Cleft footed

Having a cleft or cloven foot. Cleft-graft, v. a. To engraft by cleaving the stock of a tree, and inserting a branch or scion. "Filberts may be cleft -grafted on the common nut."-Mortimer. Cleft'-grafting, n. ( Hort .) The operation of insert ing a scion into a cleft made in the stock of a tree. See GRAFTING. a crusade against the Saracens; D. 1191, and was suc- ceeded by Cœlestine III. CLEMENT IV., ( Guido Fulcodi ,) succeeded Urban IV. in 1265. He signed, with St. Louis of France, the "Pragmatic Sanction," which put an end to the differences existing between Rome and France. D. at Viterbo, 1268. His death was followed by a long interregnum . CLEMENT V., ( Bertrand de Got , ) succeeded Benedict XI. in 1305, and removed the residence of the popes from Rome to Avignon. He was the tool of Philip the Fair of France, and, at his desire, suppre ed the order of Knights Templars. D. 1314, and had no immediate CLEMENT VI., ( Pierre Roger ,) a native of Limous in, succeed- ed Benedict XII. in 1342. During his pontificate, Rienzi attempted to establish the republic at Rome. His learn- ing and eloquence are applauded by Petrarch. D. at Avignon, 1352. His succe or was Innocent VI. CLEMENT VII., ( Giulio de Medici ,)nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and cousin of Leo X., succeeded Adrian VI. in 1523. He entered into the "holy league" with Francis I. of France, the Italian princes, and Henry VIII. of England, against the Emperor Charles V. In the war which ensued, Rome was taken and plundered, and the pope himself was shut up in the castle of St. An- gelo. He had, consequently, to make terms with Charles. Subsequently, Henry VIII. having repudiated Catha- rine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn, Clement ex- communicated him in 1534. This occasioned a schism, and ultimately resulted in the separation of England from the Romish Church. D. 1534, and was succeeded by Paul III. CLEMENT VIII., ( Ippolito Aldobrandini ,)B. at Fano, 1536, was elected in 1592, succeeding Innocent IX. He ab- solved Henry IV. of France, upon that monarch making public profe ion of Catholicism, and was chiefly instru- mental in bringing about the peace of Vervins, in 1598. He elevated to the rank of cardinal, Bar on i us, Bellar- mine, and other distinguished men, and was a learned and sagacious pontiff. D. 1605, and was succeeded by Leo XI. CLEMENT IX., ( Giulio Rospigliosi ,) B. at Pistoia, 1600, suc- ceeded Alexander VII., 1667. During his pontificate, Candia was taken from the Venetians by the Turks. D. 1666, and was succeeded by CLEMENT X., ( Emilio Altieri ,) B. 1590. Being of great age, the government was left in the hands of Cardinal Paluzzi, a distant relative. D. 1676, and was succeeded by Inno- CLEMENT XI., ( Giovanni Francesco Albani ,) B. at Pesaro, 1649, succeeded Innocent XII., 1700. His pontificate was disturbed by the quarrels of the Jesuits and the Jansenists, and on i uing the famous bull "Unigen- it us," a schism was produced, which lasted many years, between France and Rome. D. 1721, and was succeeded by Innocent XIII. CLEMENT XII., (Lorenzo di Corsini , ) B. at Florence, 1652, succeeded Benedict XIII. in 1730, and reformed many abuses of the Church. D. 1740, and was succeeded by Benedict XIV. CLEMENT XIII., ( Carlo Rezzonico ,) B. at Venice, 1693, suc- ceeded Benedict XIV., 1758. The Jesuits having been expelled from France, Spain, Portugal, and Naples, he made great but usele efforts to reinstate them. In 1768 he lost Avignon and Ben even to. D. 1769.- There is a splendid mausoleum to him in St. Peter's, executed by Canova, who was eight years employed on it. He CLEMENT XIV., ( Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Gang anelli ,) B. at St. Arcangelo, 1705. Being of a conciliating disposition, he lived on good terms with all the European courts, and recovered Avignon and Ben even to, which had been lost under the preceding pontiff. Pre ed to decide the ques- tion of the abolition of the order of the Jesuits, he, in 1773, after temporizing for several years, i ued the bull ordaining their suppre ion. D. 1774, and was succeeded by Pius VI. Clem'ent, JACQUES, a French regicide. See HENRY III. Clem'ent, a. [Lat. clemens.] Calm; mild; placid; mild in temper and disposition; lenient; indulgent; kind; merciful; gracious; disposed