Frugality

[Fr. frugal ité; Lat. frugal it as.] Prudent economy; thrift; good husbandry, or housewifery; a sparing and judicious use of money or anything to be expended; a prudent and sparing use or appropriation of anything. Fru'gally, adv . With economy. Frugalne , n . Same as FRUGALITY, q. v. Fru'gardite, n . [ Frugaard , a district of Finland.] ( Min . ) A variety of VESUVIANITE, q. v. Frug'gin, n. [Fr. fourgon ; It. for cone , from Lat. furca , a fork.] An oven-fork. (Eng.) Frugif'erous, a. [Fr. frug ifère ; Lat. frugifer frux , frug is , the fruit of the earth, and ferre , to bear.] Producing fruit or corn. Frugiv'orous, a . [Fr. frugivore ; Lat. frugivorus frux , frug is , the produce of the fields, and vorare , to devour.] Feeding on fruit, seeds, or corn, as birds. Fruit, (froot,) n. [O. Fr. fruict , Fr. fruit ; Lat. fructus , from frui , to enjoy. Cf. Ger. frucht.] Produce; whatever the earth produces for the nourishment of animals, or for clothing or profit; the produce of a tree or other plant; the seed of plants, or the part that contains the seeds; production, that which is produced; as, the rising fruits , the forbidden fruit . - Produce of animals; offspring; young; as, the fruit of the womb. - Effect or consequence; as, the fruit of folly or sin. "She remembered the fruits of denying." - Sidney. -Advantage; profit; good derived. "The fruits of victory." -Swift. IMG:content-0267.png:[graphic] (Bot.) The term fruit is applied to the ripened ovary and its contents, quite regardle of their being eatable or otherwise. In many instances, there are additions to the ovary in the form of the remains of some or all of the other parts of the flower. In the strawberry , the calyz remains, and is converted into a succulent substance, or that part of the fruit which is eaten. In the apple, both the calyx and the corolla are converted into fruit. The pine - apple (Fig. 423) is composed of all the parts entering into the composition of the ovary , namely, bracts , calyx , corolla , and ovary . The orange is a largely developed ovary, containing the seeds, and a succulent ma in which the refreshing juice is placed. Fruit is divided into two distinct parts, the seed and the per icarp, or investing substance. The pericarp is composed of three parts, or layers, one within the other. For example, the pericarp of the apple consists of an external layer, or skin, epicarp ; the internal layer, en docarp; and the fleshy substance, sarcocarp , lying between them. Thus, the outer skin is the epicarp , the pulpy substance the sarcocarp, and the tough, thick covering to the seeds, the endocarp. The same relation is found in stone- fruit , the shell of the nut being the endocarp. The epicarp , or outward covering, is le subject to variation than other parts; but the sarcocarp and endocarp a ume every variety of form and consistence. In certain instances, the arrangement of the flowers indicates the arrangement of the fruit , as in the currant, gooseberry, etc. But the blo oms of the apple , plum, pea , etc., afford no indication of the various fruits that are to succeed them. The most common forms of fruit are, the pomum or apple , the drupe or peach (Fig.) 940), and plum ; the glans , as the acorn ; the pine - apple , the fruit of which is a scaly berry, surmounted by a crown "The frothy billows fry."-Spenser. of spinous leaves. This fruit may be considered one of the -n. A dish of anything fried; as, lamb's fry. finest in the world. The legume , or pea ; the siliqua , or pod , -[0. Fr. frage ; Fr. fra i , spawn of fish.) A swarm or as in the mustard, and which differs from the legume crowd of little fish just produced from the spawn. "He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry."-Donne. is divided; the capsule , as in the poppy, larkspur, etc.; and the bacca , or common currant , gooseberry, etc. Be--Any swarm of little animals; or cla of people, in con- Fruitage, n. [Fr., from fruit ; L. Lat. fructagium .] Fruit taken collectively; all manner of fruits; a repos i- tory for fruit. Fruit'erer, n. [Fr. fruitier.] One who deals in fruit. Fruit'ere , n. A woman who deals in fruit. Fruit fulne , n. Quality of producing fruit in abun- dance; productivene ; fertility; fecundity; quality of being prolific; productivene of the intellect; fertility of imagination; exuberant abundance. Fruit-grove, n . A plantation of fruit-trees. Fruit'ing, n. The production of fruit. -a. Belonging to, or yielding