SALMON FAMILY

(salmon, trout, etc.—Salmon ide), a family of bony fishes, interesting and valuable on count of the sport and food afforded its members. The body is long covered with scales, but the head naked and has no barbel. Most characteristic is the second dorsal fin, which is small, fleshy, and without rays. Apart from a few Antarctic and New Zealand forms, all are found in rivers and of N. temperate and Arctic regions. most important is the hook-jawed, pink Spring | sometimes 60 Ib., which dwells and grows graduat-|in the sea, but regularly visits rivers of] for spawning. There are many varieties, | such as the sea trout and the bull trout, | sewin or peal, sometime s regarded as of | distinct species. The pale-green and silof very smelt or sparling (Osmerus eperUnilanus) lives, like the salmon, in the sea, ascending rivers only to spawn. It glacial | reaches a length of 12 in., and is closely of] related to the capelin (Mallotu s villosus) 1891-| and the candle-fish or eulachon (Thaletchthys pactficus), two of the most important food fishes on the coasts of | Arctic America. Other well-kno wn Sallieut.- monoids are the char and the grayling. | Salmon fishing is an import an t industry, | especiall y in Alaska, Lan docked salmon Lo see au a ae tie of Upon ILY. of was se le , almost tastele , slightly aromati c ne substanc e, obtained by the action of phenol on salicylic acid; employed in med. externally as an anti <7 septic, and internally as a mouth wash, and as an intestinal and urinary disinfectant. B cae weed a 5° 10’ E.), town oil, soap. Pop. (commu ne) 14,100. in of LOND oe SE a Oeeee 56’ B), on gulf of same name, 12 m. E.N.E. of outh of Vardar R.; notable for its led antiquities, including Roman triumphal from | arch and old church of St. | overlooked by anc. citadel; cotton and for woolen mills, soap works, etc.; harbor safe and room brewer ies,. writ5 B.C.; y;, founded Turks. — Chief MIeeting-place Sauof the Young Turk party, whose Committee of Union and Progre directed Pro revolution of 1908. Captured by Greeks durac-| Ji by and is Allied Venizelos intended that the Gr. seas| army should join the Allies at Salonica, and The] began to mobilize; but the intervention | of Const an tine long postponed Gr. cooperation. General Sarrail arrived on Oct. 12 to take command of Fr. 2nd Division, which had been brought from Gallipoli. Before the Brit. 10th Division from Suvla was ready to move, French advanced by single-line railway running up Vardar to Veles, in the hope of joining hands with retreating Serbians near Uskub. Positions were seized for advance on Babuna Pa , crest. of which was held by Serbians. French pushed forward to 12 m. of the Serbian position, against which Bulgars were throwing 125,000 men, but could advance no further. When Serbians retreated from Babuna Pa , immediate nece ity for Fr. advance had disappeared, and position was growing hourly more dangerous. Consequently, the French, together with Brit. 10th Division and two regiments, under Sir Bryan Mahon—in ali, 13,000 men, which had extended line to Lake Doiran, had to fall back on Salonica. On Dec. 4 Bulgars attacked in overwhelming numbers, and though a determined resistance was made, Allies were forced to retire to their second line, where they repulsed another determined attack. Allies now decided to construct a great entrenched camp covering the ‘port. For nearly a whole year they marked time in this camp, fearful of Const an tine’s treachery; but when Rumania declared war a forward move was arranged in accordance with the treaty. Not until March 1917 were the roads sufficiently dry to permit of an advance. At this time the Salonica army was in the highest state of efficiency. Reinforcements had arrived and new roads had been made. On March 11 the French attacked between Lakes Prespa and Ochrida, in the hope of capturing Resne, but no great headway was made. On April 25 the British attacked ‘Pip Ridge,’ on the Doiran front, after two days’ bombardment; but here, too, the attack was unsucce ful, as also Was a second attempt on May 8. At the close of the spring campaigning season the troops on both sides were withdrawn to the hills, leaving only a series of bridgeheads. During the spring and summer of 1917 the Allies were in constant apprehension of attacks by Const an tine’s adherents. By June 17 it was clear that the Allies would soon have the a istance of a Gr. army. Between June and the close of the year there was no forward movement on the Allied front. A state of deadlock had set in; neither side could pierce the defenses of the other. On Aug. 18a great fire broke out in Salonica, it destroyed the commercial quarter and rendered 70,000 persons homele . to the last week of May 1918 there Up was no movement of any consequence im the Balkans. The Gr. army was rapidly becoming efficient, and on May 30 it cooperated with the French in an attack upon very strong enemy positions on the Skra di Legen, a few miles W. of the Vardar, near the Serbian border. An advance of 114 m. on a front of 7144 m. was made, counter-attacks were beaten off, and over 1,500 prisoners were taken. Early in June there