Copenhagen (1854-73), in 18 vols

Hertzberg (herts'berg), Count Ewald Fried rich von. Born at Lottin, near Neustettin, Pru ia, Sept. 2, 1725: died May 27, 1795. A Pru ian statesman. He negotiated the peace of Hubertsburg in 1763, and conducted the foreign affairs of Pru ia 1763-91. Hertzberg, Gustav Fried rich. Born at Halleon-the-Saale, Pru ia, Jan. 19, 1826. A German historian, profe or of history at Halle. His works include "Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Römer" (1866-75), "Geschichte der Perserkriege" (1877), and, for encyclopedias, contributions on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine history, etc. Hertzen, or Herzen (hert's en), Alexander. Born at Moscow, March 25, 1812: died at Paris, Jan. 21, 1870. A Ru ian author and political agitator. He published in London and Hamburg in Ru ian, French, German, and English. He founded in London the liberal journal "Kolokol" ("The Bell") in 1856. Among his works are the novel "Kto Vinovat" ("Whose Fault," 1847), "Le monde ru e et la révolution" (1860-62), etc. Heruli (her'ū-lī), or Eruli, or Æruli (er'ū-li). A Germanic people, first mentioned in the 3d century as dwelling near the Black Sea, and as allies of the Goths. They joined with other tribes under Odoacer in overthrowing the Western Empire in 476. Their original home was probably on the Cimbrian peninsula, whence, according to Jordanes, they were entirely driven out by the Danes at the beginning of the 6th century. Nothing is known of their ultimate fate. Hervás y Panduro (ar-väs' e pän-dö'rō), Lorenzo. Born at Cuenca, Spain, May 20, 1735: died at Rome, Italy, Aug. 24, 1809. A Jesuit philologist. He taught philosophy at Madrid, spent some years in America, and from 1804 was librarian of the Quirinal at Rome. He published numerous works on comparative philology, in Italian and Spanish, besides books on astronomy, physics, etc., and a cosmographical work in 21 vols. Hervé (er-va'): a umed name of Florimond Ronger. Born at Houdain, Pas-de-Calais, June 30, 1825: died at Paris, Nov. 3, 1892. A French composer of operettas. According to Pougin he claimed to be the founder of the kind of music rendered famous by Offenbach. His works include "L'Eil crevé" (1867), "Le petit Faust" (1869), etc. In 1887 he was conductor of the Empire Theatre, London. Hervey (her'vi), John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth. Born Oct., 1696: died Aug., 1743. An English politician, lord privy seal 1740-42. He wrote "Memoirs of the Court of George II." (ed. by Croker 1848). Hervey Islands. See Cook Islands . Herward. See Here ward . Herwegh (her'veG), Georg. Born at Stuttgart, Würtemberg, May 31, 1817: died at Baden-Baden, April 7, 1875. A German political poet. He emigrated from Würtemberg in his youth, and settled at Zurich, where, in 1841, he published a volume of poems of a political tendency, entitled "Gedichte eines Lebendigen," which obtained great popularity with the Liberal party in Germany He was one of the leaders of the unsucce ful revolution in Baden in 1848. Herzberg (herts'berg), or Herzberg-on-theElster (el's ter). A small town in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Black Elster 56 miles south of Berlin. Herzberg, or Herzberg-in-the-Harz (härts). A small town in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, on the Sieber 19 miles northeast of Göttingen. It has an old castle, and was a former Herzegovina Herzogenbusch. See Hertogenbosch , ' S. Herzog Ernst (hert'sōg ernst). A Middle High German poem, written in Bavaria by an unknown author in the latter part of the 12th century. It recounts the marvelous adventures in the Orient of the banished Duke Ernst of Swabia, who was at war with his stepfather, the emperor Conrad II. Hesekiel (he-zā kē-el), Georg Ludwig. Born at Halle-on-the-Saale, Pru ia, Aug. 12, 1819: died at Berlin, Feb. 26, 1874. A German journalist and man of letters, author of poems, his torical novels, and a life of Bismarck (1868). Heshbon (hesh'bon). In Bible geography, a city in Palestine, about 36 miles east of Jerusalem. It was the capital of Sihon, king of the Amorites, and afterward belonged succe ively to the Israeli tes and to the Moabites. It was tributary to Thothmes III. It is the modern Hesban. Hesiod (he'si-od). [Gr. " Ησίοδος .] A celebrated Greek poet. He was, according to a poem attributed to him, born in the village of Ascra, in Boeotia, and probably lived about 735 B. C. His youth was, according to the same authority, spent in rural pursuits at his native village. He appears to have lived during the latter part of his life at Or cho menus, where he is said to have been buried. The obscurity in which his life is involved has led some critics to adopt the opinion that the name does not represent an actual person, but is a mere personification of the Bœotian or Hesiodic school of poetry, as opposed to the Homeric or Ionic. Of the numerous works commonly ascribed to him the most important are "Works and Days" and "Theogony. The former is chiefly composed of precepts on rural economy and maxims of morality; the latter is an account of the origin of the world and the birth of the gods. Hesione (he-si'ō-nē). [Gr. ' Ησιόνη .] In Greek legend, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, and Leucippe. She was exposed, as a propitiatory sacrifice, to be killed by a sea-monster sent by Poseidon to devastate the land. Hercules slew the monster and set her free, and, when the promised reward was refused him, took Troy, slew Laomedon and his sons, and gave Hesione to his companion, Telamon, by whom she became the mother of Teucer. Hesperia (hes-pē'ri-ä). [Gr. Ἑσπερία .] According to the ancient Greeks, the region of the west, especially Italy, and sometimes, according to the poets, the Iberian peninsula. Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez). [Gr. Εσπερίδης .] In Greek mythology, maidens, guardians of the golden apples which Gœa (Earth) caused to grow as a marriage-gift for Hera. They dwelt in the extreme west, or, according to one account, among the Hy perboreans. According to Hesiod they were daughters of Night: in later accounts, daughters of Atlas and Hesperis, named Egle, Arethusa, Erytheia, and Hesperia. Hesperus (hes'pe-rus). [Gr. " Έσπερος .] The evening star, in Greek mythology, son of Astræus and Eos (according to Hesiod). He was regarded as identical with the morning star, and was hence called the "Light-bringer." Compare Phosphorus . Hesperus. In Arthur i an legend, the name given to Sir Per to lope, the Green Knight. Tennyson calls him the "Evening Star": his famous combat took place at dawn. See Hesperus , above. Hesperus, Mount. See Banded Peak . He (hes), He in rich Maria von. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, April 19, 1798: died at Munich, March 29, 1863. A German historical painter, brother of Peter von He : noted for his frescos in Munich. He , Johann Jakob. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Oct. 21, 1741: died there, May 29, 1828. A Swi Protestant theologian. His chief work is "Lebensgeschichte Jesu" (1781). He , Karl von. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, 1801: died at Rei chen hall, Bavaria, Nov. 16,1874. A German painter, brother of Peter von He . He , Karl Adolf He in rich. Born at Dresden, 1769: died at Wilhelmsdorf, near Vienna, July 3,1849. A German painter of horses and battle-scenes. He , Karl Ernst Chris toph. Born at Darmstadt, Germany, Jan. 22, 1755: died at Munich, July 25, 1828. A German engraver. Among his best works are "A Charlatan "after Dow, "Ascension of the Virgin" after Guido Rent. portraits after Rubens, and a "Holy Family" after Raphael. He , Peter von. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, July 29, 1792: died at Munich, April 4, 1871. A noted German painter of battles and genre scenes, son and pupil of Karl Ernst Chris toph He , and pupil of the Munich Academy. He served in the campaigns of 1813-15, and went to Greece in 1833 and to Ru ia in 1839 to make studies for battle pictures ordered by the czar. Among his works are "Battle sur-Aube," "Pa age of the Beres in a," "French Wagon train" (National Gallery in Berlin), "Battle of Leipsic," "Battle of Austerlitz," etc. He e (hes), G. He en (hes's en). A landgraviate of the German-Roman Empire. It lay along the Main and the middle Rhine, and extended northeastward to the Weser. The ancient inhabitants were the Chatti. The landgraves of Thu ring i a became rulers in He e in the 12th century. On the extinction of the Thu ringian line in 1247, various claimants appeared. In 1263, by the treaty of Wettin, Henry of Brabant acquired certain po e ions, and styled himself landgrave and prince of He e, making Ca el his capital. Various acquisitions were made (Gie en, Homburg, etc.). Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of He e, was one of the leaders of the Reformation. At his death in 1567 the country was divided among his four sons, and the lines of He e-Ca el, He e Darmstadt, He e-Rheinfels (extinguished 1583), and He e Marburg (extinguished 1604) were formed. See below. He e, Grand duchy of. A grand duchy and state of the German Empire. It comprises mainly two separate parts - the northern, consisting of the province of Upper He e (Oberhe en), surrounded by Pru ia; and the southern, consisting of the provinces of Starken burg (east of the Rhine) and Rhine He e (west of the Rhine), bounded by Pru ia on the west and north, and Bavaria and Baden on the east and south. There are also 11 smaller exclaves. The chief physical features are the Odenwald, the Vogelsberg, outliers of the Taunus, and the plains of the Rhine and Main. He e has considerable production of wine and flourishing manufactures. The capital is Darmstadt; the chief city Mainz. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy with a grand duke and a Landtag of 2 chambers. He e has 3 repre sentatives in the Bundesrat and 9 in the Reichstag. The religion of the majority is Protestant. The landgraviate of He e-Darmstadt was constituted in 1567. (See He e, above.) It lost to France the territories west of the Rhine in the wars of the French Revolution; ceded various territories in 1803, but was largely increased by territories from Mainz, the duchy of Westphalia, etc.; entered the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and became a grand duchy, receiving territory; joined the Allies in 1813; entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815; ceded the duchy of Westphalia to Pru ia in 1815, and made other ce ions, but received extensive territories and the towns of Mainz and Worms; and received a constitution in 1820. It sided with Austria against Pru ia in 1866, and was obliged to make contributions and cede He e-Homburg and portions of Upper He e to Pru ia, the grand duke being compelled to enter the North German Confederation for his territories north of the Main. From that time it has usually been called He e, instead of He e-Darmstadt. Area, 2,965 square miles. Population (1895), 1,031,791. He e (hes'se), Adolf Fried rich. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, Aug. 30, 1809: died there, Aug. 5, 1863. A German organist and composer for the IMG:content-0513.png:[blocks in formation] He e, Nicolas Auguste. Born at Paris, 1795: died at Paris, June 14, 1869. A French historical painter. He e-Ca el (hes'kas'el), or Electoral He e, G. He en-Ka el (hes's en-käs's el), or Kurhe en (kör'hes-sen). A former landgraviate and electorate which lay north of He e-Darmstadt. It was formed in 1567 at the division of the He ian lands; was occupied by the French in the Seven Years' War; furnished 22,000 troops for the British service against the United States; lost to France in 1795 its territory west of the Rhine; received a few acce ions and the electoral dig nity in 1803; was seized by the French in 1806; was allotted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807; had its elector restored in 1813; and received part of the principality of Fulda and other territories in 1815, and entered the Germanic Confederation. A constitution was proclaimed in 1831. A constitutional struggle between the liberals and Ha enpflug in 1850 led to the armed intervention of Aus triain aid of Ha enpflug. He e sided with Austria against Pru ia 1866, and was annexed by Pru ia 1866. The greater portion forms part of the province of He e-Na au. He e-Darmstadt (hes'därm'stät). A landgraviate of Germany, formed in 1567, now called He e. For its history, see He e , Grand duchy of. He e-Homburg (hes'hom'berg), G. Hes sen Homburg (hes's en-hom'börg). A former landgraviate of Germany. It included Homburg-vor-derHöhe (north of Frankfort-on-the-Main) and Meisenheim (between the Rhine Palatinate and Birkenfeld). It branched off from He e-Darmstadt in 1596; was made subordinate to He e-Darmstadt in 1806, and independent in 1815; received Meisenheim in 1816; and entered the Germanic Confederation in 1817. By extinction of the house in March, 1866, it reverted to He e-Darmstadt, which in Sept., 1866, ceded it to Pru ia. It now forms part of the province of He e-Na au and of the Rhine Province. Hettstädt He e-Na au (hes'nas'a), G. He en-Na au (hes's en-näs sou). A province of Pru ia, formed in 1868. Capital, Ca el. It comprises nearly all He e-Ca el, nearly all Na au, part of He eHomburg, the other ce ions made by He e in 1866, and those made by Bavaria in 1866. It is surrounded by the Pru ian provinces of Saxony, Hannover, Westphalia, and the Rhine, He e, Bavaria, Waldeck, and Saxe-Weimar; and there are also several small exclaves. It surrounds Upper He e. The surface is generally hilly, and in part mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. Agriculture and industries are flourishing. There are 2 government districts, Ca el and Wiesbaden. Area, 6,058 square miles. Population (1890), 1,664,426. He ian (hesh'an). The German dialect of old He ian territory about the upper Lahn, the Fulda, and the Eder. With Upper and Middle Franc on i an and Thu ring i an, Thu ring i an, it i forms the group specifically called Middle German. He ians (hesh'anz). The natives or inhabitants of He e in Germany. The He ians as a race are the representatives of the ancient Teutonic people the Catti (Chatti); they formed various minor states in Germany, of which the chief have been He e-Ca el (an nexed to Pru ia in 1866) and the grand duchy of He e, called He e-Darmstadt previous to 1866. He us (hes'sös), Helius Eobanus. Born at Halgehausen, He e, Jan. 6, 1488: died at Marburg, Pru ia, Oct. 4, 1540. A German poet. Among his Latin poems are versions of the Psalms and of the Iliad. Hestia (hes'ti-a). [Gr. Εστία .] In Greek mythology, the godde of the hearth, daughter of Cronos and Rhea, identified with the Roman Vesta. Hestia. An asteroid (No. 46) discovered by Pogson at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1857. Hesvan (hes'van), or Heshvan (hesh'van). [Heb.] The eighth month of the Jewish year, corresponding to the latter part of Oct. and a part of Nov. It has 29 or 30 days. Its fuller form Is Mar-heshvan , from Babylonian arah - šamna (with customary phonetic change), eighth month. Like the other names of the Hebrew months, it was borrowed from the Babylonians about the time of the exile. Hesychasts (hes'i-kasts). [Gr. ἡσυχαστής , one who leads a retired life.] A body of monks who lived on Mount Athos during the 14th century, and aimed to attain, by the practice of contemplation and asceticism, perfect serenity of mind, and hence supernatural insight and divine light, with knowledge of the Deity. Hesychius (he-sik'i-us). [Gr. ' Ησύχιος .] Put to death at the beginning of the 4th century. An Egyptian bishop, reputed reviser of the Septuagint and the New Testament. Hesychius. Lived in the 6th (or 4th?) century. A Greek grammarian of Alexandria. He compiled a Greek lexicon, edited by Albert i and Ruhnken 1746-66, and by M. Schmidt 1857-68. The most important Byzantine lexicon bears the name of Hesychius of Alexandria, who appears to have lived in the latter part of the fourth century; but has unquestionably come down to us in modified form, including many additions of a much later date. Hesychius himself was probably a pagan, and a large