Adigetto (ä-de-jet'to)

A canal or arm of the Adi-Granth (ä'dē-granth). ['The fundamental book.'] The Bible of the Sikhs, compiled by the fifth succe or of Nanak, Guru Arjun (15841606). He collected in it the poetical pieces of the founder and the three following gurus, and added his own compositions as well as sentences and fragments by Ramade by Govind (1675-1708), the tenth and last guru, who man and a, Namdev, others. Additions were composed, besides a second Granth, "The Granth of the Tenth Reign." These books are written in an antiquated Panjabi, called Gurmukhi, 'that which comes from the mouth of the guru.' These, with biographies of the gurus and the saints, and a number of directions as to ritual and discipline, make up the sacred literature of the sect. Adin (a'din). [Heb., 'delicate.'] The head of a Hebrew family which returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra ii. 15, Neh. vii. 20. A dir on dack Mountains (ad-i-ron'dak moun'tanz). A range of mountains in northeastern New York, the highest in the State. The main group is in Hamilton, E ex, Franklin, and Clinton counties, but the name is extended to the whole northeastern region of New York. The highest peak is Mount Marcy (5,344 feet). Other prominent summits are Mount Dix, Mount McIntyre, Mount Seward, Mount Whiteface, Haystack, etc. A dir on dack Park. A park established by act of the New York legislature in 1892 within the counties of Hamilton, E ex, Franklin, Warren, St. Lawrence, and Herkimer, for the use of the public. Further provision for the park was made by act of 1893. Adites (ad'its). Early Arabian (Cushite) rulers. Aditi (ad'i-ti). [Skt., appar. from a- priv. and * dit i , bond (√ da , bind).] Used in the Vedas as an adjective to mean 'unbound,' 'free,' 'limitle ,' 'infinite,' 'exhaustle ,' and, as a noun, to mean 'freedom, security, and then 'infinity,' in particular that of the heaven in contrast with the finitude of the earth and its spaces. The last conception personified is the godde Aditi, the mother of the Adityas. In the post-Vedic literature Aditi is the mother of the gods, daughter of Daksha and wife of Kasyapa, mother of the thirty-three gods, mother of the Tush it as or of the twelve Adityas and the sun, and sister of Agastya. In Aditi the confused and imposing notion of a substratum of all existence seems to have found one of its earliest expre ions. Adityas (a'dit-yaz). ['Sons of Aditi.'] In the Vedic literature, seven gods of the heavenly light, at whose head stands Varuna, who is the Aditya par excellence. They are Varuna, Mitra, 'the friend, Aryaman, 'the bosom friend,' Bhaga, 'the liberal,' Daksha, 'the capable,' Ansa, 'the apportioner,' and an uncertain seventh. Mitra and the rest are only a splitting up and reflection of Varuna, the god of the vast luminous heavens, viewed as embracing all things and as the primary source of all life and every ble ing. In the Brahman as and later the Adityas are twelve in number, with manifest reference to the number of the months. The term Aditya is also used from the earliest times as a designation for the sun. See Amesha Spent as. Adler (äd'ler), Nathan Marcus. Born at Hanover, Germany, 1803: died at Brighton, England, Jan. 21, 1890. Chief rabbi of the United Congregations of Jews of the British Empire, and author of various theological works. Adlerberg (äd'ler 'ler-berg), Count Vladimir (Woldemar). Born at St. Petersburg, Nov. 10,1790: died there, March 20, 1884. A Ru ian general and minister in the service of Nicholas and Alexander II. Adlerbeth (äd'ler-bet), Gudmund Göran. Born 1751: died 1818. A Swedish poet, dramatist, translator (of old Norse poetry, Vergil, Horace, Ovid, etc.), and historical writer. Adlercreutz (äd'ler-kroits), Count Karl Johan. Born near Borgå, Finland, April 27, 1757: died Aug. 21, 1815. A Swedish general, defeated in Finland by the Ru ians in 1808. He took part in deposing Gustavus IV. in March, 1809, and served in Germany in 1813, and in Norway in 1814. Adlersparre (id'lers-pä're), Count Georg. Born in Jemtland, Sweden, March 28, 1760: died in Wermland, Sweden, Sept. 23, 1835. A Swedish author, editor, statesman, and general. He contributed to the overthrow of Gustavus IV. in 1809. Later he was appointed major general and was ennobled. Adlersparre, Karl August. Born June 7, 1810: died May 5, 1862. A Swedish poet and