fruit. Fruition, (fru - ish'on ,) n. [Lat. fruitio , from frui , to use or enjoy. Use accompanied with pleasure, corporeal or intellectual; enjoyment; gratification; the pleasure derived from use or po e ion. Frustration, n. [Lat. frust ratio - frustrari , from frustra, in vain, - probably from fraus , deception.] Disappointment; defeat; as, the frustration of a scheme. Frustulent, n. [Lat. frustum , a piece broken or cut off.] ( Bot . ) A term applied to the joints into which the Diatom aceæ separate. They contain a large proportion of silex, and hence, being capable of retaining their form after the vegetable constituents have fled, they are often found preserved in a fo il state. Frus'tum, n. [Lat., probably allied to frangere; Gr. rhegnuishai, to break.] ( Geom .) A piece or part of a solid body separated from the rest; the part which remains of a cone, pyramid, ., when the top part is cut off by a plane parallel to the base. in Fig. 1080 the dotted line cshows the portion of the cone cut off to form the frustum f. "The young fry must be kept under the discipline of contempt." - A kind of sieve. Fry, ELIZABETH, an English philanthropist and prison reformer, B. 1780, was one of the Gurney family, the well-known bankers and merchants of London and Nor- wich. The Gurneys belonged to the Society of Friends, but without con- IMG:content-0268.jpg:[blocks in formation] E. Gurney formed one of his congregation, and be- came so influenced by the preacher's discourse, that she determined to change her mode of life to that prescribed by the more rigid and orthodox of the sect. This change was consummated by her marriage, in 1800, with Joseph Fry, himself a" plain Friend." In 1810 Mrs. Fry joined the ministry, and thenceforward devoted herself to offices of the purest benevolence and piety. Owing to her unwearied exertions, important reforms were effected in the prison systems, not only of Great Britain, but also in those of France and Germany. After years of inde- fatigable labor among the poor and the criminal, this estimable lady D., Oct. 12, 1845. Fry, WILLIAM HENRY, a distinguished American com- poser and journalist, B. in Philadelphia, 1815, in which city his father was proprietor of the "National Gazette" newspaper. F. early showed a singular aptitude for music, and in 1835 produced 4 overtures which were per- formed by the Philharmonic Society of Philadelphia, who presented the composer with an honorary medal. He next wrote the operas of Aurelia and the Bridal of Dunure, two compositions which, though favorably known in the musical world, have hitherto received no stage representation. In 1844, F. became a contributor to the "Ledger" in his native city, and in the course of the year following he brought out his opera of Leonora , an Italian version of which was performed in 1858 in New York. In 1846, F. visited Europe, remaining there 6 years, as the correspondent of several American news- papers, and after his return in 1852 again gave his at- tention to music, producing several symphonies of great merit, besides composing the music to the inaugural ode for the Great Industrial Exhibition at New York in 1853. In 1855 appeared his next work, a Stabat Mater , brought out at the N. Y. Acad. of Music. He subsequently became attached to the editorial staff of the "N. Y. Tribune," and attained much popularity as a public lecturer. D. 1864. Fry'burg, in Ohio , a post-village of Auglaize co., abt. 18 m. N. of Sidney. -A village of Stark co., abt. 14 m. E. by N. of Canton. Fry'burg, in Pennsylvania , a post-village of Clarion co., abt. 17 m. E.S.E. of Oil City. -A village of Lehigh co., abt. 10 m. S.S.E. of Allen town. Frye'burg, ( fri'burg ,) in Maine , a post-village of Ox- ford co., on the Saco River, abt. 58 m. W.S.W. of August a. Frye'burg Centre, in Maine , a P. O. of Oxford co. Fry'ing-pan, n. A pan with a long handle used for frying meat and vegetables. Fru'tex, n. [Lat., a shrub.] ( Bot . ) A plant whose branches are perennial, and proceed directly from the surface of the earth with- out any supporting trunk; a shrub. Fry/ville, in Kentucky , a post-office of Clark co. F.S. A., Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. (England). F. T. C. D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Fuad, (MEHMED,) PASHA, a distinguished Turkish states- man, B. 1814, was the son of a mollah , or judge, and of the celebrated Leila Khatoun, one of the few Ottoman poete es whose works have