portion of these additions consists in Biblical glo es which must have proceeded from the pen of some Christian grammarian. The value of the work is not much enhanced by these later additions. But it is an inestimable aid to the study of the cla ical authors, especially Homer, because it embodies in a large measure the best traditions of the older grammarians of Alexandria. It was derived immediately by Hesychius from the dictionary, in five books, by Diogenianus, who lived at Heraclea, in the Pontus, in the time of Hadrian; and this, again, was an extract from the great dictionary, in ninety-five books, by Pamphilus and Zopyrion, of the school of Aristarchus. K. O. Müller , Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 384. [( Donald son .) Hesychius, surnamed "The Illustrious." Born at Miletus, Asia Minor: lived at the beginning of the 6th century. A Greek historical and biographical writer. Hetæria Philike (het-ā-rē'ä fë-lē kē'). [NGr. ἑταιρία φιλική .] A secret political society founded at Ode a in 1814 for the purpose of liberating Greece from the Turkish domination. In 1820 it chose as its leader Prince Alexander Hypsilanti, who in 1821 inaugurated the Greek war for independence. Heth (heth). A descendant of Canaan (Gen. x. 15); the ancestor of the family from whom Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah (Gen. xx.). See Hittites . Hettner (het'ner), Hermann Julius The odor. Born at Leisersdorf, near Goldberg, Pru ia, March 12, 1821: died at Dresden, May 29, 1882. A German historian of literature and art. He became profe or at Jena in 1851, and in 1855 went to Dresden as director of the royal collections of antiquities, etc. Later (1868) he became director of the Historical Museum and of the Rietschel Museum. His chief work is "Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1856-70). Hettstädt, or Hettstedt (het's tet). A town in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Wipper 35 miles south of Magdeburg. Population (1890), commune, 8,641. Heuglin Heuglin (hoig'lin), The odor von. Born at Hirschlanden, Germany, March 20, 1824: died at Stuttgart, Nov. 5, 1876. An African traveler and ornithologist. He was an able naturalist, linguist, marksman, and draftsman, and his numerous expeditions resulted in collections and published works of rare scientific value. His many-sided explorations carried him to Arabia, Aby in i a, and Kordofan (1850-55); to Bayuda, Red Sea, and Somali coasts (1856); to Mensa, Bogos, Barea, Adua, Gondar, and to Djamma, Galla-land, where he met King The odor us (1861-62); and to the land of the Dors as far as the Dembo River (1863-64). In 1858-60, and after 1864, he published 7 important works on his journeys and on African ornithology. In 1870-71 he visited Spitz bergen and Nova Zembla, on which regions he wrote 3 volumes, and in 1874 he made his last African tour along the Red Sea and among the Beni Amer. Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul. Born at Berlin, March 15, 1830. A German novelist and poet. He is the son of the philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse. He studied at Berlin and Bonn. In 1849, and again in 1852, he traveled in Italy. Since 1854 he has lived in Munich. His principal works are his "Nov ellen," 13 series of which have appeared from 1855 to 1881 under various titles. Besides these he has published "Gesammelte Nov ellen in Versen" (1863), "Syritha" (1867), "Die Madonna in Ölwald" ("The Madonna of the Olive Grove, 1879). The novels "Die Kinder der Welt" ("The Children of the World") and "In Paradies" appeared in 1873 and Heureaux (é-rō'), Uli e. Born about 1838. A general and politician of the Dominican Republic. He took an important part in the war with the Spaniards 1866; became president of the republic 1882-83, again in 1887: since has been continuously reëlected, the last time in Feb., 1893. Heusch (hesch), or Heus (hes), Jacob van. Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1657: died at Utrecht, 1701. A Dutch painter, nephew of Willem van Heusch, or Heus, Willem van. Lived in the 17th century. A Dutch landscape-painter. Heusch. Hevelius (he-vē'li-us; 3 (he-vē'li-us; G. pron. hā-fa'lē-ös), lē-ös), originally Hewel (ha'vel), or Hewelke (ha-vel'ke), Johannes. Born at Dantzic, Pru ia, Jan. 28, 1611: died at Dantzic, Jan. 28, 1687. A Polish astronomer. After having completed his studies at Leyden, he traveled in Holland, England, France, and Germany 1630-34, when he returned to his native city of Dantzic, and devoted himself to the study of astronomy. He was elected a judge in 1641, and a town councilor in 1651. Among his works are "Selenograph i a" (1647) and "Prodromus astronomiæ" (1690). Hewitt (hu'it), Abram Stevens. Born at Haver straw, N. Y., July 31, 1822. An American statesman, son-in-law of Peter Cooper. He was a Democratic member of Congre from New York 1875-79 and 1881-86, and mayor of New York 1887-88. Hewitt, John Hill. Born at New York city, July 11, 1801: died at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1890. An American author. In 1825 he settled at Baltimore, where he engaged in literary work, and was brought into rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe. His best-known work is the ballad "The Minstrel's Return from the War." Hexam (hek's am), Lizzie. One of the principal female characters in Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." She finally