 10, 1294. The Santa Casa is 44 feet long, 29 wide, and 36 high; it is incased in marble, with columns and niches, and panels sculptured by Sansovino with scenes from the life of the Virgin; and in its present form is one of the most beautiful productions of the Renai ance. The interior is disposed as a chapel, and displays the rough masonry of the original structure. Loreto. An inland department of Peru. Area, about 17,000 square miles. Pop. (1876), 61,125. Lorient, or L'Orient (lo-ryon'). A town in the department of Morbihan, France, situated at the entrance of the Scorff and Blavet into the ocean, in lat. 47° 45′ N., long. 3° 22′ W. It is an important seaport, is strongly fortified, and has a noted dockyard and arsenal. It was developed in the 17th century when the French East India Company founded their ship-building yards there. It was unsucce fully attacked by the British in 1746. Population (1891), 42,116. Loring (lor'ing), William Wing, called Loring Pasha. Born in North Carolina, 1818: died Dec. 30, 1886. An American soldier. He Lorraine, Henri II. de served in the Mexican war, and during the Civil War was first a brigadier-general and afterward a major-general in the Confederate army. He served in the Egyptian army 1869-79, attaining the rank of a general of division. He published "A Confederate Soldier in Egypt" (1884). Lorinser (lo'rin-ser), Karl Ignaz. Born at Niemes, Bohemia, July 24, 1796: died at Patschkau, Silesia, Oct. 2, 1853. A German physician, known from his studies of contagious diseases. He wrote "Untersuchungen über die Rinderpest" (1831), Orients" (1837), etc. Loris Meliko lo'ris-mel i-kof), Mikhail Ta rielowitch Tainoff, Count. Born at Tiflis, Ru ia, Jan. 1, 1826: died at Nice, Dec. 22, 1888. A Ru ian general and statesman, of Armenian descent. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ru ian army in Armenia in 1877; was defeated by Mukh. tar Pasha at Zewin and at Guediklar in the same year; stormed Kars in 1877; was created a count in 1878; was appointed governor-general of Kharkoff in 1879; and was minister of the interior 1880-81. Lorme, Marion de. See Delorme . Lormes (lorm). A town in the department of Nièvre, France, 39 miles northeast of Nevers. Population (1891), commune, 2,979. Lorna Doone (lôr'nä dön), a Romance of Exmoor. A novel by R. D. Black more, published in 1869. Lorne (lôrn), Marquis of (John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell). Born at London, Aug. 6, 1845. A British statesman, eldest son of the eighth Duke of Argyll: succeeded to the dukedom April, 1900. He married the Prince Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Vic toria, in 1871. He represented Argylls hire in Parliament 1868-78, and was governor-general of Canada 1878-83. Lörrach (ler'räch). A town in the district of Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Wiese 6 miles northeast of Basel. It has considerable manu factures. Population (1890), 9,147. Lorrain, Claude. See Claude Lorrain . Lorraine (lo-rān'), G. Lothringen (lõt'ring-en), L. Lot haring i a (lō-tha-rin'jiä). A region which as a lordship has varied greatly in medieval and modern times, but has always been on the border between France and Germany. It was originally the realm of Lothaire (son of Lothaire I., emperor of the Romans), who inherited it in 855. This kingdom, which existed but for a few years, was included mainly between the Rhine, Schelde, Meuse, Saône, and the Alps. Lorraine appears as a duchy about 911, and became an imperial fief under Henry the Fowler. About 959 the division was made of Lower Lorraine (which de veloped into the separate duchies of Brabant, Limburg, etc.) and Upper Lorraine. The latter continued an imperial fief. The bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun were annexed to France 1552. Lorraine was several times conquered by France in the 17th century. It was given to Stanislaus of Poland in 1737, and on his death in 1766 reverted to France. The region thus annexed constituted a grand government with its capital at Nancy, and was bounded by Luxemburg and Pru ia on the north, the Palatinate on the northeast, Alsace on the east, FrancheComté on the south, and Champagne on the west. It was afterward transformed into the departments of Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges. In 1871 part of it (German Lorraine) was ceded to Germany. This forms the district (Bezirk) of Lothringen in Elsa -Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraine), with Metz as capital, having an area of 2,431 square miles, and a population (1890) of 510,392. The remaining part (French Lorraine) comprises the departments of Meuse, of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and also that of Vosges. Lorraine, Cardinal of (Charles de Guise). Born Feb. 17, 1524: died Dec. 26, 1574. A French prelate, diplomatist, and politician, brother of the second Duke of Guise. He became archbishop of Rheims in 1538, and cardinal in 1547, and was minister of finance under Francis II. and Charles IX. He was, with his brother, the leader of the Roman Catholic party against the Huguenots. Lorraine, Charles de, fourth Duke of Guise. Born Aug. 20, 1571: died near Siena, Italy, 1640. A French noble, son of the third Duke of Guise. Lorraine, Claude de, first Duke of Guise. Born Oct. 20, 1496: died at Joinville, France, April 12, 1550. A French general and politician, son of René II., duke of Lorraine. Lorraine, François de, surnamed "Le Balafré," second Duke of Guise. Born Feb. 17, 1519: died Feb. 24, 1563. A French general and statesman, son of the first Duke of Guise. He defended Metz against Charles V., 1552-53; captured Calais in 1558; gained the victory of Dreux over the Huguenots in 1562; and was mortally wounded at Orléans, Feb. 18, 1563. Lorraine, Henri I. de, surnamed "Le Balafré," third Duke of Guise. Born Dec. 31, 1550: died at Blois, France, Dec. 23, 1588. A French gen eral and politician, son of the second Duke of Guise. He became head of the Catholic League in 1576; and in 1588 entered Paris with an army, with a view to deposing the king, Henry III., at whose instigation he was a a inated at Blois. Lorraine, Henri II. de, fifth Duke of Guise. Born at Blois, France, April 4, 1614: died at Paris, June, 1664. A French general and adventurer, son of the fourth Duke of Guise. He took part in the insurrection at Naples 1647-48. Lot. In Geoffrey of Mon mouth, a king of Nor- way; in Malory's "Morte d'Arthur," a king of Orkney. In the first he marries Anne, sister of Arthur; in the second he marries Margawse, the sister of Arthur. Tennyson makes him the husband of Bell i cent and king of Orkney. Lot (lo). A river in southern France, joining the Garonne at Aiguillon. Length, 300 miles; navigable from Entraygues (194 miles). Lot. A department of southern France, capi- tal Cahors, formed chiefly from the ancient Quercy in Guienne. It is bounded by Corrèze on the north, Cantal and Aveyron on the east, Tarn-et-Garonne on the south, and Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne on the west. The chief occupation is agriculture. Area, 2,012 square miles. Population (1891), 253,885. Lot (lot), Parson. A pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Kingsley 1848-56. Lot-et-Garonne (lo-ta-gä-ron'). A department of France, capital Agen, formed from parts of the ancient Guienne and Gascony. It is bounded by Dordogne on the north, Lot and Tarn-et-Garonne on the east, Gers on the south, and Landes and Gironde on the west. It is mainly an agricultural department. Area, 2,067 square miles. Population (1891), 295,360. Lothair (lō-thar') I., G. Lothar (lo'tär), F. Lothaire (lō-tar'). Born about 795: died at Prüm, Pru ia, Sept., 855. