Cornell', Alonzo

B., son of Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Jan. 22, 1832, and educated at the academy of Ithaca. He began his career as a telegraph operator, and in 1855 became manager of the principal telegraph office in New York City, from which he eventually rose to be first vice president of the Western Union Telegraph Co. Mean-Cotton Manufacture. ( Fabrics .) The produc- while he occupied several official positions, became speaker of the N. Y. A embly in 1873 and subsequent years, and in 1879, was elected governor of N. Y., for three years, from Jan. 1, 1889. Cornell College. ( Educ .) An institution of learn- ing, at Mt. Vernon, Iowa, under the direction of the Methodist Church. It began in 1852 and was organized as a college, in 1857. The faculty consists of 30 profes- sors and instructors, and there are more than 550 annual students. An army officer, detailed by the Government, gives military instruction to the students. tion of textile fabrics from cotton fiber is of very remote origin, the art being practiced in all quarters of the world in prehistoric times, and reaching a considerable development in Egypt, India and China centuries before the Christian era. In those periods the rudest imple- ments were used in the weaving proce , and the appli- cation of machinery to the preparation, spinning and weaving of cotton began le than 150 years ago. The fly-shuttle, invented about 1750, added greatly to the efficiency of the hand-loom. Some ten years after- wards James Hargreaves, a Lancashire weaver, invented a method of carding cotton, and in 1767 he produced the spinning jenny, by which 8 threads could be spun at once. In 1769 a spinning frame was invented by Richard Ark wright, and ten years afterwards the ideas of these two inventors were combined by Samuel Cramp- ton in the mule jenny. The power loom was invented in 1785 by Dr. Edward Cartwright, a clergyman. The machinery for the rapid production of cotton cloth was now at hand, but the fiber continued scarce and expen- sive, on account of the difficulty of separating it from the seed. This was overcome by the cotton-gin of Eli Whitney, invented in 1792, while the steam engine, then recently invented, supplied the power nece ary to put all these devices into effective operation. From that time forward C. M. continued to progre with great rapidity, while the crudene of the original inventions has been overcome by later mechanics, and their per- form ance largely increased. The speed of the spindles in Ark wright's frame was from 3,000 to 4,000 turns a minute. The spindles now in use make 9,000 turns. C. M. has its chief seat in Great Britain, the importation of cotton into that country having increased from about 22,000,000 pounds in 1790 to 1,650,000,000 pounds in 1890, while the value of cotton goods exported in the last named year was over $370,000,000. Of late years there has been a rapid development of the cotton ind us- try on the continent of Europe and in India and the United States, so that the supremacy of Great Britain is being rapidly overcome.- United States Manufacture. The succe ful production of cotton cloth in factories began in the U. S. in 1790, in an establishment founded by Samuel Slater, at Pawtucket, R. I. The progre long continued slow, not more than 10,000 bales being con- sumed in 1810 in all the factories of the country. In 1815 there were 90,000 bales consumed, the war with England stimulating production at home. The value of all products of the C. M. reached in 1850, $61,869,184; in 1870, $177,489,739; and in 1890, $267,987,724. The ratio of increase here shown, however, is far from rep- resenting the actual state of the case, since there has been a great reduction in the price of yarns and cloth, so that the growth of the industry has been very much greater than the above figures indicate. The census of 1890 gives the following figures: Number of spindles, 14,188,103; pounds of cotton consumed, 1,193,584,641; square yards of woven goods produced, 3,002,761,037; capital invested $354,020,843; hands employed, 221,585; wages paid, $69,489,272. In the U. S. the whole manufacture, from raw cotton to woven cloth or sewing thread, is usually completed in the same establishment. In Europe, on the contrary, spinning and weaving are separated, and constitute distinct industries. New England is the chief seat of the American manufacture, it containing, in 1896, 76 per cent, of all the spindles of the country, and among the New England States Mas- sachusetts stands first, it having, in 1896, 41 per cent. of all the spindles in operation. The most important centers of the manufacture are the cities of Fall River in Ma achusetts, and Providence in Rhode Island. Since 1880, however, there has been a great growth of C. M. in the South, particularly in the States of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia; and the growth in that region, stimulated by cheap labor and low freights, still continues rapid. Cotton-Seed Oil. During you sands of years in which the cotton plant was known and utilized, no