been printed. F. succes- sively studied medicine at Galata, served in the Turkish navy, and entered the government service as an inter- preter. Subsequently he embraced diplomatic life, and, after filling minor positions, was sent, after the Hun- gari an war, 1848-9, as Minister to Ru ia. He after- wards became Minister of Foreign Affairs (1856), and Grand Vizier of the empire (1861); retiring from the latter post in 1863, he was then appointed Minister of War, and in 1867, Foreign Minister for the 2d time. F. , who published a poem entitled the Alhambra , which achieved great popularity, and who bore the reputation of being the most liberal and intellectual statesman Turkey has brought forth, D. 1869. Fu'ca, Strait of, a pa age separating Washington in the United States from Vancouver's Island, and con- necting the Pacific Ocean with the Gulf of Georgia, has its outer or western entrance in Lat. 48° 10' Ν. and Lon. 124° W. It communicates with the Gulf of Georgia through Rosario and Haro Straits. It is about 80 miles long, 11 miles wide at its west and 25 miles at its east end, and free of shoals. See SAN JUAN DE fUCA. Fuca'ceæ, n. pl . ( Bot .) An order of plants, alliance Algales. The species are numerous, about 500 being known, mostly growing in salt water. They are dist in- guished from the other algæ by their organs of reproduc- tion, which consist of spores and an- the rid i a, contained in common cham- bers or concept a- cles, which are united in club-sha- ped receptacles at the end or margins of the fronds. The antheridia contain phytozoa. The frond is sometimes a stalk expanding into a broad blade, and sometimes ex- hibits no such ex- pansion, and is either simple or va- riously branched. Many of the F. are provided with vesi- cles containing air, by the aid of which they are enabled to float in the water, as Fucus vesiculosus (Fig. 1082). Some attain a great size, - Macrocyst is pyrifera is said to have fronds of 500 to 1,500 feet in length; its stem not being thicker than the finger, and the upper branches as slender as pack- thread. Most of the P. contain iodine in very consid- erable quantity, and some of them are therefore much used for the manufacture of kelp , particularly different species of Fucus , or Wrack, and Laminaria , or Tangle. On account of the soda which they contain, they are also valuable as a manure. Some of them are eatable, containing large quantities of gelatinous matter, as cer- tain species of Sarga um. The medicinal uses of some of them seem to depend upon the iodine which they contain, and which it is now considered preferable to exhibit in other forms, after it has been extracted. Several species of the genus Fucus contain mannite; as F. vesiculosus, nodosus, serratus. Fu'cate, Fu'cated, a. [Lat. fucatus , pp. of fucare , to paint, to color, from fucas , a rouge for the cheeks, hence, any disguise or deceit.] Painted; disguised with paint. Disguised by false show. Fu-chow-foo', in China. See Foo-CHOO-FOO. Fuchsia, (fu's he- a ,) n. [After Leonard Fuchs , a Ger man botanist of the 16th century.) ( Bot .) A genus of S. American plants, order On a graces. They are dis- tinguished by their long tunnel-shaped four-parted colored calyx, its four petals, its eight exserted stamens, and its long style. There are many distinct species. F. coccinea was the first introduced into this country, and is now one of our commonest greenhouse and window IMG:content-0269.jpg:[graphic] "Well watered and well fueled." -Wotton . limb; the petals are of a rich purple color; the stamens Fu'eller, Fu'eler, n. One who, or that which sup- are numerous, and, together with the style, form a pretty ta el. Many other species have been introduced into the U. States, one of the most beautiful and newest being Seedling F. , or F. Colo us (Fig. 1083); and an im- mense number of beautiful varieties have been devel- oped by cultivation. The fruits of several fuchsias are somewhat acid, and may be eaten. Fuen'te de Ovejund, [Sp., the sheep-well,] a small walled town of Spain, prov. of Cordova. Manuf . Linens, woollens, and leather. Pop . 