to forgive, pardon, or spare; as, a clement ruler. Clement of Alexandria. See CLEMENS. Clemen'ti, MUZIO, an Italian composer, B. in Rome, 1752, spent the greater part of his life in England. He published 106 sonatas, several symphonies, overtures, ., and a large work entitled Gradus ad Parna um, on the art of pianoforte-playing. D. 1832. Clem'entine, a . Pertaining to St. Clement, or to the constitution of Clement V. according to Catholic tradition, baptized by St. Peter, Clem'ently, adv . With clemency; mercifully. and ordained bishop of Rome in 91, succeeding to Ana- Clem'ent on, in New Jersey , a village of Camden co., cletus. Among the writings which are attributed to 13 m. S.S.E. of Camden. him are, one epistle exhorting to unity (generally ad- Clem'entsburg, in Kentucky , a village of Crittenden mitted as genuine); two other epistles preserved by the Clench, v. a. See CLINCH. Cleʼobis and Bi'ton ( Myth .) Two youths, sons of Cydippe, the prieste of Juno, at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother's chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on the piety of her sons. Cydippe entreated the godde to reward them with the Cle'on, a celebrated A then i an popular leader, was the son of Cleænet us, and was by trade a tanner. He was the opponent of the measures of Pericles, on whose death he became the popular favorite. His character and de- signs have been represented in the most contradictory colors; and the controversy whether he is to be regarded as an earnest defender of popular rights, or a vulgar, factious mob-leader, is still unsettled. He is severely treated by Thucydides, and is the object of the most mercile satire of Aris toph anes. The ma acre of the Mitylenæan prisoners at Athens, in B. c. 427, was chiefly owing to his influence. Two years afterwards he gained great distinction by his capture of the Spartans in the island of Sphacteria, opposite to the fort of Pylos. In 422 he commanded an expedition against Brasidas in Thrace, and was defeated and killed in the battle before Am- phipolis. Cleo'na, in Iowa , a township of Scott co. Cle'opas, one of the two disciples who were going to Emmaus on the day of the resurrection, when Jesus himself drew near and talked with them, (Luke xxiv. 18.) It is a question whether C. is to be considered as identical with Cleophas or Alphœus in John xix. 25. - See ALPHEUS. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia PAO CANEWTEPA Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. She was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, at his death, left his crown to her and her younger brother, Ptolemy: but being mi- nors, they were placed under the guardianship of Poth- in us and Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share of the govern- ment. Cæsar, however, who had met her at Alexandria, being struck with her youth- ful charms, -she was then about 17, - took up her cause and pro- claimed her queen of Egypt; and for some time Cleopatra made the conqueror the bond- slave of her beauty. She followed him to Rome, and was there at the time of his mur- der. After Cæsar's death Fig . 618.- CLEOPATRA. (Bronze coin. Cabinet of Medals, Paris.) she captivated the triumvir, Mark Antony; who, after marrying Octavia, left her for the sake of Cleopatra. The latter was with Antony at the fatal battle of Actium, and failing to fascinate August us, and determined not to be his prisoner, she put an end to her existence by applying an asp to her arm, the bite of which caused her immediate death, B. c. 30, aged 39. Cleopatra had a son by Cæsar, and several children by Antony. Cleopatra's Needle. See ALEXANDRIA. Cleostra'tus, an eminent Greek astronomer and mathematician, a native of Tenedos. He first arranged the signs of the zodiac, and corrected the error in the length of the Grecian year, by introducing the period termed Octaeteris . He flourished in the 6th century в. с. Clepe, v . a. [A. S. clipian, to call.] To name, call, or designate. (0) "Ere I could make thee clepe thyself my love."-Shaks. -v. i. To cry out in an appealing manner. "Cleping for vengeance of this treachery."