Hankypanky

Jugglery; trickery. (Equivalent to hocus - pocus.) Han'nay, JAMES, critic and novelist; born at Dumfries, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1827; entered the navy and was dismi ed at eighteen by a court-martial sentence, afterward quashed as irregular. He early gave his attention to the study of genealogy, heraldry, the cla ics, and the literature of the eighteenth century; edited the Edinburgh Courant for some years; was subsequently British consul at Barcelona. He published novels, lectures, and e ays; they include: Singleton Fontenoy; Eustace Conyers; Lectures on Satire and Satirists; E ays from the Quarterly Review, . Died Jan. 3, 1873. Hansford, in Texas, a N.W. co., area, 910 sq. m. Drained by small creeks. Cap. Hansford. Pop. (1890) 133. Han's on, in South Dakota , a S.E. co.; area , 435 sq. m.; intersected by Dakota river. Surface , undulating prairie; soil, fertile. Cap . Alexandria. Pop . (1895) 4,606. Hara-Kar'i, n. Self-disembowelment; a form of judicial suicide permitted in Japan in the case of nobles and army officers as an escape from the disgrace of ordinary execution. This method of suicide had long been practiced in Japan by members of the military cla in case of dishonor, but for several centuries has been a recognized mode of capital punishment, and as such has become surrounded with elaborate ceremonies. It is said, however, that within the past 200 years actual suicide rarely takes place, a friend or kinsman of the condemned person being present prepared to strike off his head with a sword-blow at the moment he is about to plunge the dirk into his bowels. The execution takes place in the palace or garden of a daimio, and in the presence of official witne es whose duty it is to see that it is duly performed and to identify the head after decapitation. Harbor Springs, in Michigan , a post-village, cap. of Emmet co., on G. R. and I. R. R., 8 miles N.W. of Petoskey; a summer resort, on Little Traverse Bay; has lumber mills, tooth-pick and other factories, shipments of lumber, farm produce, and fish. Pop . (1894) 923. Harbors, Artificial. (Engineering.) Natural harbors are those found in the depre ions of an irregular coast line, where nature has provided water of a depth, area, anchorage, facility of entrance, and protection from winds and waves suitable for the shelter and safety of ve els. Artificial harbors are those in which man has a isted nature by the aid of breakwaters and dock walls and the use of the dredge. Most of these lie near the mouths of rivers or inlets, where the tidal flow serves as an aid to the entrance of ships. Where the range of the tides is great (from 20 to 40 feet in various instances) ve els of deep draught can pa in and out at high tide, while wet docks are provided for their reception at low tide. Such is the case at Liverpool, London, Cardiff, Boulogne, Calais, Havre, and other European ports. (See Docks.) But usually the a istance to nature consists in works designed to produce a deep water channel over the "outer bar," such an obstruction being an inevitable and characteristic fea Fig . 2919.-CROSS SECTION OF A JETTY. ture of all alluvial coasts. This effect cannot be produced in any one manner, conditions differing so widely that nearly every instance calls for some special treatment; and millions of dollars are often spent ineffectively through a misunderstanding of the conditions of nature. The state of affairs to be dealt with differs in almost every instance, there being often wide divergences in tidal and inland conditions. Thus, the tidal range may be large and the inner reservoir large, or in other cases small, with little fresh water drainage. Again, there may be little tidal fluctuation and a large interior bay, with little river water (as at Galveston). There may, again, be a strong river flow, no water basin, and feeble water tides (as in the case of the Mi i ippi), or the same conditions with no tides (as at the mouth of the Danube and the Volga). In selecting a plan of treatment, the engineer must take all the existing conditions into account, and choose that which seems to give the best hope of succe with the constant depre ing consideration that the unstable waters may refuse to work as he designs and set at naught his best-laid plans. As a general rule two jetties are employed for the purpose of concentrating the force of the flow during ebb tide upon a limited section of the bar, and thus causing the water to scour a channel through it. Many instances of this kind might be cited in which a degree of succe has been attained; but an examination of these instances shows that the function of the jetties is mainly to protect the channel by arresting the littoral drift, while dredging must often come into play to maintain the desired depth. An advance of the jetties also becomes requisite as deposits of sand build the shore outward, the bar being thus pushed bodily seaward without increasing its depth. The succe ful application of the jetty system by Captain Eads to the improvement of the South Pa of the Mi i ippi is too well-known to need description. It will suffice to say that he secured a depth of channel of over thirty feet. Here there was little tidal action to Fig . 