6,240. Fuch's ite, n. ( Min .) Chrome mica, or mica contain- ing chromium. See MICA. Fucino, (LAKE OF,) or LAGO DI COLANO, ( foo - che'no ,) the principal lake of Naples, in the province of Abruzzo Ultra II. It is 10 m. long and 7 broad. In 1855 it was commenced to be drained, and upwards of 30,000 acres of soil have been reclaimed. It is the ancient Fucinus Lacus . SeeTorlonia's work on this subject (Rome, 1877). Fu'coid, n. [Lat. fucus , see above, and Gr. eidos , form.] ( Pal . ) A fo il resembling a fucus. Fu'coid, FuCOID'AL, a. Partaking of the nature of, or resembling, a fucus. Fu'cus, n.; pl . FU'CI. [Lat., rouge, disguise, deception.] A paint; a dye; paint for the face; any deception or false pretence. IMG:content-0270.png:[blocks in formation] Fuentes de Onore, ( foo - ain'tais dai o -nor'ai.) [Sp., the Fountains of Honor.] A small village of Spain, prov. Salamanca, on the Portuguese frontier, 16 m. W. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Here, on the 5th of May, 1811, took place between the Anglo-Spanish army under Welling- ton, and the French under Ma ena, a battle in which neither army could claim a decided advantage. Fu'git, in Indiana , a township of Decatur co. Pop . (1890) 1,605. Fugitive, a . [Fr. fugitif ; Lat. fugitivus , from fugere , to flee, to escape.] Readily wafted by the wind; vola- tile; not tenable; easily escaping. "Tender and fug i- tive parts." ( Woodward .) - Unstable; unsteady; fleet- ing; not fixed or durable; temporary; as, fugitive writ- ings. - Fleeing; running from danger or pursuit; elop- ing; escaping. Fuero, ( fu - ai'ro .) ( Spanish Hist .) A Spanish term, derived from the Lat. forum , which signifies a place where justice is administered; and hence, jurisdiction. From this latter sense it came, in Spain, to be trans- ferred to collections of laws; thus the Spanish edition of Lex Visigothorum was called the Fuero juzgo . From hence it came to be applied specially to the rights con- ferred by the crown on particular cities, the most famous -n. One obliged to flee from his country, or remove from of which were the Fuero of Leon, and that of Naxera. As these civic rights were chiefly liberties, conce ions, privileges, the word fuero came to be specially used in this sense, and to denote, in particular, the entire body of immunities and privileges which composed the con- stitutions of Navarre, and the three Basque provinces of Biscay, Alava, and Guipuzcoa. It is in this last sense that the word is now almost exclusively used, the fueros of the other provinces and towns of Spain having long since become extinct. The subject has, in this century, acquired a fresh importance, from having given rise to the revolution of 1833, in the Basque provinces, which led to a series of sanguínary conflicts, and which was only terminated by Queen Isabella and her govern- ment, in 1844, entering into a formal recognition of the ancient rights and privileges of these provinces. These rights are based upon the ancient laws of the Visigoths, and were enveloped in the period between the fall of the Moors in the Spanish peninsula and the complete con- solid at i on of the Spanish monarchy under the house of Hapsburg. The fueros thus owed their rise to the old Gothic laws, and as they took their form from the struggles between the people and their princes, they differ considerably in the different provinces. In Biscay, for example, the sovereign has only the power of nom i- nating the corregidor , or chief magistrate; and even his nomination requires to be confirmed by the junta of the province, - a legislative body elected by almost universal suffrage, and intrusted with the chief manage- ment of public affairs. The inhabitants are exempt from all taxes and imposts, except such as they vote themselves; and claim, by virtue of pure Biscayan de- scent, the privileges of Spanish nobility. They are not obliged to appear before any tribunal beyond the bounds of their own territory, or to allow any royal monopoly, or admit royal troops within their territory, or to fur- nish recruits for the royal army. Fuerte, ( fwer'ta ,) a small island in the Caribbean Sea, off the N. W. coast of Colombia, about 85 m. S.S.W. of Cart a gena. Fuer'te, (Rio de,) enters the Gulf of California from the dept. of Sinaloa, Mexico, Lat. 26° 50′ N., Lon. 109° 10 W. See VILLA DEL FUERTE. Fuga, ( foo'ga ,) an island of the Asiatic archipelago, 25 m. from Luzon. It is 35 m. in circumference. Lat. 19o ing or fleeing away; volatile. Fuga'ciousne , n. Same as FUGACITY, q. v. Fugac'ity, n. [Fr. fugacité ; Lat. fugacitas - fugaz , fleeting, from fugere , to flee.] Act or quality of flying away; volatility; uncertainty; instability. Fuga'ro, n. [It.] ( Mus .) A stop of the flute kind in French organs of 4-feet pitch, and sometimes of 8-feet pitch, of a