was fighting in Albania, where for two years the Italians had maintained a force, based on Valona. In Sept. 1918 the Allied line ran from the mouth of the Voyusa R. to Lake Presba, thence N. of Monastir, acro the bend of the Cerna, and due E. past Lake Doiran to the Struma, which it followed in a S8.E. direction to the Augean Sea. On the extreme right Gr. troops were watching the cro ing-places of the river and the defiles through the eastern end of the Belashitza Mts. The two Serbian armies were astride of the Cerna, and covered the approaches to Monastir up to the N. of Lake Presba. These Serbian armies had been reinforced by a Jugo-Slav division of volunteers from the oppre ed provinces of Austria-Hungary. West of Lake Presba the Albanian front was held by two Fr. divisions, which linked up with the Italians holding the lines N. of the Voyusa R. down to the sea. Facing the Greeks and the Brit. army up to the Vardar was the Ist Bulgar Army, and W. of that river the 2nd Bulgar Army, extending the line to Lake Preshba, and including what was known as the 11th Ger. Army. 'The Albanian front was entrusted to the Austrians. Sarrail had been succeeded by General Guillaumat towards the close of 1917, and he in turn gave place to Franchet d’Hsperey, who was soon to repeat his succe at the first battle of the Marne. He a umed command on June 8. In the first week of Sept. the 27th Brit. Division made a feint attack in the Vardar valley, and on the 14th an intense bombardment was directed against the sector from Kay mak chalan to the N.H., including the stretch of front against which the main thrust was to be made. On Sept. 15 an attack was launched on the seven-mile mountain sector between Mt. Sokal and Mt. Vetrenik, a thin fringe of jagged hills in advance of the Cerna bend. The Serbs, attacking from the Vetrenik ridge, which had been captured in April, scaled the precipitous heights on the Cerna bank which had twice foiled them, and carried the Bulgar first line in spite of manifold difficulties. Next day Mt. Sokal was stormed by the French, the Serbs advanced to a depth of some 5 m. into the Bulgar position, the Jugo-Slavs seized the commanding height of Mt. Kozyak, and in two days’ fighting over 4,000 prisoners and 30 guns fell to the Allies. The advance was continued without a pause, and by the evening of the 17th a wedge at some points 20 m. from the original position and 25 m. from flank to flank had been thrust into the enemy’s front, threatening a speedy separation of the two Bulgar armies. On this day, the 18th, General Milne began his attack between the Vardar and Lake Doiran. The ‘Pip Ridge’ which had resisted capture in April and May 1917, again proved too hard a nut to crack. Meanwhile the Serbs were acro the Vardar and_in the rear of the Bulgar positions. On the 2ist the Fr. were in Prilep, and on this day the enemy troops in front of the British and Grecks fell back and were closely pursued. The railway junction at Grodosko, defended by Germans hurriedly thrown into the fight, was captured on the 23rd, at which time Milne’s troops were cro ing the Belashitza range, and the whole Allied line as far as Monastir was advancing. The lith Ger. Army was now being shepherded W., and was fast losing teuch With the Hastern armies. The situation had become almost hopele . Ferdinand, who had retired a month previously to a watering-place, frantically begged, but in vain, for reinforcements from Berlin and Vienna. Meanwhile Sofia was on the verge of revolution. In the course of a single week Franchet d’Esperey had driven so deep a wedge between the Cerna and the Vardar that the two Bulgarian armies were severed and forced to retreat upon divergent lines. The ist Army retired acro ths Bulgarian border, through Strumnitza and the defiles of the Belashitza Mts.; while the 2nd Army, cut off from Uskub, was forced to retreat into Albania. In both cases the armies broke up into fragments, and before long the retreat was a rout. Franchet d’Esperey gave them no chance to rally. On the 26th Milne was in Strumnitza, on Bulgarian soil, and_three days later the great objective, Uskub, was reached. On the 25th General To rod off requested an armistice for forty-eight hours, during which a surrender might be arranged. Delegates arrived in Salonica on the 28th and two days later the terms of an abject surrender were signed. Bulgaria was to evacuate all Grecian and Serbian territories, to demobilize immediately, to hand over to the Allies all her means of transport, to make no hindrance to the pa age of the Allied troops through her territory or to the occupation, if nece ary, of strategic points. Ferdinand abdicated on Oct. 4, and the Crown Prince Boris began his reign. The Allies advanced with great rapidity through Serbia, and after a vigorous engagement on the i2th occupied Nish, thus cutting the Berlin-Constantinople Ry. A week later the Allies were on the shores of the Danube. if The dramatic collapse of Bulgaria was the beginning of the end. One day after the signature of the surrender at Salonica the Turks in Palestine begged for an armistice, and four days later Austria was out of the war.