2920. JETTIES FOR DEEPENING A CHANNEL deal with. There was none at the mouth of the Danube, where a similar succe has been attained. From the Sulina branch of this river piers or jetties were carried out from points on the shore 2,500 feet apart, the piers being respectively 5,850 and 4,310 feet long, and converging outwardly to a parallel section 600 feet apart. When this work was begun, in 1856, the depth of channel varied from 7 to 11 feet, with the hulls and masts of wrecks to guide the mariner to the deepest water. When it ended, in 1872, an effective depth of 20 feet was gained, and this has since been maintained. Another instance of jetty construction in tidele waters is that of the harbor of Libau, Ru ia, on the Baltic sea, where parallel jetties were built 350 feet apart and the channel dredged to 20 feet. It shoaled to 13 feet. The jetties were then extended and the channel again dredged, but still with unsatisfactory results. It was finally decided in 1887 to construct an outer harbor, as at Boulogne, Madras, and many other places, by building two curved moles or breakwaters each over a mile in length. Another interesting work of this character was that performed for the purpose of giving Rotter dam navigable communication with the sea. There the waters of the Rhine, Scheldt and Meuse combine and discharge into the North Sea, producing a bar at their mouth. The method of proceeding finally adopted was to cut a new channel for the Neiuwe Maas, one of the channels, through the bounding peninsula known as Hook of Holland, and to prolong it into deep water by diverging piers or jetties. These jetties, composed of fascine work with stone, extend into the North Sea with a total length of 2,800 meters. Though in a measure succe ful, constant dredging is required to maintain the desired depth of channel. In certain instances, as those at Bilboa, Spain, the mouth of the Columbia river, Oregon, ., important results have been gained by the construction of a single jetty, so built as to obstruct the littoral drift. AMERICAN JETTIES.-Interesting examples of jetty construction in American waters may be here given. The most extensive operation of this kind is that undertaken at Galveston, Texas, where two convergent jetties of rip-rap construction, on mattre foundation, are being extended acro the outer bar, their total length to be over 10 miles and their external opening 7,000 feet. As yet the bar has advanced as rapidly as the jetty, and the ultimate result of this effort is problematical. A similar effort to improve the channel leading to Charleston harbor has been made, as yet with little succe . At Sabine Pa , Texas, two parallel jetties, half a mile apart, have caused a scour through soft mud to a depth of 10 feet. Other American examples might be adduced, as fast as constructed. This proved to be a cheap and rapid method, and these jetties, 600 feet apart, have yielded 18% feet of water. IMG:content-0673.png:[blocks in formation] gale; Rock land, 33 feet deep near the city; French man's Bay, which is deep and easily acce ible; Penobscot Bay, which extends inwards 28 miles; Bangor, with 6 to 14 fathoms up to the town of Bucks port; Linekin's Bay, with a least depth of 30 feet, but used only as a harbor of refuge; Wisca et, one of the best harbors in the country; Bath, carrying 5 fathoms for 12 miles up the Kennebec river; Casco Bay, 18 miles long and 12 wide, with numerous islands; Portland, which carries 16 feet up to the wharves; Richmond Island Harbor, an excellent harbor of refuge; and Winter Harbor, 54 miles below Saco. Portsmouth Harbor, N. H., formed by the lower reaches of the Piscataqua river, carries 6 fathoms up to the city, and is the site of an important naval station-the Portsmouth Navy Yard. New bury port Harbor is obstructed by a bar with only 6 feet of water-which is being widened. Rock port Harbor, with 8 fathoms in the inner and 11 in the outer roads, is the best harbor of refuge on the northern shore of Cape Ann. Ma achusetts Bay, with its width of 38 miles between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, has the five important harbors