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 840-855, eldest son of Louis le Débonnaire. On the death of his father a war broke out between him and his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald over the division of the empire. He was defeated by them at Fontenay 841, and consented to the treaty of Verdun in 843, by which he was left in po e ion of the imperial title and of the territory included between the Alps, the Rhine, the Meuse, the Saône, and the Rhone. Lothair II., called "The Saxon." Died near Trent, Tyrol, Dec. 3,1137. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1125-37. He was made duke of Sax ony in 1106; was elected king of Germany in 1125; and was crowned by the Pope in 1133. France, Dec. 31, 1838. A French statesman. Hewas elected in 1876 to the chamber as a Republican, and was reëlected in 1877 and 1881; elected to the senate in 1885; minister of public works Dec., 1887,-April, 1888; president of the council and minister of the interior 1892; minister of the interior (under M. Ribot) Dec. 5-10, 1892; president of the senate 1896-99; president of France Feb. Loudon, Baron Gideon Ernst von. See Laudon . Loudon (lou'don), John Claudius. Born at Cambuslang, near Glasgow, April 8, 1783: died at London, Dec. 14, 1843. An English land- scape gardener and horticulturist. He published "Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture" (1832), "Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" (1838), and other encyclopedic works. Lough (luf), John Graham. Born at Green- head, North umber land, England, about 1804: died at London, April 8, 1876. An English sculptor. Lough borough (luf'bur"ō). A town in Leices- tershire, England, 10 miles north by west of Leicester. It manufactures hosiery, etc. Popu- lati on (1891), 18,196. Louhans (lö-on'). A town in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, 23 miles southeast of Châlon-sur-Saône. Population (1891), com- mune, 4,548. Louis (lo'is or lö'ē) I., surnamed “Le Pieux” and "Le Débonnaire." [E. Lewis , F. Louis , It. Luigi or Lodovico , Sp. Luis , Pg. Luiz , L. Ludo- vic us , G. Ludwig .] Born 778: died on an island in the Rhine, near Mainz, June 20, 840. Em- per or. of the Holy Roman Empire 814-840, son of Charles the Great whom he succeeded. He es- tablished in 817 an order of succe ion in accordance with which his eldest son Lothair was to inherit the imperial title with Austrasia and the greater part of Germany, while the rest of the empire was to be divided among his younger sons 954-986, son of Louis IV. Lothair (lō-thar'). 1. A Norman knight in M. G. Lewis's tragedy "Adelgitha." He proves to be Adelgitha's son. The part was played by Mac ready. 2. The principal character in Dis- Pepin andere married in 19 829 modified the of succe ion adopted 817 in such a manner as to give Charles, a child of his second marriage, Alamannia, with the title of king. The three elder sons re- volted in consequence, and he was compelled to surrender raeli's novel of that name, published in 1870. Lot haring i a. See Lorraine . Lothario (lō-thā'rē-ō). 1. The principal male character in Rowe's play "The Fair Penitent." by the defection of his troops on the Field of Lies, near He is a libertine ("that haughty gallant, gay Lothario"), the seducer of Calista, the fair penitent. His name has become the synonym for a fashionable and unscrupulous rake. He was the original of Richardson's Love lace. 2. A German gentleman and aristocrat in Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre." He bears an undoubted resemblance to Karl August, and is worshiped by Wilhelm Meister. Lothian (lō'Thi-an). A former division of Scot- land, reaching at one time from the English bor- der to the Forth. West Lothian, see Hadding ton , Edinburgh , and Linlithgow . Lothringen. See Lorraine . Loti (lo-te'), Pierre. See Viaud, Louis Marie Lotophagi (lō-tof'a-ji). [Gr. Λωτοφάγοι, lotus- eaters.] The lotus-eaters; in Greek legend, especially as given in the Ody ey, the name of a people who ate the fruit of a plant called the lotus, conjecturally identified with various plants which have borne that name. Those of the followers of Ody eus or Uly es who ate of it are described as being rendered forgetful of their friends and unwilling to return to their own land. In historical times a people known under the name of Lotophagi lived on the northern (Lotophagitis, modern Jerba) in Tunis. Lötschenthal (let's hen-täl). The valley of the Lonza, a right-hand tributary of the Rhone, canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 13 miles west-northwest of Brieg. Lotus-eaters, The. See Lotophagi . Lotze (lōt'se), Rudolf Hermann. Born at Baut- zen, Saxony, May 21,1817: died at Berlin, July 1, 1881. A noted German philosopher, psycholo- gist, and physiologist, profe or of philosophy at Göttingen 1844-81. In 1881 he was appointed pro- fe or of philosophy at Berlin. He opposed, as a phys i- ologist, the theory of a "vital force"; was one of the founders of physiological psychology; and, as a metaphy- sician, elaborated a system of ideal-realism or teleologi- cal idealism. He published notable articles in Wagner's "Handwörterbuch der Physio logie," "Metaphysik" (1840), "All gem eine Pathologie und Therapie als me chan is che Naturwi enschaften" (1842), "System der Philosophie" ("Logik," 1843, revised 1874; "Metaphysik," 1878), "All- gemeine Physio logie des körperlichen Lebens" (1851), "Medizinische Psycho logie" (1852), "Mikrokosmus" (1856- Lötzen (let's en). A town in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, 68 miles southeast of Königsberg. Population (1890), 5,272. Louis I. Born at Strasburg, Aug. 25, 1786: died at Nice, Feb. 29, 1868. King of Bavaria 1825–48, son of Maximilian I. Joseph. He was a patron of art and literature. On the outbreak of the revolution in 1848 he abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian II. Louis II. Born at Nymphenburg, near Munich, Aug. 25, 1845: died June 13, 1886. King of Ba- varia 1864-86, son of Maximilian II. He supported Austria against Pru ia in 1866, and Pru ia against France He joined the North German Zollverein in in 1870-71. 1867, and became a member of the German Empire in 1871. He is chiefly known as the patron of Richard Wagner. IMG:content-0714.png:[blocks in formation] Louis IX. (St. Louis). Born at Poi y, France, April 25, 1215: died near Tunis, Aug. 25, 1270. King of France 1226-70, son of Louis VIII. He undertook a crusade in 1248; captured Damietta in 1249; and during an expedition against Cairo was defeated by the A you bite sultan Tooránshah (Almoaden) and captured, with the whole French army, in April, 1250. He was liber- ated on the evacuation of Damietta and the payment of a ransom, and returned to France in 1254. He surrendered Périgord, the Limous in, and southern Saintonge to Henry III. of England in 1259, in return for which the latter re- nounced his claim to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Poitou, and northern Saintonge. He undertook a crusade against Tunis in 1270, during which he died. He was can- onized by Boniface VIII. in 1297. Louis X., surnamed "Le Hutin" (F., 'the Quarreler'). Born 1289: died 1316. King of France 1314-16, son of Philip IV. He inherited the kingdom of Navarre through his mother, Joan of Na- VIII. of England. Henry and the emperor defeated Longueville at Gui negate in the "battle of the spurs," Aug. 16, 1513, and the French were in the same year ex- pelled from Italy; but Louis succeeded in