-Mirror for Magistrates. Clep's ydra, n. [Lat., from Gr. klepsydra - klepto , to steal, and hydor, water.] A water-clock; a time-piece used by the ancients, which measured time by the dis- charge of a certain quantity of water, which stole gradu. ally and insensibly away through an orifice of a deter- minate magnitude. Clepsydras were first brought into use in Egypt under the reigns of the Ptolemies, and seem to have been common in Rome, though they were em- ployed chiefly in winter; in summer, sun-dials were used. Though clepsydras are attended with several in- conveniences, the principal of which is the unequal rapidity of the flow caused either by a variation in the best gift that could be granted to mortals. When Cy-depth of the water in the containing ve el, or of tem- dippe came forth from the temple, she found her sons "asleep for ever" in each other's arms. Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of the Isle of Rhodes, and lived in the 6th cen- tury в. с. perature, or barometric pre ure, they are neverthele susceptible of considerable accuracy; and before the invention of clocks and watches, astronomers could depend only on clepsydras for measuring small portions of time. At present they are abandoned, becau The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0222.png:[graphic][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia pendulum clocks and watches are much more convenient, as well as infinitely more exact. In one case, however, it has been proposed to revive their use; namely, for the accurate measurement of very short intervals of time by the flowing of mercury from a small orifice in the bottom of a ve el kept constantly filled to a fixed height. The stream is intercepted at the moment of noting any event, and diverted aside into a receiver, into which it continues to run till the moment of noting any other event, when the intercepting cause is suddenly removed. The stream then flows in its original course, and ceases to run into the receiver. The weight of mercury received, compared with the weight of that which pa es through the orifice in a given time, observed by the clock, gives the interval between the events. A form of water-clock has also recently been devised for communicating the nece ary motion to telescopes equatorially mounted. Clerc. See LECLERC. Clere'-story, Clear'-story. ( Arch .) An upper story, or row of windows in a Gothic church, rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building. Clergy, ( klérje ,) n. pl. [Fr. clergé ; Lat. cleric us, clerus; Gr. klerikos , from klēros , a lot, portion, inheritance, from the manner in which Matthias was elected by lot to the apostleship.] The body or order of men chosen or set apart to the service of God, in the Christian Church; in contradistinction to the lay worshippers, or laity. This use of the term is very ancient, and appears to have gradually become prevalent, as the ministers of religion more and more exclusively, instead of the members of the Christian Church equally, began to be regarded as God's "heritage" and "priesthood" (1 Pet . ii. 9, and v. 3), consecrated to him, and peculiarly his. The distinction between the C. and the laity became more marked through the multiplication of offices and titles among the C., the ascription to them of a place in the Christian Church similar to that of the priests and Levites in the Jewish Church, with peculiar rights and privileges; the growth of monastic institutions, and the introduction of celibacy. In harmony with the notions on which this distinction is founded, is that of an indelible character derived from ordination, so that a renunciation of the clerical office is either viewed as an impo ibility, or a sort of apostasy. These notions in their highest degree belong to the Roman Catholic Church. In the Protestant churches, the distinction between C. and laity is much le wide; and although the same terms are often used, it is rather conventionally than in their full signification. Among the privileges accorded to the C. by the Roman emperors, and in the Middle Ages, was exemption from civil offices; among the rights a erted by them, and which caused much dispute, was exemption from lay-jurisdiction, even in cases of felony. The term Secular C. is the designation of priests of the Roman Catholic Church who are not of any religious order, but have the care of parishes. Monks who are in holy orders are designated Regular C.