historian, son of Count Georg Adlersparre. Admah (ad'mä). One of the cities destroyed with Sodom. Gen. xiv. 2. Admetus (ad-mē'tus), or Admetos (-tos). [Gr. " Ἄδμητος .] In Greek mythology, a The alian king, son of Pheres, king of Pheræ, delivered Admetus from death by the voluntary sacrifice of his wife Alcestis. See Alcestis . He took part in the expedition of the Argonauts and in the chase of the Calydonian boar. Admirable Crichton. See Crichton . Admirable Doctor, L. Doctor Mirabilis. A surname given to Roger Bacon. Admiralty Inlet (ad'mi-ral-ti in'let). An arm of the sea, on the western coast of the State of Washington, connecting Puget Sound with the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Admiralty Island. An island west of Alaska, belonging to the United States, lat. 57° 30′ N., long. 134° 30′ W. Admiralty Islands. An archipelago in the Pacific, northeast of Papua, about lat. 2o S., long. 147° E., discovered by the Dutch in 1616, and annexed by Germany in 1885. Admiralty Sound. An arm of the Strait of Magellan, on the western coast of King Charles's South Land, Tierra del Fuego. Admonitionists (ad-mō-nish'on-ists). A name given to the followers of Thomas Cartwright, two of whom in 1572 published "An Admonition to Parliament," followed by a second one by himself, strongly advocating church government by presbyters as opposed to bishops, and the supremacy of the church over the state. Admont (äd'mont). A small town in Styria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Enns about 50 miles south of Linz: noted for its scenery and Benedictine abbey. Ado (a'dō), Saint. Born about 800: died 875. An archbishop of Vienne (appointed 860), noted for his zeal in reforming the morals of the people and in enforcing church discipline. His memory is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church on Dec. 16. Adod. See Hadad . Adolph. See Atawulf . Adolphe (ä-dolf'). A romance("Adolphe: anecdote trouvée dans les papiers d'un inconnu") by Benjamin Constant (first published 1816), which ranks as a masterpiece of French literature. Adolphus (a-dol'fus), William August us, G. Wilhelm August Karl Fried rich Adolf. Born at Weilburg, July 24, 1817. The last duke of Na au. He succeeded to the duchy in 1839. In 1866 he sided with Austria, and Na au was annexed to Pru ia in the same year. He became grand duke of Luxemburg in Nov., 1890. Adolphus, John. Born at London, Aug. 7, 1768: died at London, July 16, 1845. An English barrister and historian, author of a "History of England from the Acce ion of George III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783" (1802), etc. Adolphus, John Leycester. Born May 11, 1795: died Dec. 24, 1862. An English barrister and man of letters, a son of John Adolphus: author of "Letters to Richard Heber, Esq.," on the authorship of the Waverley novels (1821). Adolphus, Frederick, G. Fried rich Adolf. Born May 14, 1710: died Feb. 12, 1771. Duke of Holstein-Eutin, chosen as crown-follower of Sweden 1743. He reigned 1751-71. Adolphus of Na au. Born about 1252: killed at Göllheim, Rhine Palatinate, July 2, 1298. A king of Germany, elected 1292 and deposed 1298. He was defeated by his succe or Albert I. at Göllheim, 1298. Adonai (ad-ō-nā'i or ä-do-ni'). [Heb. Adonai , plural of ' adon , lord.] The name used by the Hebrews in place of the ineffable name Yahveh (Jehovah) wherever it occurs in the Scriptures. See the extract. It is in accordance with this Masoretic mode of pronunciation that Hebrew is now taught. But there was one word which the Masoretes of Tiberias either could not or would not pronounce. This was the national name of the God of Israel. Though used so freely in the Old Testament, it had come to be regarded with superstitious reverence before the time when the Greek translation of the Septuagint was made, and in this translation, accordingly, the word Kyrios, "Lord," is substituted for it wherever it IMG:content-0025.png:[ocr errors] The New Testament writers naturally followed the custom of the Septuagint and of their age, and so also did the Masoretes of Tiberias. Wherever the holy name was met with, they read in place of it Adonai , "Lord," and hence, when supplying vowel-symbols to the text of the Old Testament, they wrote the vowels of Adonai under the four consonants, YHVH, which composed it. This simply meant that Adonai was to be read wherever the name was found. In ignorance of this how ever, the scholars who first revived the study of Hebrew in modern Europe imagined that the vowels of Adonai (ă ore, o, and à) were intended to be read along with the consonants below which they stood. The result was the hybrid monster Yehovah [Jehovah]. In pa ing into Eng. the word became even more deformed. In German the sound of y is denoted by the symbol j, and the German symbol, but with the utterly different English pronuncia tion attached to it, found its way into the English translations of the Old Testament Scriptures. