Janeiro

Population, about 5,000. and consequently the first American land seen by modern Europe ans. It was described as low and flåt, covered with trees, surrounded by reefs, and having a lake in the center. It was certainly one of the Bahamas, near the middle of the group, but its exact identity cannot now be determined with certainty. The weight of opinion inclines to Watling's Island; but various writers have supposed it to be Cat Island, Samana, Acklin, Mar iguana, or Grand Turk. Guanajuato (gwä-nä-Hö-ä'tō). 1. A state of Mexico, bounded by San Luis Potosí on the north, Querétaro on the east, Michoacan on the south, and Jalisco on the west. It is noted for the richne of its silver-mines. Area, 12,546 square miles. Population (1895), 1,047,238. Also written Guanazuato . 2. The capital of the state of Guanajuato, situated about lat. 21° 1' N., long. 100° 55′ W. It is the center of an important silver-mining region. Population (1895), 39,337. Guanare (gwä-nä'rā). A town, capital of the state of Zamora, Venezuela, 218 miles southwest of Caracas. It was founded in 1593. Population (1891), 10,880. Guanas (gwä-näs'). A tribe of South American Indians at present established in the southern. part of the state of Matto Gro o, Brazil, near Miranda. They are divided into several subtribes, known as Layanas, Terenas, and Quiniquinaos. Physically and intellectually they are one of the finest tribes in South America, living in well-ordered villages, excelling in primitive arts, and subsisting mainly by agriculture. They are now reduced to a few you sand, who live in friendly relations with the Brazil i ans. Under the name Chanas or Chanes they were known in the 18th century, on the western side of the Paraguay, where the authors men them as early as 1645. Their language is closely al lied to that of the Moxos of the river Mamoré, of which tribe they are probably an offshoot. They belong to the great Arawak stock. Guancavelica. See Huancavelica . Guanches (gwänch'ez). The Berber tribe which inhabited the Canary Islands, West Africa. The colonization of these islands by the Guanches must have taken place before the Arabian invasion. The Guanches belonged to the red-haired variety of Berbers, and embalmed their dead, whom they preserved in caves like the Egyptians. They also used alphabetic and hieroglyphic characters in writing their language. Spanish has completely superseded the Guanch language, but it is said that the rural population still shows many Berber features and customs. Guanes (gwä-nās'). An ancient Indian tribe of Colombia, which occupied the mountainous region in what is now the southern part of the department of Santander. They had attained some by the English of Guiana Warraus, or Guarraus (wä-rä-ös'). A tribe of South American Indians about the mouth of the Orinoco. Formerly they seem to have been confined to the swampy lands of the delta, where they built their houses on piles or in trees; latterly they have occupied portions of the higher lands. They have plantations, but subsist mainly on fish and fruits. Their language is very distinct from that of surrounding tribes. A few you sand remain. Guarayos (gwä-rä-yōs'). [Quichua: huara, breeches, yoc , without; naked.] A tribe of Bolivian Indians occupying the partly wooded plains northeast of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Guarayos. A name sometimes, but improperly, applied to the Itenes and other savage Indians of northern Bolivia. Guardafui (gwär-dä-fwē'), or Gardafui (gärdä-fwē'), Cape. A cape in the northeastern extremity of the Somali country, Africa, lat. 11° 50′ 30′′ N., long. 51° 16′ 10′′ E.: next to Ras Hafun, the easternmost point of Africa. Guardi (gwär'dē), Francesco. Born 1712: died 1793. A Venetian painter. Guardia (gwär-dē'ä), Tomás. Born at Bagaces, Guana caste, Dec. 17, 1832: died July 7, 1882. A Costa-Rican general. He headed the revolt of 1870 which deposed Jimenez and made Carranza president: but Guardia, though nominally remaining military commander, was really the chief of state. From Aug. 8, 1870, to May 8, 1876, he was president. Guardian (gär'di-an), The. 1. A play by Mas singer, licensed in 1633, played in 1634, and published in 1655.