becomes the wife of Eugene Wrayburn. Hexapla (hek'sa-plä). [Gr. τὰ ἑξαπλᾶ , sc. Βιβλία, sixfold (Bible).] An edition of the Bible in six versions. The name is especially given to a collection of texts of the Old Testament collated by Origen. It contained in six parallel columns the Hebrew text in Hebrew characters and in Greek characters, the Septuagint with critical emendations, and versions by Symmachus, Aquila, and Theodotion. There were also fragments of several other versions. Hexapolis (hek-sap'ō-lis), Dorian. [Gr. ̔Εξάπο λις , six cities.] In ancient Greek history, a name given to a league of six Dorian cities - Lindus, Ialysus, Camirus (all in Rhodes), Halicarna us, Cnidus, and Cos. Hexateuch (hek'sa-tuk). [From Gr. ἓξ , six, and τεύχος , an implement, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament. The sixth book, Joshua, relating the final settlement of the Jews in the promised land, is a continuation of the Pent a teuch, and apparently forms with it a complete work, homogeneous in both style and purpose. Hexham (hek's am). A town in North umber land, England, situated on the Tyne 20 miles west of Newcastle-on-Tyne. It contains a priory church. Here, May 15, 1464, the Lancastrians under the Duke of Somerset were totally defeated by the Yorkists under Lord Montacute. Somerset was taken prisoner, and was beheaded after the battle. Population (1891), 5,945. Heyden (hi'den), Jan van der. Born at Gorkum, Netherlands, 1637 (1640?): died at Amsterdam, 1712. A Dutch architectural painter. Heylin, or Heylyn (hi'lin), Peter. Born at Burford, Oxfords hire, England, Nov. 29, 1600: died at London, May 8, 1662. An English church historian and controversialist. Among his works are "Cosmography" (1662). "Ecclesia Restaurata: the History of the Reformation of the Church of England" (1661), etc. Heyne (hi'ne), Christian Gottlob. Born at Chemnitz, Saxony, Sept. 25, 1729: died at Göttingen, Pru ia, July 13, 1812. A German cla ical philologist and archæologist, profe or at Göttingen 1763-1812. He published "Opuscula academic a" (1785-1812), and edited Tibullus (1755), Vergil (1767-75), Pindar (1773), the Iliad (1802), etc. Heyse (hi'ze), Johann Christian August. Born at Nordhausen, Pru ia, April 21, 1764: died at Magdeburg, Pru ia, June 27, 1829. A German grammarian, teacher succe ively at Oldenburg, Nordhausen, and Magdeburg. He publish ed "Allgemeines Fremdwörterbuch" (1804), "Deutsche Grammatik" (1814), "Deutsche Schul gramma tik" (1816), etc. 1875 respectively. He is the author of numerous dramas written various times from 1850 to 1881. An epic poem, "Thekla," was published in 1858. "Das Skizzenbuch" ("The Sketch-book"), a volume of poems, appeared in 1877; "Der Salamander" in 1879; the collection of poems "Verse aus It alien" in 1880. His collected works ("Gesammelte Schriften ") appeared, 1872-80, in 14 volumes. Heyse, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig. Born at Oldenbu enburg, Germany, Oct. 15, 1797: died at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1855. A German philologist, son of J. C. A. Heyse: profe or at the University of Berlin. He continued his father's grammatical works, and wrote "System der Sprachwi enschaft" (1856), etc. Heyst (hist). A sea-bathing resort in the province of West Flanders, Belgium, on the North Sea 9 miles north of Bruges. Heywood (ha'wud). A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, 8 miles north of Manchester. Population (1891), 23,286. Heywood, John. Born about 1500: died at Mechlin, Belgium, about 1580. A noted English epigrammatist. He was a sort of court jester, though of good social position, and amused by his powers of repartee. He was a favorite with Queen Mary, but when Elizabeth ascended the throne he retired to Mechlin, where he is supposed to have died. He wrote 3 interludes in which for the first time characters were personal and not mere abstractions, and thus paved the way for English comedy. The best-known of the interludes is the "Four P's: a merry interlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Potycary, and a Pedlar," printed between 1543 and 1547. His "Epigrams and Proverbs" (1562) show both wit and humor, and were very popular. He wrote also "The Play of Love," "The Play of the Wether," etc. Heywood, Thomas. Born in Lincoln shire, England: died about the middle of the 17th century. A noted English dramatist and miscellaneous writer. He speaks of his residence at Cambridge in his "Apology for Actors," but there is no record of him there. He was an actor, a member of the Lord Admiral's, Earl of Southampton's, Earl of Derby's, Earl of Worcester's, and the Queen's companies. After the death of the queen he went back to the Earl of Worcester's company. He was a prolific writer. Among his plays are "The Four Prentices of London, etc." (produced about 1600: printed 1615), "Edward IV." (in 2 parts), "If You Knew not Me, You Knew Nobody, etc." (1605-06: in 2 parts), "The Royal King and the Loyal Subject" (printed 1637: acted much earlier), "A Woman Killed with Kindne " (acted 1603: printed 1607), "The Fair Maid of the Exchange" (1607), "The Golden Age" (1611), "The Silver Age" (1612), "The Brazen Age" (1613), "The Iron Age" (1632:2 parts), "The Fair Maid of the West" (acted 1617: printed 1631), "The English Traveller" (printed 1633), "Love's Mistre "(1636), "The Wise Woman of Hogsden" (1638), "Fortune by Land and Sea" (with William