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 74. Adonais (ad-ō-nā'is). An elegiac poem by Shelley, commemorating the death of Keats, published in 1821. Adonbec. See Salad in . Adonijah (ad-ō-ni'jä). [Heb., 'my Lord is Jehovah'; Gr. Αδωνίας .] 1. The fourth son of David. He plotted to obtain the throne in place of Solomon near the close of David's reign. 2. A Levite mentioned in 2 Chron. xvii. 8. Adonis (a-do'nis). In ancient geography, a small river in Syria, the modern Nahr-Ibrahim, rising in the Lebanon, and flowing into the Mediterranean about 13 miles north of Beirut. Adonis (a-do'nis). [Gr. Ἄδωνις ; Heb, and Phen. ' adon , lord.] In Greek mythology, a youth, a model of beauty, beloved of Aphrodite. He died tion in summer. By way of Asia Minor his cult came to Adrian VI. gus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775: died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, Aug. 10, 1843. An Irish American mathematician, a participant in the Irish rebellion of 1798. He escaped to America, taught school in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was profe or of mathematics at Rutgers College from 1810 to 1813, at Columbia College from 1813 to 1825, and at the University of Pennsylvania from 1827 to 1834. He edited Hutton's "Mathematics," and was editor of the "Mathematical Diary" from 1825 to 1829. A dram me lech, or Adramelech (a-dram'e-lek). [Babylonian Adar - malik , Adar is councilor (ruler, prince).] 1. An idol worshiped, with the sacrifice of children, by the inhabitants of Sepharvaim with whom Sargon, king of As syria, colonized Samaria. (2 Ki. xvii. 31.) See Adar .-2. A son of Sennacherib, king of As syria. With the help of his brother Sharezer he slew his father in the so-called temple of Nisroch, on his return from his expedition against Hezekiah. (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38.) This event is mentioned in the Babylonian chronicle (cuneiform). 3. In angelology, one of the fallen angels. Adramyttium (ad-ra-mit'i-um). [Gr. Ἀδραμύτ τειον , Αδραμύττιον.] In ancient geography, a town in Mysia, Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adramyttium about lat. 39° 35' N., long. 26° 55′ E. The modern town Adramyti or Edremid lies about 3 miles inland (population, 8,000). Flemish school. Adoration of the Magi. Of the paintings with this subject the following are among the most notable: (1) An altarpiece (1528) by Sodoma (Bazzi), in San Agostino at Siena, Italy. It is the painter's masterpiece, admirable in drawing and color. (2) A painting in tempera by Sandro Bott i cell i, in the Uffizi, Florence. The three kings are portraits of Cosimo, Giuliano, and Giovanni dei Medici. The Virgin occupies a hut among rocks and old ruins. (3) A painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola di San Rocco at Venice. The entire scene is lighted by the radiance emanating from the body of the Child. (4) A noted painting by Rembrandt, in Bucking ham Palace, London. The Virgin and Child are seated at the right; before them kneel the Magi. Behind are kings and old men, and in the distance a caravan of camels. (5) A picture by Albert Dürer, in the Uffizi, Florence. There is a very delicate landscape background. (6) A painting by Rubens, in the Musée de Peinture at Bru els, Belgium. The Virgin stands in the middle holding the Child erect, with St. Joseph behind her; before them the kings stand and kneel, while their guards and attendants observe the scene from a staircase behind. (7) A painting by Rubens (1624), in the Museum at Antwerp, Belgium. The Virgin appears at the left, holding the Child on a pillow; behind her stands St. Joseph, and in front the kings and their train. The figures are over life-size. (8) A splendid painting by Paolo Veronese, a