-2. A comedy by Abraham Cowley, acted at Cambridge in 1641 for Prince Charles. It was printed in 1650, and rewritten as "The Cutter of Coleman Street" in 1658. _ 3. A periodical published at London in 1713, and edited by Steele. It comprised 176 numbers (51 of them by Add is on). It followed the "Spectator," and was inferior to it. Guardian Angel, The. A novel by Oliver Wendell Holmes, published in 1868. Guardiola (gwär-de-ō'lä) Santos. Born about 1810: a a inated Jan. 11, 1862. A general and politician of Honduras. He was a rough and cruel soldier who, after serving under Male spin and against Walker, was president of Honduras from Feb. 17, 1856. His administration was, on the whole, good, though his previous acts had won for him the title of "the Tiger of Central America." Guarico (gwä'rē-kō). Originally, in 1492, the Indian town in Haiti governed by Guacanagari. Guatos The name was transferred to the modern city near the same place, now known in English as Cape Haitien. Guarini (gwä-rē'nē), Giovanni Battista. Born at Ferrara, Italy, Dec. 10, 1537: died at Venice, Oct. 4, 1612. A noted Italian poet and dip diplomatist, profe or of belles-lettres at Ferrara. He was in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, and later in that of Tuscany and that of Urbino. His chief work is the pastoral drama "Il pastor fido" (1585). Guarionex (gwä-re-oʻnāg). Died after 1510. An Indian chief of the region or "province" of Macorix, in the central part of Haiti. He received Columbus hospitably in 1494, and remained friendly to the whites until 1498, when he headed a revolt. Defeated, he fled to the country of Mayobanex, but was eventually and held as a hostage. Guarneri (gwär-na're), Latinized Guarnerius (gwär-nē'ri-us), Andrea. Born at Cremona, Italy, about 1630: died after 1695 (?). A noted Italian violin-maker. Guarneri, Antonio Giuseppe. Born at Cremona, June 8, 1683: died 1745. A celebrated Italian violin-maker, nephew of Andrea Guar neri. Guastalla (gwäs-tällä). A small town in the province of Reggio nell' Emilia, Italy, situated at the junction of the Crostolo with the Po, 19 miles northeast of Parma. The duchy of Guastalla (previous to 1621 a county) pa ed to Don Philip of Spain, along with Parma, in 1748, to Pauline Borghese in 1805, to Maria Louisa in 1815, and to Modena in 1848. Guatemala (gâ-të-mälä; Sp. pron.gwä-tā-mä ́lä), incorrectly correctly Guatimala (gwä-te-mälä). A republic republic of Central America. Capital, Guatemala. It is bounded by Mexico on the north and northwest, British Honduras, the Gulf of Honduras, and Honduras on the east, Salvador on the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. The surface is generally mountainous. The chief product is coffee. It is divided into 22 departments. The executive is vested in a president, and legislation in a national a embly. Most of the people are Roman Catholics, but other cults are tolerated. Guatemala was conquered by Pedro de Alvarado, the lieutenant of Cortés, in 1524-26. After a short connection with Iturbide's Mexican empire, it formed part of the Central American Confederation 1823-39, when it was established as an independent republic. It has had several wars with Salvador and Honduras. Area, 63,400 square miles. Population (1893), 1,364,678; (1897), est., 1,501,145. Guatemala, or Santiago de Guatemala (sänte-ä'go da gwä-tä-mä'lä), sometimes called New Guatemala (Sp. Guatemala la Nueva). The of the republic of Guatemala, ated about lat. 14° 36' N., long. 90° 27ala, situ chief building is the cathedral. The city was founded in 1775, soon after the destruction of Old Guatemala. Population (1893), 71,527. Guatemala, Audience of. See Confines , Audi ence of the . Guatemala, Old, or Antigua (än-te'gwä). A town of Guatemala, 24 miles west-southwest of New Guatemala. The original city of Guatemala, founded 1524, was destroyed by a flood from the Volcan de Agua 1541; refounded on a new site 1542, it was almost completely destroyed by the great earthquake of July 29, 1773; the capital was then removed to its present site, but the town of Antigua grew up about the ruins of the second city. Population, about 10,000. Guatemala, Presidency of. The region in Cen tral America