Freezing

( Chem.) The solidification or congelation of water or atmospheric vapor by cold. Water begins to freeze when the temperature of the atmosphere is 32° Fahr., at which point ice begins to appear, and continues to be formed, unle some circumstance, such as the disturbance of the water, interferes. As the cold increases, other liquids, which are able to resist the temperature at which water congeals, begin to freeze, and pa into the solid form. During spring and the early months of summer, much harm is done to vegetation by frost; and during severe frosts almost all vegetables fall into a state of decay, and even a moderate frost is able to destroy tender plants. When there has been much rain, and when the plants are saturated with moisture, the occurrence of a frost is very disastrous; for as the water contained in the leaves begins to freeze, it expands, rupturing the vegetable fibres and destroying the plant. Fruits are destroyed by frost in a similar manner. When the morning dew freezes, it is called hoar-frost, or white-frost, and appears generally in spring and autumn. As the air begins to be warmed by the rising sun, the evaporation from the leaves of gra , plants, and shrubs, is accelerated, and the cold increased; hence the moisture which was only dew before the dawn, is often converted into hoar-frost shortly after sunrise. The disastrous effects of frost upon vegetation can only be averted in a very limited manner. That which will protect a plant from dew will protect it from frost; hence a covering of network or thin gauze will protect tender plants or the blo oms of wall-fruit. The most efficient mode, however, is to shield the plant from the clear sky, and thus prevent the radiation which must otherwise take place. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia times it is made to depend upon time. In the former case it is either fixed at a certain sum for the whole cargo, or at so much per ton, barrel, bulk, or other weight or measure, or so much per cent. on the value of the cargo. The time and manner of paying the freight are frequently regulated by expre stipulations in the charter-party or other written contract. The master is entitled to detain the goods until the freight has been paid; but the master cannot retain the cargo on board till such payment, as the merchant would in that case have no opportunity of examining the condition of the goods. No right of lien for freight exists unle the freight be earned; but if a freighter or a stranger pre- vent the freight from becoming due, the owner or master has a remedy by action of damages. When goods are deteriorated during a voyage by fault of the master or mariners, the owner is entitled to compensation; but if from natural causes or perils of the sea, the owner must bear the lo and pay the freight. The merchant, however, cannot set off his claim for damage against the amount of the freight, which must first be paid; and the merchant may then substantiate his claim to compensation for the damage. If a portion of the cargo be thrown overboard for the nece ary preservation of the ship, and the rest reach its destination, the owner is bound to answer to the merchant, by way of general average, for the value of that which was lost, as the freight is to be paid to the owner. Legally, no freight is due until the voyage is completed, which, however, may be overruled by expre stipulation. If a merchant covenant to freight a whole or a certain portion of a ship, he is bound to pay the sum stipulated for, though his goods do not occupy the entire space. Where the freight is to be paid for the voyage, the owner takes upon himself the risk of its being long or short, whereby the risk as to time falls upon the merchant. As regards living animals, if the ship be freighted for transporting them at so much a head, freight is only due for such as are delivered alive; but if for lading them, it is due for all that were put on board. Where there is no expre agree- ment, the law holds that freight is due for the dead as well as the living. See AVERAGE; JETTISON, . Freight, v . a . To load with goods, as a ship or ve el of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another. Freight'age, n. Money paid for freight. Freight'er, n. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship. Freight'ing, p . a. Loading or carrying, as a ship or ve el. received a commi ion as 2d lieutenant in the corps of topographical engineers. Shortly afterward, he proposed to the government to undertake the exploration of the Rocky Mountains-at that day a terra incognita . His plan being approved, he, in 1842, started with a handful of picked men, and reached and explored the South Pa . Not only did he fix the locality of that great defile through which you sands have since found their way to California, but he defined the astronomy, geography, botany, geology, and meteorology of that region, de scribed the route since followed, and designated the points upon which a line of U. S. forts were subsequently erected. In 1845, after receiving a step in military rank, F. cleared the N. part of California of Mexican troops, and then, seeking a broader field of activity, planned an expedition to the distant territory of Oregon. He approached the Rocky Mountains by a new line, scaled the summits S. of the South Pa , deflected to the Great Salt Lake, pushed investigations right and left his entire course, and at the same time connected his survey with that of Com. Wilkes' exploring expedition. Later in the winter, without resources, adequate supplies, or so much as a guide, he traversed the wilderne to the Rocky Mountains. In this daring expedition he cro ed 3,500 m. of country in sight of eternal snows, discover- ing the grand features of Alta California, its great basin, the Sierra Nevada, the valleys of San Joaquin and Sac- ramen to, and determined the geographical position of the W. portion of the N. American continent. In 1846 F. was promoted to the rank of lieut.-col., and also mil- itary commandant and civil governor of the Territory of California, in which capacity he, in 1847, concluded those articles of capitulation by which Mexico conceded exclusive po e ion of that territory to the U. States. In the same year F. purchased in California the valuable Mariposa estate, upon which he settled in 1849. In 1853 Col. F. undertook a fifth expedition acro the continent, made new discoveries, and reached California after en- during almost incredible hardships. In 1856 he was an unsucce ful candidate for the presidency in opposition to Mr. Buchanan; and in 1861, on the outbreak of the Civil War, was appointed a major-general in the national army. He then, as commander of the Western Union army, marched into Mi ouri with the view of encoun- tering Gen. Price's Confederate force then in po e ion of that State, but an unfortunate dispute with a sub or dinate officer caused the War Department to relieve him of his command. In 1863 Gen. F. was nominated for the Presidency by the Cleveland Convention, which can didature was, however, ultimately withdrawn. He was appointed governor of Arizona in 1878, holding that position until 1881, after which he practised law for some time in New York City. Died July 13, 1890. Freightle , a . Without freight. Freiligrath, FERDINAND, a German poet, B. at Det- mold, 1810. His earlier years of manhood were pa ed in mercantile pursuits, until, in 1838, a volume of Poems from his pen placed him in the front rank of the poets of the "Fatherland." In 1842 the king of Pru ia con- ferred upon him a pension, which, two years afterwards, his democratic opinions impelled him to resign, publish- ing at the same time a volume of political poems which brought upon him a government prosecution, and com- pelled him to flee the country. In 1846, F. was engaged in the capacity of a merchant's clerk in London, which position he quitted in 1848 to take part in the revolution then going on in Germany, and in the same year suffered imprisonment for publishing a poem entitled Die Todten an die Lebenden ("The Dead to the Living"). After two months' confinement, he was tried before a jury and acquitted, - this being the first instance in Pru ia of a political "crime" being tried by jury. After undergoing still further persecution, he again retired to England and obtained mercantile employment. Besides the works -A township of Benton co. above noted, Freiligrath is the author of a collection -A township of Bremer co. of English poems under the title of The Rose, Thistle , -A township of Buchanan.co. and Shamrock (1852), and of Poesy and Poets, an Anthol- -A township of Butler co. ogy (1854); besides being a translator of Victor Hugo, -A township of Cedar co. and many of the more recent English and American -A township of Clarke co. poets. Several of F's poems have been translated into -A township of Fayette co. English by the American poet, Long fellow. Since 1868, -A township of Hamilton co. he has resided at Stuttgart. D. 1876. Fremont, in California , a village