companion piece to the Marriage at Cana, in the Museum at Dresden. The Virgin is seated, with the Child on her knee; the kings, at tended by a numerous train with camels and horses, offer their gifts. (9) The noted "Dombild" of the Cathedral of Cologne, a large triptych by Meister Stephan (died 1451), considered the finest work of the early German school intermediate between purely medieval and Renais. sance painting. The side panels bear St. Gereon and St. Ursula, and on the outside is painted an Annunciation. Adorf (a'dorf). A small town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Elster about 30 miles southwest of Zwickau. Adour (äd-ör'). A river in southwestern France, the ancient Aturus, which rises in the Pyrenees and flows into the Bay of Biscay about 5 miles west of Bayonne. Its length is about 180 miles, and it is navigable for about 70 miles. Adowa (a'do-wä), or Adua (ä'dö-ä). The capital of Tigré, Aby in i a, about lat. 14° 8' N., long. 38° 54′ E. Population, 3,000. Ad Pirum (ad pi'rum). [L., 'at the pear-tree.'] An ancient Roman station in the Birnbaumer Wald (northeast of Trieste), on the road acro the Alps into Italy, celebrated in connection with Theodosius's victory of the Frigid us, 394. Adra (ä'drä). A seaport, the ancient Abdera, in the province of Almeria, Spain, on the Medi terrane an about 50 miles southeast of Granada. There are numerous lead-mines in its vicinity. Population (1887), 9,029. Adrain (ad'rān), Robert. Born at Carrick fer Adramyttium, Gulf of. An arm of the Ægean Sea, on the western coast of Asia Minor, north of Mytilene. Adraste (a-drast'). The principal character of Molière's play "Le Sicilien," a young French gentleman who succeeds in carrying off Isidore, the beautiful Greek slave of Don Pedre, by disguising himself as a portrait-painter: hence the second title of the play, "L'Amour peintre." Adrasteia (ad-ras-ti'ä). [Gr. Ἀδράστεια .] 1. A name of Nemesis and of Rhea-Cybele.-2. A Cretan nymph, daughter of Meli ens, to whom Rhea intrusted the infant Zeus to be reared in the Dictæan grotto. Smith , Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog. Adrastus (a-dras'tus), or Adrastos (a-dras'tos). [Gr. Ἄδραστος.] In Greek legend, a king of Argos, leader in the expedition of the "Seven against Thebes." He was worshiped as a hero in several places, among them Megara. Adria (a'dri-ä). In ancient geography (about the 1st century A. D.), that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Crete and Sicily. Adria (in ancient Picenum). See Atri . Adria (ä'dre-ä), or Adria Veneta (ä'drē-ä vāna'tä). A town in the province of Rovigo, Italy, the ancient Adria, Atria, Hadria, or Hatria, situated near the sea about 16 miles southwest of Venice. It has a cathedral and many antiquities, and has been succe ively an Etruscan, a Greek, and a Roman town. Population, 7,000. Adrian (a'dri-an), or Hadrian (ha'dri-an), I. Pope from 772 to 795. He summoned Charles the Great to resist the encroachments of the Lombard king Desiderius, who had occupied Pentapolis and was threatening Rome; and Charles, after the destruction of the Lombard kingdom, granted anew to him the territories originally bestowed by Pepin, with the addition of Ancona and Ben even to. Adrian adopted the view of the Eastern Church with regard to the worship of images, anathematizing all who refused to worship the images of Christ, the Virgin, or the saints. He was the son of a Roman noble. Adrian, or Hadrian, II. Pope from 867 to 872. He pa ed a sentence of deposition on Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, which was confirmed at a council of the Eastern Church in 869-870. Adrian, or Hadrian, III. Pope from 884 to 885. Adrian, or Hadrian, Adrian, or Hadrian, IV. (Nicholas Break spear). Born before 1100 at Langley, near St. Albans, in Hertfordshire: died at Anagni, Italy, 1159. Pope from Dec. 4, 1154, to Sept. 1, 1159: the only English man who has occupied the papal chair. He was succe ively a clerk and abbot of the monastery of St. Rufus, in Provence, and in 1146 was created cardinal-bishop of Albano by Pope Eugenius III. Two years later he was sent as legate to Denmark and Norway. As Pope he bestowed the sovereignty of Ireland on Henry II. of England. He quelled the democratic rising of the Roman people under Arnold of Brescia, and procured the execution of the latter in 1155. He