value was attached to any of its products other than the fiber until within a comparatively recent period. The seed, beyond that required for sowing, was rejected as usele . It has long been known, how- ever, that it contained a valuable oil, and this has grown to be an important article of commerce. Cotton-seed oil was produced more than a century ago, but not on a commercial scale. The first attempts in the U. S. to extract it as a mercantile product were made at Natchez, Mi ., in 1834, and at New Orleans in 1847, but both proved unsucce ful, and it was not until after 1855 that the difficulty in its production was overcome by the in- troduction of Knapp's decorticating machine, which separated the hulls from the kernels of the seeds. In the present manufacture of the oil, the lint, or short fiber surrounding the seed, is removed by extra ginning, and the hulls removed by the decorticating machine. The kernels are then, after being crushed between iron rollers, subjected to hydraulic pre ure, and yield from 15 to 20 per cent. of their weight of crude oil. This is a thick and turbid liquid, of deep brown-red color, which deposits a slimy sediment on standing. It is clarified by heating and agitating with dilute alkaline lye, which carries the impurities to the bottom, where they form what is known as "cotton-oil soap stock," while there remains above a clear golden-yellow oil. This may be whitened by further proce es, the market grades of oil being the crude, the summer yellow and summer white, the winter yellow and winter white.- Properties and Uses. Cotton-seed oil consists chiefly of palm at in and olein. The palm at in may be crystallized out, the remainder constituting the "winter oil." The refined oil is almost odorle and has a slight nutty Crane, STEPHEN, novelist, was born in New York in 1872; studied at Lafayette College and Syracuse Univer- sity, but did not graduate, having no taste for study, and preferring outdoor exercise to books. At the age of 18 he wrote newspaper sketches, and at 20 began the writing of novels. His first was Maggie , a Girl of the Streets, which was not very well received. At 21 he began his Red Badge of Courage , finishing it some months after his 22d birthday, and through it leaping into great popularity. Black Riders was written in the same year. C.'s home is among the hills of Sullivan co., New York. Crane, THOMAS FREDERICK, scholar, born in New York city, July 12, 1844; educated at the public school, academy of Ithaca, N. Y., and Princeton College. Re- ceived the degrees of A.B., A.M. and Ph.D. At subse- quent periods he has been Prof. of Modern Languages, Prof. of Spanish and Italian, and Prof. of the Romance Languages in Cornell University. He was one of the founders of the American Folk-lore Society and has published a large number of articles on folk-lore and kindred subjects in the North American Review; The Nation; Harper's Magazine , . Crane, WILLIAM H., actor, was born in Leicester, Ma ., in 1845. His first appearance on the stage was in The Child of the Regiment. In 1876 he formed a partnership with Stuart Robson, the comedian. In Bronson How- ard's play of The Henrietta they made a conspicuous succe but subsequently di olved partnership. C. on his first starring tour alone played The Senator in 1889, and added to his ability by his admirable personation of Senator Hannibal Rivers. Craven, ALFRED WINGATE, civil engineer, was born in Washington, D. C., Oct. 20, 1810. He graduated with distinction at Columbia College, New York, after- ward studying engineering. He planned the system of sewerage now in use in New York city, and was prominently connected with the Croton aqueduct in the same city. He was finally appointed engineer-in-chief and commi ioner, and took complete charge of all the public works. He was the first president of the Amer- ican Society of Civil Engineers. Died in Chiswick, England, March 29, 1879. Craven, THOMAS T., rear-admiral U. S. Navy, was born in Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 30, 1808. He entered the service as midshipman. During the Civil War he served with distinction and rose to the position of rear- admiral. From 1866-68 he was in command of the navy yard at Mare Island, Cal. Died in Boston, Ma ., Aug. 23, 1887. Craven, TUNIS AUGUST US MACDONOUGH, U. S. naval commander, born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1813. He entered the naval service in 1829. In 1857 he was given command of the Atrato expedition for the survey of the Isthmus of Darien, and afterward commanded the Mohawk , engaged in trying to suppre the slave trade. In the early part of the Civil War he was in command of the Tuscarora , sent in search of Confederate cruisers. Later he commanded the the monitor Tecumseh and was attached to the Gulf Squadron under Admiral Farragut. In an attack on Mobile, Aug. 5, 1864, the Tecumseh was sunk by striking a torpedo and 335 men were lost, among them the brave commander. In his eagerne to engage the ram Tenne ee he had run his ve el on the torpedo, of the position of which he had been