small scale, made of wood or tin; in tone it is as piercing as the gamba , but much clearer. Fuga'to, n. [It.] ( Mus .) A composition in the style of a fugue. family of Suabia, descended from a weaver, who orig- inally lived in the environs of Augsburg, about 1300. They were at first succe ful in selling clothes, but after- wards extended their dealings, and became merchants, accumulating an immense fortune. Reaching the height of their affluence at the commencement of the 16th century, they rendered considerable services to the em- perors Charles V. and Maximilian, by making them large advances. These princes bestowed titles of nobil- ity on the Fugger family, and they soon became con- nected with the best blood of Germany. Promoted to the highest dignities of the empire, they did not any Their Weight of Atmospheric Air at 32° re- quired to burn One Pound. IMG:content-0271.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0272.png:[blocks in formation] 78-00 Alcohol 52-00 9-56 11-60 their birthplace, Augsburg, where they erected some band some monuments, and founded philanthropical in- stitutions. The best known of them are the three brothers, Ulric, James, and George; and, afterwards, Raymond and Antony, both sons of George. Ulric re- ceived for his loans to Maximilian the countship of Kirchberg, and the seigniory of We is sen horn, which afterwards remained in the po e ion of his family. He was a great encourager of learning. - Antony and Raymond bore, to a great extent, the expenses of the ex- pedition of Charles V. against Algeria, obtaining from him the permi ion to coin money. One day, at an in- terview with the emperor, Antony, as a mark of his re- "Or catch that airy fugitive called wit."-Harte. (Law.) As one State cannot pursue those who violate its laws into the territories of another, the practice pre- vails among the more enlightened nations of mutually surrendering such fugitives to the justice of the injured State. This practice is founded on national comity and convenience, or on expre compact. The U. States rec- ognize the obligation only when it is created by ex- pre agreement. (See EXTRADITION.) As between the States of the American Union, extradition is made compulsory by the Federal Constitution, Art. iv. Sec. 2, which provides that "a person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall fly from jus- tice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having juris- diction of the crime." In the several States there are statutory provisions or established usages regulating the procedure in such cases. Fugitively, adv . In a fugitive manner. Fugitivene , n. Readine to fly away; instability; volatility; fugacity; want of perseverance or durability; unsteadine . Fugleman, n .; pl . FUGLEMEN. Same as FLUGELMAN, q.v. Fugue, ( fewg , ) n. [Fr. fugue ; Sp., It., and Lat. fug a , a flight.] ( Mus .) A composition, vocal or instrumental, or both, in which a determined succe ion of notes, called the subject, pa es succe ively, and alternately, from one part to the other, according to certain rules of harmony and modulation. There are four kinds of fugue; viz., the strict fugue , in which the subject is given out by one part and answered by another, the subject being again repeated in the third part; the free fugue , in which the composer is not so much restrained, but is allowed to introduce pa ages not closely related to the theme; the double fugue , in which there are two subjects occasionally intermingled, and moving to- gether; and the inverted fugue , in which, as its name implies, the theme is inverted. Fu'guist, n. [Fr. fuguiste.] One who composes fugues, or performs them extemporaneously. post, from ful- cire, to prop, to support.] A prop; a support. (Mech.) The prop or other support (F, Fig. 1084) by which a lever is sus- tained. ( Bot .) A gen- eral name given to several of the appendages of the stem or Fulda ( fool'da ), a walled town of He e-Na au, on the Fulda, 69 m. from Mentz, and cap. of the prov. of the same name. It has a fine cathedral. Manuf . Woolen and linen fabrics, earthenware, leather, and tobacco. Pop . (1895) 10,950. Fulda, in Indiana , a post-village of Spencer co. Fulfil', Fulfill, v. a. [A. S. fulfiyllan .] To com- plete; to accomplish; to perform; to answer in execu- tion or event what has been foretold or promised; as, to fulfil a prophecy. plishment; completion, as of a prophecy. - Execution; performance, as of a promise or threat.