Rowley: printed 1655), "The Late Lancashire Witches" (with Richard Brome: 1634). He wrote the lord mayor's pageants for many years. Among his miscellaneous works are translations of Sallust, and selections from Lucian, Ovid, and others; "Troia Britannica," a long heroic poem (1609); "An Apology for Actors" (1612: reprinted with alter a tions by William Cartwright in 1658, with the title "The Actors' Vindication"); "England's Elizabeth" (1631); "The Hierarchy of the Ble ed Angels," a long didactic poem (1635). Hezekiah (hez-e-ki'ä). [Heb., 'God is my strength.'] King of Judah for 29 years. The date of his acce ion to the throne is variously given as 727, 726, and 715 B. C. He restored the service of Jehovah, purged the country of the idolatry which was spread under his father Ahaz, and inaugurated a kind of revival of the theocratic spirit. He obtained a series of victories over the Philistines. Concerning his relation to As syria, accounts are found in the Old Testament as well as in the cuneiform inscriptions. Hezekiah undertook to shake off the A yrian supremacy under which Judah had groaned since Uzziah. It would seem that Shalmaneser IV. and Sargon were somehow prevented from punishing him. But Sennacherib made two invasions into Judah. The first (702) is briefly related in 2 Ki. xviii., according to which, after Sennacherib had captured all the fortified cities in Judah, Hezekiah submitted and sent to the conqueror at Lachish 300 talents of silver and 30 talents of gold. The prism inscription of Sennacherib relates more fully that he attacked Hezekiah because he kept Padi, king of Ek ron, prisoner in Jerusalem; that he took 46 fenced cities and many captives, and gave a part of his territory to the kings of Ekron, Ashdod, and Gaza; and that he besieged Jerusalem, shutting up Hezekiah in it "like a bird in a cage." Returning to Lachish, Sennacherib sent a letter through his chief general ( tartan ) and prime minister ( rab shake) to Hezekiah, demanding the surrender of the ital. The result of this invasion, as given in the biblical record, was that the A yrian army of 185,000 troops besieging Jerusalem was smitten by the angel of the Lord in the night, and were "all dead corpses." The A yrian inscriptions contain no reference to the catastrophe of the army, which is mostly explained to have been caused by a pestilence; but this omi ion is easily accounted for by national pride. The extraordinary event is corroborated by a tradition preserved in Egypt, and heard 250 years later by Hero dot us. The divergences between the biblical and the A yrian accounts concern more seriously the chronol. Hicks, Thomas ogy. According to the biblical account Hezekiah reigned 727-699; for the destruction of the kingdom of Israel in 722 is represented as taking place in his 6th year, and Sennacherib's campaign, which fell in the 14th year of Hezekiah, would have to be put in 713. But Sennacherib did not come to the throne before 705, and the date of the campaign in the inscriptions (701) is therefore preferable. Again, the illne of Hezekiah, his recovery, and the congratulatory emba y from Merodach-Baladan, to whom he showed his rich treasures, are represented in the Bible as happening after the collision with Sennacherib. But this must have occurred before the treasury was emptied to pay the heavy tribute to As syria (i. e., 704 or 703). H. H. The pseudonym (for Helen Hunt) of Helen Maria Fiske (Mrs. Hunt; afterward Mrs. Jackson). Hiawatha (hi-a-wa'tä or hi-a-wa'tha). A personage of miraculous birth, known by this name among the Iroquois, and by other names among other tribes of North American Indians. He was sent among them teach arts of peace. "In any form the tale has been known to the whites le than 50 years, and the Onondaga version first had publicity through Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in a communication to the New York 'Commercial Advertiser.' He obtained it from two Onondaga chiefs. Schoolcraft used these notes before they were included in Clark's history, and afterward appropriated the name for his Western Indian legends, where it had no proper place. About the same time, Mr. Alfred B. Street had a few original notes from other Iroquois sources, which he used in his metrical romance of 'Fron tenac, along with some from Schoolcraft. Thus, when Long fellow's 'Hiawatha' appeared, I was prepared to greet an old friend, and was surprised at being introduced to an Ojibway instead of an Iroquois leader." (W. M. Beau champ , Journal Amer. Folk-Lore, IV. 295.) Long fellow's poem "Hiawatha," published in 1855, was based on Schoolcraft. The latter's "Myth of Hiawatha" was published in 1856, and dedicated to Long fellow. Hiazus. See Yazoo . Hibbert Lectures. A foundation instituted by the trustees of Robert Hibbert, a West India merchant, who died in 1849. For many years the trustees applied the funds mainly to the higher culture of students for the Unitarian ministry, but in 1878 resolved to institute Hibbert Lectures, with a view to capable and really honest treatment of unsettled problems in theology, apart from the interest of any particular church or system. Amongst the lecturers have been Max Müller, Page Renouf, Renan, Rhys Davids, Kuenen, Beard, Réville, Pfleiderer, Rhys, Sayce, and Hatch. Chambers's En cyclopædia, V. 702. Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-ä), or Ibernia (i-bėr'ni-ä), or Ivernia (i-ver'ni-ä). [L. Hibernia , Iverna , Juverna, Ierna, Ierne; Gr. Ιουερνία, Ιουερνία, Ιέρνη: all appar. represe representing the the Old Celtic form of Erin , Ire-land. An ancient name of Ireland. Hibitos (e-bē'tōs). A tribe of Peruvian Indians on the upper Huallaga, apparently a branch of the Chunchos. From about 1676 to 1790 they were gathered into mi ion villages; later the mi ions were broken up, the Hibitos returned to a wild life, and nothing is now known of them. Also written Xibitos . Hibueros (ē-bö-ā'rōs), or Higueros (ē-gwa'rōs). The Aztec name for Central America: sometimes used by Cortés and others before 1530. Hick a thrift (hik'a-thrift), Tom. A mythical strong man. Tom Hick a thrift belongs to the same series as Jack the Giant-killer, one of the popular corruptions of old northern romances. It seems to allude to some of the insurrections in the Isle of Ely, such as that of Here ward, described in Wright's E ays, ii. 91. Spelman, however, describes a tradition, which he says was credited by the inhabitants of Tylney, in which Hickifric appears as the a ertor of the rights of their ancestors, and the means he employed on the occasion correspond with incidents in the following tale. Hall i well, Nursery Rhymes. Hickes (hiks), George. Born at Newsham, near Thirsk, Yorkshire, June 20, 1642: died Dec. 15, 1715. An English nonjuring divine, AngloS axon scholar, and controversialist. His chief works are "Institutiones Grammaticæ Anglo-Saxonice (1689), "Linguarum veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus" (1703-05). Hickok (hik'ok), Laurens Perseus. Born at Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29, 1798: died at Amherst, Ma ., May 7, 1888. An American clergyman and metaphysician. He was president of Union Col lege 1866-68. Among his works are Rational Psychology" (1848), "Moral Science" (1853), "Empirical (1854), "Rational Cosmology" (1858), "Creator and Creation (1872), and "The Logic of Reason" (1875). Hickory (hik'ō-ri), Old. A nickname given to General Andrew Jackson, from the toughne and strength of his character. Hickory Pole Canva . The presidential canva of 1828 in behalf of Jackson ("Old Hickory"). Hicks (hiks), Elias. Born at Hempstead, N. Y., March 19, 1748: died at Jericho, N. Y., Feb. 27. 1830. An American preacher of the Society of Friends, founder of the denomination of the Hick sites. He published "Observations on Slavery" (1811), "Doctrinal Epistle" (1824), etc. Hicks, George Edgar. Born at Lymington, England, 1824. An English genre-painter. Hicks, Thomas. Born at New town, Bucks County, Pa., Oct. 18, 1823: died at Trenton Falls, IMG:content-0514.png:[blocks in formation] N. Y., Oct. 8, 1890. An American painter, espe- Hietan. See Comanche. cially of portraits. Among his works are "Ed- Higden (hig'den), or Higdon (hig'don), Ranulf. win Booth as Iago," "Henry Ward Beecher,"etc. Hicks (hiks), William, Hicks Pasha. Born 1831: killed near El Obeid, Kordofan, Africa, Nov. 4, 1883. A British officer. He commanded the Egyptian army against the Mahdi in 1883, and was defeated by him Nov. 3, at Kashgil, near El Obeid. Hicks-Beach (hiks'bēch'), Sir Michael Ed- ward. Born at London, Oct. 23, 1837. An Eng- lish baronet, and Conservative politician. He was chief secretary for Ireland 1874-78; colonial secretary 1878-80; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons 1885-86; chief secretary for Ireland 1886-87; president of the board of trade 1883-92; and chancellor of the exchequer 1895-. Hick or Hycke Scorner. A morality printed by Wynkyn de Worde. Hick sites (hik'sīts). A seceding body of Friends or Quakers, followers of Elias Hicks, formed in the United States in 1827, and holding Socinian doctrines. Hicks's Hall. The se ions house of the county of Middle sex, England, built in 1612 and taken down in 1782. Hidalgo de Cisneros y Latorre (e-däl'gō dā thēs-nā'rōs ē lä-tōr'rā), Baltazar. Born at Cart a gena about 1755: died there, June 9, 1829. A Spanish general and administrator. He commanded various ships and squadrons in the wars with England and France, and was wounded at the battle of Trafal. gar. He became lieutenant-general in Nov., 1805. Арpointed viceroy of Buenos Ayres by the junta of Seville, he took po e ion of the office July 30, 1809, but was deposed by the revolution of May, 1810: June 21, 1810, he was forced to leave the country. The Spanish government exonerated him. He held various important posts: was minister of marine Sept., 1818, and director-general of the armada Dec., 1818, until deposed by the revolution of 1820. The revolutionists imprisoned him for some time. From Cart a gena. Nov., 1823, he was captain-general of the department of Hidalgo y Cost ill a (ē kōs-tēlʻyä), Miguel. Born in Guanajuato, May 8, 1753: died at Chihuahua, Aug. 1, 1811. The first leader of the Mexican war for independence. He was curate of the village of Dolores, where he proclaimed a revolt Sept. 16, 1810. The undisciplined army which he gathered marched toward Mexico and defeated Truxillo Oct. 30, 1810; but it was beaten by Calleja, and Hidalgo fell back on Guadalajara. There he raised his army to 100,000 men, but was again disastrously defeated by Calleja at the bridge of Calderon, Jan. 17, 1811. He resigned, and fled toward the United States, but was captured, tried, and shot. Hidatsa (he-dä'tsä). A division of North American Indians, comprising the Hidatsa proper and the Absaroka or Crow. The