of Boston, Salem, Gloucester, Plymouth and Province town. Of these, that of Boston has 21 feet through the main channel at any tide, with 94 feet mean rise and fall of tide. The harbor of Province town is one of the finest on the coast, it having good holding ground, plenty of water and (usually) freedom from ice, while easy of acce . Sandwich Harbor, in the southwest part of Cape Cod Bay, is difficult to enter, but is of interest as the entrance to the projected canal from Cape Cod Bay to Buzzard's Bay. On Vineyard Sound are three good harbors: Wood's Hole, Edgar town and Vineyard Haven. Buzzard's Bay, 20 miles long, has deep water throughout, its entrance showing a depth of from 9 to 12 fathoms in mid-channel. Its most important harbor is that of New Bedford, whose inner portion, 16 feet deep, is entered through a narrow and crooked channel. The outer harbor is an open roadstead with 27 feet. The outer harbor of Newport has a depth sufficient for the largest ships. The inner harbor has 19 feet of depth. Block Island Basin is an artificial harbor formed by the government for the shelter of small ve els. Good anchorage can be had up to Bristol and Providence. Long Island Sound presents the harbors of New London and New Haven, with various smaller shelters. That of New London, formed by the lower course of the Thames, is 3 miles long and 30 feet deep, forming one of the finest harbors in the country. The noble harbor of New York, formed by the junction of the East and Hudson rivers, is of world-wide fame. Its main entrance is through the narrows, between Staten and Long Islands, at whose mouth, 7 or 8 miles below the Upper Bay, lies lower New York Bay, which is sufficient in capacity to hold all the fleets of the world. There are no harbors of other than minor importance on the New Jersey coast. The Delaware Breakwater gives a depth of 4 to 5 fathoms within the mouth of Delaware Bay, forming a harbor whose capacity will be greatly increased by the new breakwater now under contract, while the dredging of the Delaware river promises a channel of between 4 and 5 fathoms to the wharves of Philadelphia. On the Virginia coast, Hampton Roads offers a rendezvous for a fleet, with plenty of water for ve els of any size, from the entrance of Chesapeake Bay to within a short distance of Fortre Monroe. Newport News has 25 feet of water, and 21 feet can be carried, through a narrow channel, to Norfolk. Southward, the next harbor of importance is that of Fort Macon, where there is good anchorage in 18 to 30 feet of water. The shipping towns of Wilmington and Newberne, N. C., have but 7 or 8 feet depth of water. George town, S. C., a shipping town, has but 71⁄2 feet over the bar, but Charleston has 14 feet on the bar and 21 feet in the channel inside. Port Royal has a fine harbor, with 21 feet over the bar, while Savannah, Ga., has 17 feet over the bar, and 9 feet inside to the city. Brunswick, Ga., has one of the best harbors on the coast, from 1 to 5 miles wide and 20 miles in depth, with a deep, wide channel of approach. The depth over the bar is 17 feet. On the Florida coast the harbors are those of St. Mary's, Fern and in a, Jacksonville, and St. Augustine, none of them with more than 11 feet of water over the bar. GULF COAST. The harbor of Key West has several channels of entrance, of which the Main Ship Channel has 23 feet of water and the S. W. Channel 30 feet. Within there is good anchorage for the largest ve els. The Dry Tortugas, a group of islets at the S. W. extremity of the Florida reefs, form a deep and wide harbor, offering excellent anchorage. Tampa Bay is an estuary 6 to 10 miles wide, 22 miles deep, with anchorage in 4 to 5 fathoms. Appal a chi cola has a depth of 15 feet over the bar, though there is only 4 feet at the town.. Just north of Cape San Blas lies St. Joseph's Bay, a large, deep and commodious harbor, easy of acce , offering excellent anchorage, and capable of being entered in a gale. The entrance is a mile wide, with 19 feet of water. St. Andrew's Bay, with 13 feet, and Pensacola Bay, with 19 feet, follow, and are succeeded by Mobile Bay, an estuary 30 miles long, with Bon Secours Bay, 10 miles long and 10 wide, just within its entrance; 18 feet can be carried through a dredged channel to the city of Mobile. New Orleans has a channel 26 feet deep leading between Captain Eads's famous jetties in the South Pa , but with le depth in the other pa es. West of the mouth of the Mi i ippi lies Barataria Bay, an extensive body of water, once the harboring place of pirates. Further west are Tainbalier and Atchafalaya bays, with no great depths of water, IMG:content-0674.png:[graphic] IMG:content-0675.png:[graphic]