compelled William, king of the Two Sicilies, to acknowledge the feudal suzerainty of the Pope. With Adrian IV. began the great conflict between the papal power and the house of Hohenstaufen. He died while preparing to place himself at the head of the forces of the Italian party against the emperor Frederick I. Adrian, or Hadrian, V. (Ottoboni Fiesco). Pope in 1276. He lived only five weeks after his acce ion to the chair. Adrian, or Hadrian, VI. Born at Utrecht in 1459: died Sept. 14, 1523. Pope from 1522 to 1523. He studied at the University of Louvain, of which he became vice-chancellor, and was chosen by the emperor Maximilian to be the tutor of his grandson, Arch Adrian VI. duke Charles, the later emperor Charles V. In 1516 he became bishop of Tortosa and grand inquisitor of Aragon; in 1517 he was created a cardinal by Leo X.; and after the death of Ferdinand he acted for a time as regent of Spain. On his acce ion to the papal chair Jan. 9, 1522, he corrected various external abuses in the church, but failed in his efforts to check the Reformation. Adrian. A lord in Shakspere's "Tempest." Adrian de Castello, or de Corneto. Born at Corneto, Tuscany, Italy, 1460 (?): died 1521 (1). An Italian ecclesiastic and scholar, nuncio of Innocent VIII. in Scotland in 1488, agent at Rome of Henry VII. of England, collector of Peter's pence in England, and papal prothonotary. He obtained in 1492 the prebend of Ealdland in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the rectory of St. Dunstan-in-the as a hiding-place. It has been identified with the modern Aid-el-má, 10 miles northeast of Hebron; falsely identified by tradition with Khareitun near Bethlehem. Adullam, Cave of. The cave to which David withdrew from Gath. 1 Sam. xxii. It was capable of affording shelter to four hundred men. See above. A dull a mites. In English history, the group of Liberals who seceded from the Whig party and voted with the Conservatives when Earl Ru ell and Mr. Gladstone introduced a measure for the extension of the elective franchise in 1866. They received the name of A dull a mites from their being likened by Mr. Bright to the discontented persons who took refuge with David in the Cave of Adullam. The party was also known collectively as "The Cave" and "The Cave of Adullam." East, but returned to Rome on the death of Innocent VIII. He was made bishop of Here ford in 1502, bishop Elisha Kane explored the arctic regions in Advance (ad-vans'), The. The ve el in which of Bath and Wells in and cardinal in 1503. he was implicated in the conspiracy of Cardinals Petrucci, De Sauli, and Riario to poison Leo X., and was deprived of his cardinalate (1518) and of his dignities in England. He (1505), "De Vera Philosophia" (1507), "De Sermone Latino was probably a a inated. He wrote "Venatio," a et modo Latine Loquendi" (1513), etc. Adrian (a'dri-an). The capital of Lenawee County, Michigan, a manufacturing town situated on the river Raisin about 55 miles southwest of Detroit: sometimes called the "Maple City." Population (1890), 8,756. Adrian a (a-dri-a'nä). A character in Shakspere's "Comedy of Errors": the wife of Antipholus of Ephesus. Adrian a, Villa. See Hadrian's Villa . Adrianople (adri-an-ō'pl). [Turk. Edirneh , or Edrench .] The capital of the vilayet of Adrilong. 26° 35' E., a place of great strategic and anople, on the Maritza in lat. 41° 41' N., commercial importance, founded by the emperor Hadrian about 125 A. D., on the site of the ancient Uscudama: the residence of the sultans 1361-1453. It was besieged by the Avars in 586, stormed by the Bulgarians in 922, entered by the Crusaders in 1189, taken by the Turks in 1361, taken by the Ru ians under Diebitsch in 1829, and occupied by the Rus sians Jan., 1878. The emperor Baldwin I. was taken pris oner in Adrianople by the Bulgars in 1205. Its most notable building is the mosque of Sultan Selim II., a very impre ive building of the 16th century. It is preceded by a fine portico of monolithic columns, and flanked by four slender fluted minarets about 200 feet high. The span of the dome (106 feet) is greater than that of Santa Sophia: it rests on four colo al porphyry columns. Adrianople. A vilayet in European Turkey. Population, 836,044. Adrianople, Battle of. 1. A victory of the Goths over the emperor Valens, 378 A. D.-2. A victory of the Slavs over the Byzantines, 551.