Hidatsa proper, also called Minitari, have erroneously been styled Gros Ventres. The Hidatsa proper, who number 252, are in a village on the Fort Berth old reservation, North Dakota. See Siouan . Hiddekel. See Tigris . Hidimba (hi-dim'ba) (masc.), Hidimba (hidim'bä) (fem.). In Hindu mythology, a powerful demon, a cannibal, who dwelt in the forest to which the Pandavas retired after the burning of their house. He sent his sister Hidimba to lure them to him. but she fell in love with Bhima. Bhima, refusing her advances, had to fight with Hidimba, whom he slew; but he afterward married her. Hierapolis (hi-e-rap'ō-lis). [Gr. Ιεράπολις, sacred city.] 1. An ancient city of Phrygia, Asia Minor, situated about lat. 37° 57′ N., long. 29° E.: the modern Pambuk Kale i. It was held sacred on account of its hot springs and cave "Plutonium," and was birthplace of Epictetus. Origin doubtful, but 2. An ancient city of Syria, situated in lat. 360 31' N., long. 37° 56′ E.: the Greek Bambyce (Βαμβύκη), and the modern Membidj. Hierizim (hi-er'i-zim). [Origin dou probably due to some mistake.] Riccioli's name for the star Cygni, ordinarily ordinarily known as Albireo . Hiero (hi'e-ro), or Hieron (hi'e-ron), I. [Gr. [Gr. Ιέρων .] Died at Catania, Sicily, 467 в. B.C. Tyrant of Syracuse, brother of Gelon whom he succeeded about 478 в. с. He was noted as a pa tron of literature. In 474 he defeated the Etrus cans near Cumæ. Hiero II. Born about 307 в. с.: died 216 в. с. King of Syracuse. He became general of the Syracusans 275; king 270; ally of Carthage 264; and permanent ally of Rome 263. Hierocles (hi-er'ō-klēz). [Gr. Ἱεροκλής.] A native of Caria, Roman proconsul in Bithynia, and later in Alexandria, during the reign of Diocletian: said to have incited that emperor to his persecution of the Christians. He wrote a work in Greek, now lost, entitled "Truth-loving Words to the Christians," which Christ was unfavorably compared with A poll on i us of Tyana. It was answered by Eusebius of Cæsarea. Hierocles. Lived in the 5th century A. D. An Alexandrian Neo platonic philosopher, reputed author of an extant commentary on the "Golden Verses" of Pythagoras. Hieronymus. See Jerome. Hierosolyma. See Jerusalem . Died at Chester about 1363. An English chronicler. He took the vows of a Benedictine in the Abbey of St. Werburg, in Chester, about 1299. He was the author of a general history entitled "Poly chronic on" (which see). Higginson (hig'in-son), Francis. Born in England about 1587: died at Salem, Ma ., Aug. 6, 1630. An English clergyman. He emigrated to Ma achusetts in 1629, and wrote "New England's Plan tations" (1630). Higginson, John. Born at Claybrooke, Leicestershire, England, Aug. 6, 1616: died at Salem, Ma ., Dec. 9, 1708. An American clergyman, son of Francis Higginson. Higginson, Thomas Went worth. Born at Cambridge, Ma ., Dec. 22, 1823. An American author, distinguished as an opponent of slavery. He graduated at Harvard in 1841, and was ordained retired from the ministry in 1858; and was colonel of the first colored regiment in the Civil War. He has published "Outdoor Papers" (1863), "Harvard Memorial Biographies" (1866), "Malbone: an Oldport Romance" (1869), "Army Life in a Black Regiment" (1870), "Atlantic says" (1871), "Young Folks' History of the United States" (1875), "Larger History of the United States" (1884), "Hints on Writing and Speech-making" (1887), etc. High Bridge. A bridge built in 1840 at 175th street in New York, to carry the Croton aqueduct acro the Harlem River into the city. It is 1,460 feet long, and has 13 granite arches. The arches are 116 feet high. Highflyer (hi'flier). A bay race-horse by Herod, foaled in 1774. He was the property of Richard Tattersall, founder of "Tattersall's" in London, who made £25,000 by his purchase. "Tattersall's" has always at tributed the establishment of its fortune to the succe of this horse. Highflyer is in the direct male line from the Byerly Turk, the third great family of English thoroughbred stallions. Rice . High gate (hi'gat). 1. A suburb of London, in Middle sex, 5 miles northwest of St. Paul's. It is on high land, its highest point being about 350 feet above the level of the Thames. 2. An old gate formerly standing at the south end of King street, which runs from White hall to Westminster. The gate-house was taken down in 1723. High-Heels and Low-Heels. Two parties in Lilliput, in "Gulliver's Travels" by Swift, intended to satirize the Tories and Whigs. Highland Mary. The name given to Mary Campbell and Mary Morison, sweethearts of the poet Burns. Highlands (hi'landz), The. A district in north ern and western Scotland, of vague limits. It includes the He brides, the counties of Argyll, Inverne , Ro and Cromarty, Sutherland, and Caithne , and parts of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Stirling, Dumb art on, and Bute. The inhabitants are mainly of Celtic stock. The Highlands are celebrated for romantic scenery: they contain the highest mountains in Great Britain. The Highland clans took an active part on the Royalist side in the civil wars of 1642-50, for James II. in 1689, and in the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745. Highlands of the Hudson. A range of hills and low mountains in eastern New York, in Orange, Putnam, Dutche , and Rock land counties. Prominent points are Fishkill Mountain, Storm King, Crow's Nest, Donder berg, Anthony's Nose, and West