breaking up the league by diplomacy, and was preparing to reconquer Milan when he died. Louis XIII. Born at Fontainebleau, France, Sept. 27, 1601: died at St. Germain-en-Laye, France, May 14, 1643. King of France 1610- 1643, son of Henry IV. He succeeded under the regency of his mother Marie de Médicis; was declared of age in 1614; and married Anne of Austria in 1615. In 1614 he summoned the States-General, which were not sum- moned again before the Revolution of 1789. In 1624 he chose as his prime minister Richelieu, whom he main- tained in office until Richelieu's death in 1642. The chief results of his reign, due to the policy of Richelieu, were the destruction of the political power of the Huguenots, which was completed by the siege and capture of Rochelle 1627-28; the centralization of the government in the hands of the king, who was made independent of the nobles and the parliament; and the abatement of the power of the house of Austria, whose preponderance in Europe was irre- trievably lost by the intervention of France and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War. See Richelieu . Louis XIV., surnamed "Le Grand" (F., 'the Great'). Born at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 5 (16%), 1638: died at Versailles, France, Sept. 1, 1715. King of France 1643-1715, son of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria. He ascended the throne under the guardianship of his mother, who chose Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister. He was declared of age at fourteen, but retained Mazarin in office until the cardinal's death in 1661, when he a umed personal con- trol of the government. He a umed the direction of af- fairs at a time when the policy inaugurated by Richelieu and continued by Mazarin had made the Bourbons abso- Louis XI. A melodrama by Casimir Delavigne, produced in 1832. Boucicault wrote an English ver. sion in 1846. Henry Irving is identified with the character. Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre. Born at Aï, Marne, France, 1787: died at Paris, 1872. A French physician. He wrote "Recherches lute at home and paramount abroad. The reforms of Col. bert, his comptroller-general of the finances (1661-83), swelled his treasury while promoting industry and econ- omy; and those of Louvois, his minister of war (1666-91), sur la fièvre typhoïde" (1828), etc. zati on in Europe. His desire of conquest dreams of a French universal monarchy embroiled him in numerous wars, in which his arms were sustained by Turenne, Condé, Luxembourg, Catinat, Villars, Vendôme, and Vauban. His first war (1667-68) was fought with Spain on account of the Spanish Netherlands, which he claimed through his wife Maria The res a, daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. It was ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and resulted in the acquisition of a number of fortified towns on the Belgian frontier. His second war (1672-78) was directed against Holland supported by the Empire, Spain, Brandenburg, and Sweden, and resulted in the acquisition of territory from Spain and Austria at the peace of Nimwegen. In 1681 he annexed Strasburg (see Reunion , Chambers of ), and in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes (which see). His third war (1688-97) was with England, the Netherlands, the Em- pire, Spain, and Savoy, and concerned the Palatinate, to which laid claim. It was unsucce ful, and was ended by the peace of Ryswick, by which Alsace and Strasburg were formally ceded to France. His fourth war (1701-14) concerned the succe ion in Spain, whose throne he claimed for his grandson, Philip of Anjou. In this war he fought, after 1703, almost single-handed against the bulk of Eu- rope. (See Spanish Succe ion, War of .) The peace of Utrecht (1713) and of Rastatt and Baden (1714) secured Spain for his grandson, but left Louis with an exhausted treasury and a broken army. As a result of these wars, of the vicious fiscal policy which he introduced after the death of Colbert, and of his bigoted and intolerant policy toward the Huguenots, which drove 50,000 families from France, the country was prostrated, and the way prepared for the Revolution. The reign of Louis XIV. has been styled the August an Age of France. Louis XV. Born at Versailles, France, Feb. 15, 1710: died at Versailles, May 10, 1774. King of France 1715-74, great-grandson of Louis XIV . During his minority the government was administered by the Duke of Orléans. He was declared of age in 1723, and in 1725 married Marie Leczinska, daughter of Stan is las, the dethroned king of Poland. On the death of the Duke of Orléans in 1723, the Duke of Bourbon was appointed prime minister. He was in 1726 superseded by Fleury, after whose death in 1743 the government was conducted by appointees of the king's mistre es Pompadour and Du Barry. In 1741 Louis joined the coalition against Maria The res a of Austria (see Austrian Succe ion , War of ), and was a party to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. In 1754 hostilities broke out between the French and the English in America without any declaration of war (see French and Indian War ), and in 1756 he became involved in the Seven Years' War as the ally of Maria The res a and Ru ia against Pru ia and England. He lost by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada and Louisiana, and at his death left the kingdom impoverished, oppre ed, and discontented. Louis XVI. Born at Versailles, France, Aug. 23, 1754: guillotined at Paris, Jan. 21, 1793. King of France 1774-92, grandson of Louis XV. He married in 1770 Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria The res a of Austria, who was at first extremely popular, but afterward incurred the dislike of the people, and whose influence was exerted for the maintenance of the system of favoritism which obtained at court. On ascending the throne in 1774, he appointed Turgot minister of finance. The finances were in extreme disorder, dating from the closing years of the reign of Louis XIV., and the temper of the nation had been roused by the waste and incompe- tence under Louis XV. Turgot began a series of reforms which were opposed by the nobility and the clergy, with the result that he was superseded by Necker in 1777. Louis recognized the independence of the United States in 1778, and sent an army and a fleet to their support, which ma- terially a isted in securing the peace of Paris between the United States and Great Britain in 1783. France con- cluded a separate treaty with Great Britain in the same year. On the conclusion of peace, the French troops which had been employed in America returned enthusiastic for freedom and a republican form of government. In 1781 Louis Napoléon. See Napoleon III. Louis Philippe (lö'ē fi-lēp'), surnamed "Roi Citoyen" (F., 'Citizen King'). Born at Paris, Oct. 6, 1773: died at Claremont, England, Aug. 26, 1850. King of the French 1830-48, son of Philippe Égal ité, duc d'Orléans. He favored the Revolution, and served under Dumouriez against the Aus- trians, but became involved in the conspiracy of his chief against the republic, and found himself compelled to join the émigrés. He returned to France on the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, and was restored to his hereditary estates. On the deposition of Charles X. in 1830, he was elected by the deputies and peers to the vacant throne, chiefly at the instance of Lafayette. He was deposed by the revolution of Feb., 1848. Louis William I. Born at Paris, April 8, 1655: died at Rastatt, Baden, Jan. 4, 1707. Margrave of Baden. He fought