SAILS AND RIGGING

The sails of ships are divided i into two cla e C s— fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. The varieties are as follows: (1) A lugsail hanging from a yard slung at about two-thirds of its length from the peak, A gaff-topsail may be regarded as a lugsail with a narrow head. (2) A lateen sail, bent to a lateen yard. (3) spritsatl, bent to the mast at the weather leech, and having the peak extended by a span called a sprit. (4) A shoulder-of-muti on sail, a triangular sail with a weather leech bent to the mast. (5) The most useful and ordinary fore and-aft sail is four-cornered, and extended sometimes with a boom. It is or eect ean Mio at Seer a A Jvo Or staysadl according ts position. It is three-cornered and bent to a stayTope. (7) A four-cornered staysail. Square sails depend for their name on their situation. On a lower mast Square sail is called a ‘course’; and the higher divisions, a topsail, topgallant sail, or royal. The royals are the highest that are commonly set, but in light winds a ve el may carry sky-scrapers, or skysails, above and besides them. 5 addition to the above there are studding sails, set in a light wind by means of small extra yards and spars beyond the | edges of the principal sails. All of them are four-sided. Of the same nature is a penn hee is See Bey aie be of one of the principal sails, to whic it is laced; and a ringtail, which is spread *| at the lee leech of the spanker or aftermost fore-and-aft sail. The styles of rig are as follows: (1) A lugger, a ve el equipped mainly with lyre-|lugsails, one, two, or three masted, often with a running bowsprit. (2) A lateener, a ve el equipped with lateen sails on one, two, or three masts. (3) A cutter, a ve el equipped with one mast, a gaff-mainsail, and a jib, usually with a gaff-topsail and an extra jib. (4) A yawl, a ve el with a mainmast and running bowsprit, with sails like those of a cutter, and a small mizzenmast rigged with a gaffsail or lugsail in addition. (5) A schooner, a two-masted fore-and-aft rigged ve el, or with square sails on the foremast, with gaffsails like those of a cutter, the aftermost one of which is extended by a boom. (6) A brig, a two-masted square-rigged ve el, each mast having all the square sails above specified, and a gaff-mainsail— (z.e.), a fore-and-aft sail which is sometimes called a driver or spanker. (7) A hermaphrodite brig or brigantine has the bowsprit and foremast of a brig and the mainmast of a schooner, each with its proper station, proportions, rig, and sails. The advantages of square rig and fore-and-aft rig are thus combined. (8) A ship is a full-rigged ve el with three square-rigged masts, each with the full series of Sails, a bowsprit and jibboom, with jibs and staysails, and a gaffsail on the mizzen called the driver or spanker. (9) A barque has no square sails on the mizzenmast. Masts and Yards.—The three masts of a ship are known as the fore, main, mizzen. and There is a yard for each square sail. The other spars in a full-rigged ship are (1) the gaff for the main trysail, a fore and aft sail on the main, known as the main trysail gaff; (2) the spanker gaff, and the gaff for the fore-and-aft sail on the mizzen; (3) tha spanker boom, and the boom for the same. _ The rigging of a ship is either standing rigging or running rigging—the former for the support and maint enance of the Inasts in their position, the latter for the adjustm ent of the yards and sails. The a|stand i ing rigging consists of stays, which on|are made fast in a fore-and-aft vertical plane; and shrouds and backstays, which are made fast in an oblique position in pairs, extending downwards to the sides of a ve el. chis sativa), plant, order Leguminosae; ee flowers; one-seeded pods; excellent ‘odder.