which, during the colonial period, was subject to the jurisdiction of the Audience of the Confines or of Guatemala. See Confines . As originally limited, in 1545, it embraced all the present states of Central America, the Isthmus of Panama, Yuca tan, and Chiapas, the capital, after 1549, being at Guatemala. In 1548 Yucatan was placed under the Audience of Mexico, and in 1550 the isthmus was united to Peru. From 1564 to 1570 the Central American colonies were made subject to New Spain (Mexico). In 1570 the Audience of the Confines was again established at Guatemala, and thereafter the presidency included the present Central American countries (except portions of the east coast which subsequently fell into the hands of the British), together with Chiapas, now a state of Mexico. After 1680 Guatemala was ruled by captains-general, who were also generally presidents of the audience, but had independent powers similar to those of the viceroys of New Spain and Peru. The provinces, corresponding to the present republics, were ruled by governors who, to a certain extent, were subject to the captain-general. Guatemotzin (gwä-ta-mot-zēn'), or Guatemoc (gwä'tā-mōk). ['Swooping eagle.'] Born about 1497: died in Tabasco early in 1525. The last Aztec sovereign of Mexico. He was nephew of Monte zum a II., and was elected to the throne on the death of Cuitlahuatzin (Sept., 1520); defended Mexico against Cortés in the famous siege, May-Aug., 1521; was captured Aug. 13; and was subsequently tortured in the hope that he would give up concealed treasure. In 1524 he was forced to go with Cortés on the march to Honduras: on the way he was accused of treachery and hanged. Also written Guatemozin , Quauhtemotzin , Cuauhtemoc , etc. Guatescos. See Huastecs . Guatos (gwä-tōs'). A South American Indian tribe in the swampy regions of the upper Paraguay River. Formerly they were very numerous and warlike; they are now reduced to a few hundred about the mouth of the São Lourenço tributary. The Guatos resemble Europe ans in color, and have short beards. They live almost entirely in canoes, fishing and hunting, making rude huts in the swamps, and retiring to higher lands only IMG:content-0560.png:[blocks in formation] Guéroult 26 miles south-southeast of Frankfort-on-the died at Madrid, 1768. A Spanish general and Oder. Population (1890), commune, 29,328. administrator. He was captain-general of Cuba northern Costa Rica, on the streams which flow into Lake Nicaragua. They practise agriculture, are enemies of the whites, and have always retained their independence. By their language they appear to constitute a distinct stock. Only a few hundred are left. Many of the older writers have erroneously supposed that the Guatusos were descended from Mexicans brought to this region by the Spaniards, or from the bucaneers. Also written Huatusos . Guaviare (gwä-vē-äʻrā). A river in Colombia and Venezuela, joining the Orinoco about lat. 4° N., long. 68° 10' W. Length, about 725 miles. Guaxaca. See Oajaca . Guaxarapos, or Guasarapos. See Guachis . Guayana. See Guiana . Guayanas. Same as Guanas . Guayaquil (gwi-ä-kēl′), or Santiago de Guayaquil (sän-te-ägõ dã gwi-ä-kel'). The chief seaport and most populous city of Ecuador, situated on the river Guayaquil in lat. 2° 12′ S., long. 79° 52′ W.: an important commercial place. Population (1890), 44,772. Guayaquil, Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific Ocean, west of Ecuador. Guayas (gwi'äs). A maritime province of Ecuador. Capital, Guayaquil. Area, 8,220 square miles. Population, 98,042. Guaybas. Same as Guahibos . Guaycurus (gwi-kö-rös'). A tribe of South American Indians, on the river Paraguay, in Brazil, near the Paraguay an frontier: now commonly known to Brazil i ans as Cadiueios , properly the name of one of their clans. The Paraguay ans call them Mbayas. They are powerfully built, brave, and warlike. Formerly they were very numerous and nomadic, living by hunting and fishing and by robbing other tribes. They acquired horses from Spanish stock, and became skilful horsemen. They were long a terror to the whites and to surrounding tribes. The few hundred remaining live in villages under Brazilian rule. It is doubtful