with distinction against the Turks 1683-91, and against the French in the War of the Spanish Succe ion. Louis burg (lö'is-berg or lö'ē-berg). A ruined fortre on the coast of Cape Breton, Nova Sco- tia, situated in lat. 45° 53′ N., long. 60° W. It was built by the French after the peace of Utrecht (1713); was besieged and taken by a New England force under Pepper ell, June 17, 1745; was restored in 1748; and was again besieged and taken by the British under Amherst July 27, 1758. Louise (lö-ēz') of Savoy. Born at Pont-d'Ain, France, 1476: died about 1531. The mother of Francis I. of France. She was twice regent, and negotiated the peace of Cambray ("Ladies' Peace") in 1529. Louisiade (lö-ē-zē-äd') Archipelago. An ar- chipelago of small islands, belonging since 1885 to Great Britain, southeast of Papua, inter- sected by lat. 11° S., long. 153o E. Louisiana (lö-e-zi-an'ä). One of the Southern States of the United States of America. Capi- tal, Baton Rouge; chief city, New Orleans. It is bounded by Arkansas and Mi i ippi on the north, Mis- si ippi and the Gulf of Mexico on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Texas on the west. Its north- ern boundary is lat. 33° N. It is separated partly from Texas by the Sabine, and from Mi i ippi by the Mi is- sippi and Pearl. The surface is generally level, in part oc- cupied by swamps and alluvial lands. It abounds in for- ests. The chief industry is agriculture. The leading pro- ducts are cotton, sugar, rice, and Indian corn. It is the leading State in the production of sugar. It has 59 par- ishes (corresponding to the counties of the other States). sends 2 senators and 7 representatives to Congre , and has 9 electoral votes. It was explored by De Soto in 1541, by Marquette in 1673, and by La Salle in 1682; was settled by the French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700; was granted to Law's company in 1717, but in 1732 reverted to the crown; was ceded by France to Spain in 1763; was The Century Cyclopedia of Names Louisiana retroceded to France in 1800; was purchased by the United States in 1803 (see Louisiana Purchase ); was made a separate Territory (the Territory of Orleans) in 1804; had the portion east of the Mi i ippi annexed in 1810; was admit ted to the Union in 1812; seceded Jan. 26, 1861; was large ly occupied by the Federals 1862-63; and was readmitted in June, 1868. There were rival State governments under Kellogg (Republican) and McEnery (Democrat) in 18721874. The disputed electoral vote for President in 1876 was given to Hayes by the Electoral Commi ion in 1877. Area, 48,720 square miles. Population (1900), 1,381,625. Louisiana Purchase. The territory which the United States in 1803, under Jefferson's administration, acquired by purchase from France, then under the government of Bonaparte as first consul. The price was $15,000,000. The purchase consisted of New Orleans and a vast tract extending westward from the Mi i ippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. Louisiana Territory. That part of the Louisiana Purchase which is not included in the present State of Louisiana. It was formed in 1804. The name was changed to Mi ouri Territory in 1812. Louisville (lö'is-vil or lö'i-vil). The capital of Jefferson County, Kentucky, situated at the falls of the Ohio River in lat. 38° 15′ N., long. 85° 45' W. It is the largest city of Kentucky, and has important trade in tobacco, provisions, and whisky. The other leading industries are pork-packing and the manufacture of agricultural implements, leather, wagons, cement, wood-work, etc. It was founded in 1778, and is often called Falls City. Population (1900), 204,731. Loulé (lo-lā'). A town in the province of Algarve, Portugal, situated in lat. 37° 4′ N., long. 7° 54′ W. Population (1890), 18,872. Loupgarou (lö-gä-rö'). [F., [F., 'a werwolf."] A leader of the giants in Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pant a gruel." Pant a gruel, becoming angry with him, picked him up by the ankles and used him like a quarter-staff. Loups. See Delaware and Mahican . Lourdes (lörd). A town in the department of Hunters Pyrénées, France, on the Cave de Pau 13 miles south-southwest of Tarbes. It contains an ancient castle, and is famous as a place of pilgrimage. The basilica and the subterranean Church of the Rosary are noteworthy, but interest centers in the grotto in the Virgin is said to have appeared to a peasant girl, Bernadette Soubirous, in 1858, and disclosed to her the mirac ulous properties of the spring which the pilgrims visit. Population (1891), commune, 6,976. Lourenço Marques. See Lorenzo Marques . Louth (louh or louth). A maritime county in Leinster, Ireland. It is bounded by Armagh on the north, the Irish Sea on the east, Meath on the south, and Meath and Monaghan on the west. The surface is undulating and in the northeast mountainous. The chief towns are Drogheda and Dundalk. Area, 316 square miles. Population (1891), 71,038. Louth. A town in Lincoln shire, England, situated on the Lud 24 miles east-northeast of Lincoln. Population (1891), 10,040. Louvain (lö-van'), Flem. Leuven (lė'ven or lü'ven) or Loven (lō'ven), G. Löwen (lė'ven), L. Lovania (lō-vāʼni-ä). A city in the province of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Dyle 16 miles east of Bru els. The chief manufacture is beer. The hôtel de ville, or town hall, is one of the most handsome 15th-century church elegant of the characteristic date Pointed Flemish civic containing many fine paintings, especially the "St. Erasmus" and the "Last Supper" of Dieric Bouts, and a sculptured tabernacle 50 feet high. The pulpit, in the peculiar Flemish style (1742), represents "St. Peter's Denial" and the "Conversion of St. Paul," with life-size figures beneath palm-trees. The university, founded in 1426, is attended by about 1,300 students. In the middle ages Louvain was the capital of Brabant, and a leading center of cloth manufacture. An unsucce ful insurrection of the weavers against the nobility in 1378 was followed soon afterward by the emigration of many citizens. Population (1893), Louverture, or L'Ouverture, To us saint. See 41,003. To us saint Louverture . Louvet de Couvray (lö-vā de kö-vra), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, June 11, 1760: died at Paris, Aug. 25, 1797. A French revolutionist and novelist, a deputy to the Convention in 1792. He wrote the novel "Les amours du chevalier de Faublas" (1787–89). Louviers (lö-vyā'). A town in the department of Eure, northern France, situated on the Eure 14 miles south by east of Rouen. It has flourishing manufactures, especially of cloth. Population (1891), commune, 9,979. Louvois (lö-vwä'), François Michel Letellier, Marquis de. Born at Paris, Jan. 18, 1641: died July 16, 1691. A noted French statesman, min ister of war under Louis XIV. 1666-91. He organized the French standing army. Louvre (lövr). A castle (in Paris) of the kings of France from or before the 13th century, and the chief royal palace until Louis XIV. built Versailles. The existing palace was begun by Francis I. in 1541, and was extended by his succe ors down to Louis XIV., who added much, including the imposing east front with its celebrated Corinthian colonnade, 570 feet long, with 28 pairs of coupled columns. Napoleon I. made some additions, to which Napoleon III. added very largely; and the present republic has rebuilt a large section of the north wing which was burned by the Commune. The whole forms one of the most extensive and historically interesting buildings in the world. The façade on the west side of the court ranks as the