warned. He might have saved his life, but meeting his pilot at the foot of a ladder, he stepped back, saying "After you, pilot," and the pilot climbed up to safety, while the noble commander sank with the ship. Crawford, FRANCIS MARION, American novelist. He was born at the Baths of Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854. He studied at Cambridge (England), Harvard, and Heidel- burg Universities. He was selected by the government committee to write the National ode at the centennial of the American Constitution Sept. 17, 1887. During 1879-80 he edited a newspaper at Allah a bad, and it was there that he was received into the Catholic church. He is the author of: Mr. Isaacs; Pietro Ghisleri ; Sara- cinesca; Paul Patoff ; The Story of a Lonely Parish, Dr. Claudius, A Roman Singer , and many other popular novels. He resides at Sorrento, Italy. Crawford, MARTIN JENKINS, was born in Jasper co., Ga., March 17, 1820; educated at Mercer University. He entered the bar, where he rose to distinction, and was elected both to the Legislature of his State and to the House of Representatives, withdrawing from the latter body on the sece ion of Georgia. He was a member of the Congre of the Southern States which met at Montgomery, Feb. 4, 1861. After the war he resumed the practice of his profe ion, and at the time of his death was a ociate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Died July 22, 1883. Crawford, SAMUEL WYLIE, U. S. military officer, was born in Franklin co., Pa., Nov. 8, 1829. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. Entered the U.S. Army in 1851 and served throughout the Civil War, receiving the appointment of brevet major-general. Retired on account of wounds, Feb. 19, 1873. Died in Philadelphia, Nov. 3, 1892. Cream'ery, n. A factory for the production of butter. These factories, often run on the coöperative plan, are widely distributed through the U. S., being most numer- ous in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, but abundant in other sections. In these the cream is re- ceived from many farms, and worked into butter by the aid of the most improved machinery and the exercise of the highest skill. As a result the farmer and his family are relieved of a considerable amount of hard work, the cost of production is reduced, and the pro- duct is more uniform and of a higher quality than that made on most of the farms. In some of the factories the milk is received and the cream separated by centrifugal machines; in others the milk is skimmed at home and farm to collect it. In the factories not conducted on the only the cream delivered, wagons going from farm to coöperative principle, the custom was at first to pay for the milk, but this was unjust to those who supplied the richest milk, and various means were employed to de- termine the butter-making quality of each delivery. In 1890 a method, partly chemical, partly mechanical, was devised by Dr. Babcock, and since known as "Bab- cock's test," by which the percentage of fat in milk can be easily and accurately determined. This is now largely employed, each patron being paid in accordance with the quantity of fat in his milk. Creamery butter is not nece arily better than that produced on the farm, and not always as good as that made by careful and skillful farmers, but as such skill and care are lack- ing on the large majority of farms, the creamery product is better and more uniform in quality than that received from the farms in general, while the greater economy of production is an item in its favor. -n. A furnace or building constructed for performing cremation of the human body. Naples, in 1827. He received his education in Paris. He was a ociated with others in the writing of many of his Cresaful'li, HENRI, French dramatist, was born at works which include: The Postillions of Fougerolles; The Wolves and the Lambs ; Lord Harrington , . Cre's ol, n. (Chem.) See CRESYLIC ACID. 114 m. S.W. of Des Moines; on the Chic., Burl. & Quin Cres'ton, in Iowa , an important city, cap. of Union co., cy R.R., whose extensive repair shops are located here. The trade center of a rich farming district; has large stock-yards with extensive shipments of cattle. Pop . (1897) about 8,450. Cres'wick, THOMAS, an English landscape-painter, born at Sheffield in 1811. He became a Royal Acade- mician, and, if we except Turner, the most distinguished artist of his time in the department of English painting. His pictures, which are innumerable, are remarkable for their exceedingly close fidelity to nature. Died in 1870. Crete, in Nebraska , a fine city of Saline co., 20 m. S.W. of Lincoln, on the Mi ouri Pacific and C., B. & Q. R.Rs. Has large flour mills and nurseries. Doane College (Congregational) is here located. Pop . (1897) about 3,200. Creuzot ( kroo - zō '), Le, in France , a town in the department Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. S. S. E. of Autun. Here are the most extensive iron and steel works in France, producing cannon, heavy machinery, anchors, ., on a large scale. Pop . (1897) about 20,000.