Scholten, Jan Hendrik

Ph.D., D.D. (both Utrecht, 1835 and 1836, respectively), Dutch Protestant theologian; b. at Vleuten, near Utrecht, Aug. 17, 1811; d. at Leiden, April 10, 1885. He studied at the University of Utrecht; became pastor at Meerkerk, 1838; profe or of theology in the Athenaeum at Franeker, 1840; the same in the University of Leiden, 1843; retired in 1881. He was rector of the university in 1847, 1857, and 1877. He was the head of the critical school of Dutch theologians, and the author of the so-called "modern theology," which arose about 1858, and which rejects the supernatural; looks upon Christianity as the religion of Jesus, rather than as founded upon Jesus; and God as a transcendent entity, devoid of all anthropomorphic attributes which would limit his infinitude, but the source of all force and all life. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned his theses for his doctorates, De Demos then is eloquentim characlere, Utrecht, 1835, and De Dei erg a hominem amore, principe religion is Christian as: loco, 1836; his inaugural addre at Leiden, De Religione Christian a, suce ips a div in it a lis in animo huma no vindice, Leiden, 1843; his three rectoral addre es, De pugna theolog i am inter ac philosophiam recto ulriusque studio toll end a, 1847; De sacris Uteris, theologian nostra ozlale libere 205 excultm, fontibus, 1857; and (in Dutch), " The role of Theology in the Dutch Universities as affected by the Law of 1876," 1877. His principal works, in Dutch and Latin, are, " Principles of the Theology of the Reformed Church," Leiden, 1848-50, 2 vols., 4th ed. 1861 (French trans, by C. B. Huet in the Revue de theologie of Stra burg, German trans, by F. Nippold in the Zls. f hist. Theologie, 1865); Dogma tices Christian a; initio, 1853- 54, 2d ed. 1858; Geschiedenis der godsdienst en wijsbegeerte, 1853, 3d ed. 1863 (French trans, by A. Reville, Paris, 1861, 2d ed. 1864; German trans, by Rede penning, Elberfeld, 1868; English trans., London, 1870); "Historical and Critical Introduction to the New Test at ment," 1853, 2d ed. 1856 (German trans., Leipzig, 1856); " The Freedom of the Will," 1859 (French trans, in the Revue de the'ologie et philosophie, Lausanne, 1875); "The Causes of Contemporary Materialism," 1859 (French trans, by A. Reville in the Revue, Stra burg, 1860); " A Critical Study of the Gospel of John," 1864 (German trans, by Lang, Berlin, 1867); " The Oldest Witne es to the Writings of the New Testament," 1866 (German trans, by C. Manchot, Bremen, 1867); " Supernaturalism en rapport with the Bible, Christianity, and Protestant ism," 1867; " The Oldest Gospel: Critical Examination of the Relations of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark," 1868 (German trans, by Rede penning, Elbei'feld, 1869); " The Formula of Baptism," 1869 (German trans, by Max Gubalke, Gotha, 1885); "The Pauline Gospel: a Critical Examination of the Gospel of Luke, and its Relation to Mark, Matthew, and the Acts," 1870 (German trans, by Rede penning, Elberfeld, 1881); "The Apostle John in Asia Minor," 1871 (German trans, by B. Spiegel, Berlin, 1872); "Did the Third Evangelist write the Acts? " 1873; Afscheidsrede bij het neerleggen van het hoogleerarsambl, 1881 (his addre on retiring from his profe orship, in which he reviews his theological development); Hislorisch-critische Bijdragen naar Aanleiding van de nieuwste Hypo these aangaande Jezus en den Paulus der vier Hoofdbrieven, 1882. *