most perfect example of the early French Renai ance; the additions of Catharine de Médicis are also architecturally important. Those of Napoleon III., while le pure in style, are of great richne , with profuse use of sculpture. In the interior the splendid Galerie d'A poll on, rebuilt by Louis XIV., is one of the few apartments which retain their original aspect. A great part of the interior has been occupied since 1793 by the famous museum, and succe ive governments have employed the best artists at their command for its deco ration. Lovania. The Latin name of Louvain. Lovat (lo'vät). A river in Ru ia, flowing into Lake Ilmen opp opposite Novgorod. Length, about Love's Cure Byron). Born Dec. 10, 1815: died Nov. 29, 1852. The daughter of Lord Byron. Love lace, Richard. Born in Kent, 1618: died at London, 1658. An English Cavalier poet. He was educated at the Charter house and at Gloucester Hall, Oxford. He was imprisoned by the Parliament in 1642; took part in the siege of Dunkirk in 1646; and was imprisoned on his return to England in 1648. He was released after the king's execution, but his estate was spent, and he died in poverty in the purlieus of London. In 1649 he published "Lucasta" (from Lux Casta, his name for Lucy Sacheverell): this was revised while he was in prison. After his death his brother collected and published his poems as "Lucasta: Posthume Poems" (1659). His name survives chiefly on account of his lyrics "To Althea from Prison" and "To Lucasta on going to the Wars." in 1793: written in 1759. Love and a Bottle. A comedy by George Farquhar, produced in 1699. Love and Busine . A miscellany by George Farquhar, printed in 1702. Love and Death, and Love and Life. Companion paintings by George Frederick Watts, of London. In the former Death, a white-draped figure, crushes Love back among garlands of roses, and forces his way through a portal. In the latter Love guides and aids Life, a fair young girl, undraped, up a rough ascent, while flowers spring up in his footsteps. Love and Honour. A play by Davenant, licensed 1634, printed 1649, and revived with great succe after the Restoration. Love at a Venture. A comedy by Mrs. Cent livre, printed in 1706. It is founded on T. Cor neille's "Le galant double." See Double Gal lant , The . Loveby (luv'bi). The wild gallant in Dryden's play of that name. Love Chase, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1837. Love for Love. A comedy by Congreve, printed in 1695. Those who will take the pains to read this tedious drama [Otway's "Friendship in Fashion "] will perceive that Congreve deigned to remember it in the composition of his exquisite masterpiece, "Love for Love." The hero in each case is named Valentine, and Malagene, Otway's tiresome Lovele (luv'les). A character in Cibber's comedy "Love's Last Shift," and in its continuation, Vanbrugh's "The Relapse": a debauched libertine. He grows weary of his wife, Amanda, in six months; leaves the country and his debts behind him; and returns pennile to England to reform and be forgiven (after a "Relapse" with Berinthia) by Amanda whom Lovele , Elder. The principal male character in Beaumont and Fletcher's play "The Scornful Lady." He is a suitor of the lady, who scorns and flouts him; but in the end he wins her by a trick. Lovele , Young. The brother of the elder Lovele : a heartle , callous prodigal. Love Lies a Bleeding. See Phil aster . Lovell (luv'el), George William. Born in 1804: died at Hampstead, May 13, 1878. An English dramatic writer. Among his plays are "The Provost of Bruges" (1836), "Love's Sacrifice" (1842), "Look before you Leap" (1846), "The Wife's Secret" (1846), "The Trial of Love" (1852). Lovell, Mans field. Born at Washington, D. C., Oct. 20, 1822: died at New York, June 1, 1884. An American general in the Confederate service. Lovel. the Widower. A novel by Thackeray, published in 1861. Lovely (luv'li), Ann A character in Mrs. Cent livre's comedy "A Bold Stroke for a Lover": an heire to win whom Colonel Fain well, her lover, disguises himself as the real Simon Pure whom she was intended by her guardian to IMG:content-0716.png:[blocks in formation] 1701. the inimitable Tattle. Go e. Love in a Forest. A play adapted from Shakspere's "As you Like it" by Charles Johnson in 1723. Love in a Maze. A comedy by Shirley, licensed in 1631. The title was borrowed by Dion Boucicault for a comedy in 1844. Love in a Riddle. A pastoral by Cibber, printed in 1729. This was written in imitation of the "Beggar's Opera," and played at Drury Lane on Jan. 7, 1729. It was hi ed by Cibber's enemies, and converted into "Damon and Phillida." Dict . Nat . Biog . Love in a Tub. See Comical Revenge , The . Love in a Village. A comic opera by Isaac Bickerstaffe, produced in 1762, printed in 1763. The music is by Arne. Love in a Wood, or St. James's Park. A play by Wycherley, produced in 1672. Loveira. See Lobeira . Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Parish. Born at Al- bion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802: killed at Alton, III., Nov. 7, 1837. An American clergyman and journalist, an opponent of slavery, killed by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy, Owen. Born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864. An American clergyman and antislavery politician, brother of E. P. Lovejoy. He was member of Congre from Illinois 1857-64. Lovel (luv'el). In Ben Jonson's comedy "The New Inn," a soldier and scholar, and a chivalric a lover. This part contains some of Jonson's most beautiful poetry. Lovel. The name under which Charles Lamb describes his father, John Lamb, in "Old Benchers of the Inner Temple." Love lace (luv'lās). The principal male character in Richardson's novel "Clari a Har lowe": an unscrupulous libertine whose name has become a synonym for characters of that nature. Heis an expansion of Rowe's Lothario. Love lace (luv'lās), Counte of (August a Ada Lovere (lō-vā're). A town in northern Italy, on the Lake of Iseo 21 miles north-northwest of Brescia. Lover's Complaint, A. A poem by Shakspere, written probably in 1593-94, but published with the sonnets in 1609. Fleay . Lover's Leap. A promontory the southwestern extremity of Leucas (Santa Maura), Ionian Islands: the traditional scene of the death of Sappho. Lover's Life, Complaint of a. A poem inserted in the 16th-century editions of Chaucer, and attributed to him. Manuscript authority gives it to Lydgate. Lovers' Melancholy, The. A play by Ford, produced in 1628, printed in 1629. This play contains the celebrated contention between the nightingale and the musician from Strada. Lovers' Progre , The. A play by Fletcher and Mas singer, printed in 1647. "The plot is taken from tragi-comique 1615.. This play is unquestionably a revised version of the 'Wandering Lovers,' a play licensed 6 Dec., 1623, and may be identified with the Tragedy of Clean der' (ascribed to Mas singer), which was performed at Black friars 7 May, 1634. A play called 'The Wandering Lovers or The Picture' was entered in the 'Stationers' Register' 9 Sept., 1653, as a work of Mas singer. In spite of the puzzling after-title the entry probably refers to the 'Lovers' Pro gre ." Bullen . Lovers' Quarrels. A play by King, altered from Vanbrugh's "The Mistake" in 1790. Lover's Vows. A comedy by Mrs. Inchbald, produced at Covent Garden Oct. 11, 1798. It is from Kotzebue. Love's Contrivance, or Le Médec in Malgré lui. A comedy by Mrs. Cent livre, acted and printed in 1703. It was taken from "Le médec in malLove's Cure, or the Martial Maid. A play. probably by Mas singer and Middle ton according to Bullen. Fleay thinks it was by Beaumont and Fletcher, altered by Mas singer. It was produced about 1623, printed 1647. gré lui" and "Le mariage forcé" by Molière. Loves of the Angels, The. A poem by Thomas Moore, published in 1822. Loves of the Plants, The. The second part of the "Botanic Garden," a versified treatise on botany, by Erasmus Darwin, published in 1789. The first part, "The Economy of Vegetation," did not appear till 1792. Loves of the Triangles, The. A satirical poem by Canning and Frere, published in the "Anti- Jacobin." It was in ridicule of Erasmus Dar- win and his "Loves of the Plants." Love Spell, The. See Elisire d'Amore . Love's Pilgrimage. A romantic comedy by Fletcher and another, probably written by 1612. It was printed in 1647. The plot is from a novel of Cer- vantes, and a part of Jonson's "New Inn” is incorporated in it. Fleay identifies it with "The History of Cardenio." Low (15), Seth. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan, 18, 1850. An American educator. He was elected mayor of Brooklyn in 1881 and again in 1883, and president of Columbia University, New York, in 1890. In 1901 he resigned the presidency of the university and was mayor of New York 1902-3. Low, Will H. Born at Albany, N. Y., May 31, 1853. An American figure-painter, noted also for his decorative work and designs for stained gla , and as an illustrator. He was a pupil of matist, son of Charles Lowell. He graduated at Harvard College in 1838. In Jan., 1855, on the resign a- tion of Long fellow, Lowell was elected to his profe or- ship at Harvard. He did not a ume it at once, but went abroad and spent two years in the study of modern lan- guages, and in perfecting himself in Old French and Pro- vençal poetry. On his return he took the chair of belles- lettres. He was editor of the "Atlantic Monthly" 1857- 1862, and of the "North American Review" 1863-72. He was sent as United States minister to Spain 1877-80, and to Great Britain 1880-85. He delivered many public ad- dre es both in England and in the United States, and a course of lectures on the English dramatists at the Lowell Institute in 1887. These were published after his death. Among his poetical works are "A Year's Life" (1841), "Poems" (1844, 1848, 1849, 1854), "Complete Poetical Works" (1850, 1858, 1880), "The Vision of Sir Launfal" (1845), "A Fable for Critics" (1848), "The Biglow Papers," (two series, 1848 and 1867), "Mason and Slidell, etc." (1862), “Commemoration Ode" (1865), “Under the Wil- lows, etc." (1868), "The Cathedral” (1869), "Three Memo- rial Poems" (1876), "Heartsease and Rue" (1888), etc. His prose works and e ays are collected in "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets" (1845), "Fireside Travels" (1864), "Among my Books" (1870 and 1876), "My Study Win- dows" (1871), "Democracy" (1886), and "Political E ays" (1888). His "Letters" were edited by Profe or Norton in Lowell, John. Born at Boston, May 11, 1799: died at Bombay, March 4, 1836. An American merchant, son of F. C. Lowell: founder of the Lowell Institute at Boston. Lowell, Mary. See Putnam , Mrs. Lowell, Robert Traill Spence. Born at Bos- ton, Oct. 8, 1816: died at Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 12, 1891. An American Episcopal cler- gym an, instructor, poet, and novelist: son of Charles Lowell and elder brother of James Ru ell Lowell. He published the novel "The New Priest in Conception Bay" (1858), "Fresh Hearts that Failed Three You sand Years Ago, and Other Poems" (1860), "An- tony Brode," a story (1874), etc. Löwenberg (lė ́ven-berg). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Pru ia, situated on the Bober 64 miles west of Breslau. Population (1890), 4,782. Löwenburg (lė'ven-börg). A peak of the Sie- bengebirge, in the Rhine land. Height, 1,505 feet. Lower Bavaria, G. Niederbayern (ne" der- bi'ern). A government district in the south- east of Bavaria, lying on both sides of the Dan- ube. Area, 4,152 square miles. Population of the Society Islands and south of the Marque the Chinook an stock of North American Indi- sas Islands. They are a French protectorate. ans. Its chief tribes are the Artsmilsh (col- lective), Chinook proper, and Clatsop. See Chi- nook an . Low Countries. A name given ( a ) to the Neth- erlands; (b) to the low region near the North Sea comprised in the modern Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). Lowe (lo), Sir Hudson. Born at Galway, Ire- land, July 28, 1769: died at London, Jan. 10, 1844. A British general, governor of St. He- len a during the captivity of Napoleon, 1815-21. Löwe (leve), Johann Karl Gottfried. Born at Löbejün, near Halle, Pru ia, Nov. 30, 1796: died at Kiel, Pru ia, April 20, 1869. A Ger- man composer of ballads, songs, and oratorios. Löwe, Johanna Sophie. Born at Oldenburg, Germany, March 24, 1815: died at Budapest, Nov. 29, 1866. A German opera-singer. Lower Coquille. See Kusan . Lower Empire. [F. Bas - Empire .] A name given to the Byzantine empire. Under the names of the "Greek Empire," the "Lower Empire"- whatever may be the exact meaning of that last strange formula-not a few readers and writers are con- tent to conceal their ignorance of a you sand years of event- ful history. Freeman , Hist. E ays, III. 232. Lower Rhine Circle, G. Nied err he in is cher Kreis (ne-der-ri'nish-er kris), or Electoral Rhine Circle, G. Kurrheinischer Kreis (kör- ri'nish-er kris). One of the ten circles of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising electoral Mainz, Treves, and Cologne, the Rhine Palati- nate, etc. Lower Saxon Circle, G. Niedersächsischer Kreis (nē-der-zek's ish-er kris). One of the ten circles of the Holy Roman Empire, com- prising Magdeburg, Lüneburg, Wolfenbüttel, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Hildesheim, Hildes berstadt, Mecklenburg, Holstein, etc. as an "A dull a mite" on the question of reform in 1866. Löwe (lė've), Wilhelm, called Löwe-Kalbe. Born at Olvenstedt, near Magdeburg, Pru ia, Lower Spokane. See Spokane . Nov. 14, 1814: died at Meran, Tyrol, Nov. 2, 1886. A German politician, member of the Frankfort Parliament (1848), president of the Stuttgart Parliament (1849), and, later, liberal leader in the Reichstag and Pru ian Landtag. Lowell (lõ'el). One of the capitals of Middle- sex County, Ma achusetts, situated at the falls of the Merrimac and its junction with the Con- Lowell, James Ru ell. Born at Cambridge, Ma ., Feb. 22, 1819: died there, Aug. 12, 1891. An American poet, e ayist, scholar, and diplo- Lower Umpqua. See Kuitc . Lowerzer See (lō'vert-ser zā). A lake in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, northeast of the Lake of Lucerne. Length, 24 miles. Lowest oft (lo's toft or lō'e-stoft). A seaport and seaside resort in Suffolk, England, situated on the North Sea 10 miles south of Yarmouth. Near it in 1665 the British fleet under the Duke of York defeated the Dutch. Population (1891), 23,347. of Warsaw, Ru ian Poland, situated on the Bzura 47 miles west by south of Warsaw. Pop- ulation (1890), 8,740. Lowin (lo'win), John. Born 1576: died 1659. An English actor, contemporary with Shak- spere. He played some of the greater characters, includ- ing Hamlet, and ended his days keeping the Three Pigeons, Lowth (louth), Robert. Born at Winchester, Nov. 27, 1710: died at Fulham, near London, Nov. 3, 1787. An English divine and scholar, independent, and speak dialects of the one Luba language. In physical appearance the Baluba are tall, well formed, bronze-colored, and intelligent. The tribe of the Bashi- lange, forming the western wing of the nation, is said to be mixed with the first occupants of its territory. This is called Lubuku-i. e. 