CESAR, GAIUS JULIUS

(102-44 B.C.), Rom. general and dictator; bound to democrats by family ties, although of patrician blood, he distinguished himself in army in East and in third Mithradatic War. Identifying himself with democrats, he became curule edile 65 B.C., pontifex maximus, 63, preetor, 62 B.C. In 60 B.C. he persuaded Pompey and Cra us to support him (‘First Triumvirate’) against the oligarchy in his Consulate 59 B.C. He care ried an Agrarian Law and secured governorship of Gaul for five years. By 51 B.C. he had reduced Gaul to a tribute paying province. In 56 B.C. his command in Gaul, which should have expired March 1, 54 B.C., was renewed till 49 B.C. After Cra us’ death, 53 B.C., Pompey drifted apart from C. He pa ed a law made it po ible to call C. to account for unconstitutional acts. The quarrel between C. and Pompey subsequently ended in Pompey’s defeat 48 B.C. Haying defeated at Ziela 47 B.C., C. returned to Italy. His victory of Thapsus 46 B.C., was death-knell of Pompeian cause. In July he received the dictatorship for ten years. Next year he crushed a rising in Spain, and then returned to Rome and undertook reorganization of Roman state. His measures were moderate and practical. He revived the Gracchan designs of transmarine colonization, extended local self-government, encouraged agriculture, and reformed provincial administration, but his government gradually tended towards undisguised absolutism, and he was a a inated March 15, 44 B.C. A brilliant and original soldier, a forceful administrator and great statesman, C. founded the new monarchy at Rome. His a a ination could not prevent the Empire.—See Rome (Ancient History). 20’ E.), ancient city, Cappadocia, Asia Minor; modern Kaisarieh. 34° 50’ E.), seaport, Palestine; founded by Herod I., 13 B.C.; now ruins. (32° 12’ N., 35°42’ E.), town, on Jordan, foot of Mount Hermon, Palestine; now Banias. CH:SAREAN SECTION, the opera-| tion for removal of a foot us from womb by means of abdominal section, so called from a story of its being practiced at the birth of Julius Cesar. = WO)» putative son by Cleopatra; put to death by August us.