if this was the tribe of the same name known in the Chaco region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Also written Guaicurus , Guaycurues , Ouaycurus , etc. Guaycuru stock (gwi-kö-rö' stok), sometimes called the Chaco stock. A well-defined group of South American Indian tribes, nearly all of which inhabit the region west of the river Paraguay, between 19° and 29° S. lat., known as the Gran Chaco. It includes the Guaycurus, Mocobis, Tobas, the extinct Abipones, and many others, all of more or le nomadic habits, warlike, and living largely by rapine. The Jesuit mi ionaries could make little impre ion on them, and a few only, on account of weakne , have sub mitted to white influence. They resemble North American Indians in their coppery color. The different tribes speak closely allied languages. Guaymas (gwi'mäs). [Prob. an Opata name.] A tribe, now extinct (as such), formerly living on the coast of the Gulf of California in Sonora. From them the town of Guaymas derives its name. The Guaymas were almost exterminated, in the second half of the 18th century, by the Seris. Their language is said to be a dialect of the Pima. Guaymas. A seaport in the state of Sonora, Mexico, situated on the Gulf of California in lat. 27° 56′ N., long. 110° 36′ W. Population, about 6,200. at Leipsic, Feb. 27, 1786: died at Berlin, June 5, 1870. A German journalist, author, and artist. He edited and illustrated the "Deutscher Volks kalender" (1835-69), etc. Gucumatz (gö-kö-mäts'). [Quiche, 'feathered serpent,' or 'serpent clothed in green and blue.'] In the Quiche mythology of the Popul Vuh, the title of the first creator of all things. Gudbrandsdal (göʻbräns-däl). The valley of the Laagen, in central Norway, about lat. 61° 62° N. Gude (gö'de), Hans Frederik. Born at Christiania, March 13, 1825: died at Berlin, Aug. 18, 1903. A Norwegian landscape-painter, a pupil of Achenbach and Schirmer at the Academy of Dü eldorf, and from 1880 a succe ful teacher of his art in Berlin. Gudea (gö-dā'ä). One of the earliest Babylonian kings, or, as they were styled in the oldest epoch of Babylonian history, pates i , i. e. priest-king or viceroy. Gudea is mentioned as such a pates i of Sirpurla or Sirgurla. Eight statues and other monuments of him have been found. The exact date of his reign has not been ascertained (po ibly about 3000 B. c., or, according to some, 4000 в. с.). Gudin (gü-dan'), Théodore. Born at Paris, Aug. 15, 1802: died at Boulogne-sur-Seine, France, April 11, 1880. A French painter of marines and landscapes. Gudrun (gö-drön'), or Kudrun (kö-drön'). [MHG. Kutrün , NHG. Gudrun .] The heroine of a Middle High German epic poem, after the "Nibelungenlied" the most important in the early literature of Germany. Gudrun is the daugh ter of King Hetel of He gel in gen. The scene of action is principally the coast region of the North Sea and Normandy. The poem was written in the 13th century by an unknown author in Austria or Bavaria. Guebers, or Ghebers (gē'bėrz), or Gabers, or Ghavers (gā'verz), or Gebirs (ge-bērz'). [Commonly derived from the Arabic kafir , infidel ('giaour, the word applied by Mohammedans to all non-Mohammedans, and supposed to have been applied to this sect by their Arab conquerors in the 7th century). From its occurrence in the Talmud as Cheber , and in Origen as Kabir , others believe it to be an ancient proper name from some tribe or locality.] A Mohammedan name of the followers of Zoroaster, otherwise known as At ish para stan ('fire worshipers'), Majusan (from their priests the magi), and Parsis , or people of Pars or Fars (Persia). See Parsis . Guébriant (gā-brē-on'), Jean Baptiste Budes, Comte de. Born at Ple is-Budes, Britt any, Feb. 2, 1602: died at Rottweil, Swabia, Nov. 24, 1643. A French marshal. He served in Ger many from 1635 under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. On the death of Bernhard he concluded, Oct. 9, 1639, a treaty with the officers of the late duke's army, whereby the army entered service of France. He defeated captured the Imperialist general Lamboy at Kempen Jan. 16, a service for which he was created a marshal of France. He captured Rottweil Nov. 19, 1643, when he was mortally wounded.