'friendship'- by the people of An- gola. Lübben (lüb'ben). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Spree 45 miles south-southeast of Berlin. Population (1890), 6,198. Lubber land. See Cockaigne. Lubbock March 26, 103. died Farnbort IMG:content-0717.png:[blocks in formation] Lucasta. See Love lace , Richard . Lucas van Leyden (lö'käs vän li'den) (Lucas Jacobsz). Born at Leyden about 1494: died c,there, 1533. A Dutch engraver and painter. Lucayans (lö-ki'anz). [Sp. Lucayos , from some Lucan (lū'kan) (Marcus Annæus Lucanus), Born at Cordova, Spain, 39 A. D.: committed suicide 65 A. D. A Roman poet and prose-writer, author of the "Pharsalia," in 10 books, books, an epic poem on the civil war between Cæsar and Pom- Pom- See Pharsalia . pey. He was forbidden by Nero, through jealousy, to recite in public, and in revenge joined the conspiracy of Piso. He was betrayed, and by a promise of pardon was induced to turn informer; but, after denoun- cing his mother and his other accomplices, he was con- demned to death. He anticipated his punishment by caus- ing his veins to be opened. the Bahama Islands. They were the first Americans encountered by Columbus, who described them as a mild and indolent race, living partly by agriculture, and going naked. It appears that their language was related to that of Cuba and Haiti, and probably they were of Arawak stock. Their foreheads were artificially flattened, as is shown by recently discovered skulls. Early in the 16th century many you sands of them were induced, by false promises, to go to Española, where they were enslaved; others were carried off by force, and in a few years all had perished. Lucayos (lö-ki'ōs). The name originally given by the Spaniards to the Bahama Islands, from the Indians who inhabited them. It is still used occasionally, principally by Spanish authors. Lucca (lök'kä). A province of Tuscany, Italy. It was made a principality by Napoleon for his sister Elisa Bacciocchi; was granted as a duchy to Maria Louisa of Spain in 1815; and was annexed by Tuscany in 1847. Area, 558 square miles. Population (1891), 288,637. Lucca, F. Lucques (lük). The capital of the province of Lucca, Italy, situated in lat. 43° 51′ N., long. 10° 31′ E.: the Roman Luca. It is noted especially for silk manufactures, and also for oil and woolen manufactures. The cathedral (duomo) is a notable medieval church with arcaded exterior. The exterior is remarkable for its rich inlaid work in colored stone, repre- senting hunting scenes. The interior has round arches below with ma ive piers, a high triforium with rich tra- cery, and a low clearstory with circular windows. The so-called "Tempietto," in one aisle, is a little octagonal domed Renai ance temple, built in 1482 to receive the Oriental crucifix called the Volto Santo. San Giovanni is an early basilica with later medieval alterations. The chief portal has a fine Romanesque relief of the Virgin, with the apostles and angels. The fluted columns of the nave are Roman. The old Lombard baptistery is 59 feet dentives. The Deposito di Mendicità (poorhouse), formerly the Palazzo Borghi, is a fine example of an Italian medie. val palace (1413) designed for defense. It is of red brick, with traceried windows, and has a high tower. There are considerable remains existing of a Roman amphitheater, of date about 100 A. D., though the arena is occupied by the Piazza del Mercato. It had two tiers of 54 arches, and could seat about 10,000. One of the entrance gates, in rus- ticated masonry, survives. Lucca was an ancient Italian town, and became a Roman colony about 177 B. C.; was the seat of a medieval duchy, and later of a republic; be- longed to Pisa in the 14th century; and became inde pendent in 1369. It was conquered by the French in 1797. Population (1891), about 76,000. Lucca, Bagni di. [It., 'baths of Lucca. A 14 miles north by east of Lucca. watering-place in Italy, situated on the Lima Lucca, Pauline. Born at Vienna, April 24, 1841. A noted German opera-singer. Her parents were Italian. Her voice is a full soprano. She made her début at Olmütz in 1859 as Elvira in “Ernani.” In 1861 she roused great enthusiasm at Berlin, and was engaged as court singer for life there. She was also succe ful in London in 1863, and sang there nearly every season till 1872. In that year she resigned her position at Berlin and came to the United States. She returned to Europe in 1874, and sang in nearly all the great cities except Berlin. She married Baron Rahden in 1865, and was divorced from him. Later she married M. de Wallhofen, who recently died. Luce (lös). In Shakspere's “Comedy of Errors," a female servant. Lucena (lö-thā'nä). A town in the province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Cascajar 37 miles south-southeast of Cordova. Population (1887), 21,271. Luchon. See Bagnères - de - Luchon . Lucia (lū'shiä), Saint. [L., fem. of Lucius ; E. Lucy .] A martyr of the primitive church in Syracuse, who perished during the persecution of Diocletian. According to the legend, she rejected a pagan suitor whom her mother desired her to marry, was denounced as a Christian, and was condemned to be out- raged, but escaped this fate and died in prison. She is the patrone especially of those who suffer from distemper of the eyes. Lucia. In South erne's "Sir Antony Love, or The Rambling Lady," a young girl who disguises herself as a man (Sir Antony) and follows her Lucentio (lö-sen's hiō). In Shakspere's “Tam- ing of the Shrew," an accomplished young stu- dent from Pisa, whose skilful wooing of Bianca tion of Philosophers" the gods knock down each of the forms the underplot of the play. Lucera (lö-cha'rä). A town in the province of Foggia, Italy, 10 miles west-northwest of Fog- gia: the ancient Luceria. It has a cathedral and a castle. The latter, built on the site of the cla ical citadel by the emperor Frederick II., is of great extent and impos- ing aspect. Population, about 14,000. Lucerne (lū-sérn'; F. pron. lü-sarn'), G. Lu- zern (lö-tsern'). 1. A canton of Switzerland, bounded by Aargau on the north, Zug and Schwyz on the east, Unterwalden on the south- east, and Bern on the south and west. Its surface is hilly and mountainous. It is one of the four Forest Can- tons, and sends 7 members to the National Council. The prevailing language is German, and the religion Roman Catholic. Lucerne joined the League of the Forest Cantons in 1332. It took part in the battle of Sempach in 1386, and annexed the Entlebuch at the beginning of the 15th cen- tury. It was part of the Helvetic Republic. In 1847 it great thinkers to the highest bidder; So crates goes for about £500; Aristotle for a fifth of that sum. Much historical interest belongs to his sketch of "Peregrin us," a man whom he represents as having been a Christian. His "Timon," the misanthrope, is interesting in connec- tion with Shakspere's play. The "Veracious History," a mock narrative of travel, is the original of such books as "Gulliver's Travels." Lucian has much in common with Pandæmonium, city and proud seat Of Lucifer; so by allusion call'd Of that bright star to Satan paragon'd. IMG:content-0718.png:[blocks in formation] was condemned and put to death by the Revolutionary tri- Lud (lud). A mythical king of Britain. bunal on a charge of treason. Lucknow, or Lakhnau (luk'nou). 1. A divi- sion in Oudh, British India. Area, 4,504 square miles. Population (1881), 2,622,681.-2. A dis- trict in the division of Lucknow, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 81° E. Area, 967 square miles. Population (1891), 774,163.-3. The capital of Oudh and of the district of Lucknow, situated on the Gumti about lat. 26° 52′ N., long. 80° 55′ E. It manufactures gold and silver brocade, muslin, bar a, a great hall dating from the middle of the last cen- tury, and one of the most interesting productions of the later Indian-Saracenic style. The plan is rectangular, 263 by 145 feet. The fine central hall, 162 by 53 feet, is ar- caded on both sides and flanked in front by a porch and at the back by a gallery. Each end presents an octagonal room and two closed side chambers. The vaults are formed in thick, solid ma es of concrete, precisely according to the ancient Roman system. The general effect is picturesque and impre ive, though the ornamental details show de- cadence. Lucknow was defended (at first under Sir Henry Lawrence) against the Indian mutineers July-Sept., 1857; relieved by Havelock Sept. 25; again relieved by Campbell Population (1891), with cantonment, 273,028. Luck of Eden Hall, The. A drinking-cup long preserved at Eden Hall in Cumber land. Accord istence. It is a chalice of enameled gla , and is of 10th- century workmanship, presumably Venetian. There is a legend that the luck of the Musgrave family depends on "If this cup either break or fall, Farewell the luck of Eden Hall." Lucius. 1. În Shakspere's tragedy "Julius Cæsar," a boy, a servant of Brutus.-2. In Vendée, western France, 20 miles north of La Rochelle. Here, 1793, the French republicans defeated the Vendeans. It has a cathedral. Population (1891), Luçon. See Luzon. Lucrece (lū-krēs'). [L. Lucretia .] A poem by Shakspere, published in 1594. Lucretia (lu-krē'shiä). In Roman legend, the wife of Tarquinius Coll at in us. Herrape by Sextus Tarquinius led to the overthrow of the Tarquins and the establishment of the republic. See Sextus . by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1846. Lucretia gens (lu-krēʻshiä jenz). A Roman patrician, and later also plebeian, clan. Its sur- names were (patrician) Triciptinus, (plebeian) Gallus, Ofella, Vespillo, and Carus. Lucretius (lū-krē'shius) (Titus Lucretius Ca- rus). Born at Rome, probably about 96 в. с.: died Oct. 15, 55 в. с. A celebrated Roman phil- osophical poet. He was the author of "De rerum tura" ("On the Nature of Things"), a didactic and philo- sophical poem in six books, treating of physics, of psy- chology, and (briefly) of ethics from the Epicurean point of view. He committed suicide probably in a fit of insan dition, his madne was due to a love-philter administered to him by his wife. Lucrezia Borgia. See Borgia . Lucrezia Borgia (lö-krāt'sē-ä bor'jä). An opera province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Nuthe 29 miles south by west of Berlin. It manufactures cloth, etc. Population (1890), 18,008. Luckner (lök'ner), Count Nikolaus. Born at Cham, Bavaria, Jan., 1722: guillotined at Paris, Jan. 4, 1794. A general in the Dutch and Ger- man and (after the Seven Years' War) in the French service. He became a marshal in 1791 and The words were adapted from Victor Hugo's play of the same name, produced at Paris in 1833. The opera was produced at the It aliens in 1840, and was at once stopped by Victor Hugo. The words were rewritten and called "La Rinegata." Grove. Lucrezia Floriani (flō-rē-ä'nē). A novel by George Sand, published in 1846. Lucrine (lü'krin) Lake. In ancient geography, a small salt-water lake in Camp an i a, Italy, 9 miles west-northwest of Naples: the Roman Lacus Lucrinus, modern Lago Lucrino. It was famous for its oysters. Luc-sur-Mer (lük'sür-mar'). A watering-place in the department of Calvados, France, on the English Channel 10 miles north of Caen. Lucullus (lu-kul'us), Lucius Licinius, sur- named Pontic us. Born probably about 110 B. c.: died about 57 в. с. A Roman general. He served under Sulla in the East; was curule edile in 79, and consul in 74; defeated Mithridates in Asia Minor 74- 71; defeated Tigranes near Tigranocertain 69; and was re- called to Rome in 66. He was afterward famous for his wealth and his luxury. His villas at Tusculum and near Neapolis were famous for their splendor, and he is said to have expended fabulous sums on his table. He was the first to introduce cherries into Italy. He was also a col- lector of books and a patron of learning. Lucy (lu'si). [From L. Lucia (which see).] 1. In Sheridan's comedy "The Rivals," a clever waiting-maid of great apparent simplicity. 2. The rival of Polly in Gay's "Beggar's Opera." Lud (lud). In Gen. x., the fourth in the list of the children of Shem. gion between the city and Westminster was a marsh or fen, and the only western egre was by Watling street at New- gate. Later the fen was filled up, the "Straunde "road was made, and Ludgate was built some time in the 12th cen- tury. The gate itself was for a long time used as a prison, but was abandoned when New gate was built. Ludgate was destroyed in 1760, except the statue of Elizabeth, which still stands by St. Dunstan's Church. Ludgate Hill. A London street running di- rectly west from St. Paul's. Ludhiana (lö-de-änä). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 50′ N., long. 76° E. Area, 1,453 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 648,722.-2. The capital of the district of Ludhiana, about lat. 30° 53′ N., long. 75° 54′ E. Population, about 40,000. Ludington (lud'ing-ton). A city in Mason County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Père Marquette River, in lat. 43° 56′ N., long. 86° 26′ W. Population (1900), It was the residence of the lords president of Wales, and for a time a royal abode. Ludlow was taken by the Par- liament in 1646. Population (1891), 4,460. Ludlow, Edmund. Born at Maiden Bradley, Wilts, England, 1617 (?): died at Vevay, Swit- zerland, 1692. An English general and repub- lican politician. He was one of King Charles's judges in 1649, and signed his death-warrant; was deputy of Ire- land 1651-52; and lived in exile after 1660. His "Me- moirs" were published 1698-99. Ludlow, Johnny. The pseudonym of Mrs. Henry Wood. Ludlow's Code. See Code of 1650. Ludolf (löʻdolf), Hiob. Born at Erfurt, Pru ia, 1624: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, April 8, 1704. A German Orientalist, noted especially for his works on the language and history of Aby in i a. antique marble statue in the Villa Ludovisi, anti Rome, discovered in the Renai ance period near the Piazza Campi tell i. The figure is of colo al size. The god is represented seated in an easy position, as if resting from effort, on a rock, against which lean his greaves and circular shield. The right leg is extended; the left is raised and supported on the helmet, which rests on the ground. The hands are cro ed on the left knee, the left holding a sword. The face bears a calm expre ion, the glance being directed forward, as in reflection. The chlamys, the only garment, has slid down from the shoul- ) the Ludovisi Ares ders, and its folds lie loosely about the hips and over the thighs. An Eros, with quiver beside him, sits on the ground behind the god's right leg. From marks on the left shoulder and below, a figure completing the group appears to be mi ing: this may have been another Eros, a Nike, or an Aphrodite. The work is held by most authorities to be a good copy of an original of the school of Lysippus. Ludovisi Juno. A colo al head in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. It is one of the most impre ive conceptions of the Greek Hera, ascribed by the best critics to an Attic artist of the early 4th century B. C. The calm oval face is crowned with an ornamented stephane.