of Merced co., about 20 m. S. W. of Mariposa. -A township of Santa Clara co. -A village of Yolo co., on the Sacramento river, about 70 m. N. N. E. of Benicia. Fre'mont, in Colorado , a S. central co.; area , about 1,600 sq. m. Rivers. Arbansas and Huerfaño rivers. Surface , mountainous, being traversed by the Rocky Mountains; soil , in some places fertile. Min . Gold and silver. Cap . Cañon city. Pop . (1890) 9,156. Fremont, in Illinois , a township of Lake co. Fremont, in Indiana , a post-town of Steuben co., 160 m. N. N. E. of Indianapolis. Pop . about 750. Fremont, in Iowa , a S. W. co., bordering on Mi ouri and Nebraska; area , about 500 sq. m. Rivers . Mi ouri and Nish nab at on a rivers, and Keg creek. Surface , diver- sified; soil , fertile. Cap . Sidney. Pop . (1895) 17,176. Frejus, ( fra i'zhoo ,) a small town of France, dep. Var, -A post-village of Mahaska co., about 70 m. S. W. of 1 m. from the Mediterranean, and 40 m. from Toulon. Iowa City. It was formerly a place of importance, surrounded by -A township of Page co. Fremont, JOHN CHARLES, a distinguished American explorer, known as "The Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun- tains," was B. in Savannah, Georgia, in 1813, of a mixed French and Virgin i an parentage. Though left an orphan in his 5th year, F. received a good education, having, at the age of 15, entered Charleston College, S. C., where he highly distinguished himself by his proficiency in mathematics and other kindred sciences. In 1833, after a period during which he had devoted himself to the duties of a private teacher, F. was appointed teacher of mathematics on board the U. S. sloop of war Natchez , with which he proceeded on a cruise to S. America. On his return he turned his attention to civil-engineering, and was recommended to government for employment in the exploration and survey of the mountainous re- gion between S. Carolina and Tenne ee. In 1838-9, F. undertook the exploration of the country between the Mi ouri River and the British frontier, and in 1838 -A village of Goodhue co., about 17 m. N. E. of Faribault. -A village of McLeod co., about 60 m. W. of St. Paul. -A township of Winona co, -A village of Wright co. Fremont, in Mi ouri , a village of Cedar co., about 110 m. W. S. W. of Jefferson City. Fremont, in Nebraska , an important city, cap. of Dodge co., on Platte river, and the Union Pacific and 2 other railroads, 37 m. N. W. of Omaha. Here are ex- tensive creameries, packing houses, brick works, and other manuf.; the trade center of a fine farming and stock region. Pop . (1897) about 9,500. Fremont, in New Hampshire , a post-township of Rock. ingham co. Fremont, in New York , & township of Steuben co. -A township of Sullivan co. Fremont, in Ohio , a thriving city, cap. of Sandusky co., on three railroads and Sandusky river at head of navigation, 30 m. S. E. of Toledo; in the natural gas region; has extensive manuf. of implements, ma chinery, flour, . Pop . (1897) about 11,000. Fre'mont, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of Chester co. Fremont, in Wisconsin, a village of Dodge co., about 10 m. S.E. of Horicon. -A village of St. Croix co., about 15 m. N.E. of Hudson. -A post-village of Waupaca co., on Wolf river. Fremont Basin, or FREMONT'S BASIN, in Ulah . See GREAT BASIN. Fremont Center, in Illinois , a P. O. of Lake co. Fremont Center, in Michigan , a P. O. of Newaygo co.; now called FREMONT. Fremont Center, in New York, a post-office of Sullivan co. Fre'mont's Ranch, in California , a district in Mariposa co., which consisted of about 48,000 acres, and was once considered the richest mineral estate in California. French, a. Pertaining to France, or to its inhabitants. -n. The language spoken by the people of France. See FRENCH LANGUAGE. French'-bean, n. ( Bot . ) See BEAN. French'-berry, n. ( Bot . ) A species of plants, genus Rhamnus ( q . v.). French Broad River, in North Carolina and Tenne ee, rises on the N. slope of the Blue Ridge in Henderson co., in the former State, and after a tortuous N. and N.W. course through Buncombe and Madison cos., enters Tenne ee in Cooke co.; thence pa ing through Jefferson and Sevier cos., it joins the Holston river in Knox co. Length , about 250 m. French'burg, in Kentucky, a post-village, cap. of Menifee co., about 54 m. E. of Lexington. French Camp, in California , a P. O. of San Joaquin co. French Chalk, n. (Min.) A kind of soapstone of a soft and greasy nature, known by that name, and sometimes called Briançon chalk , because it is obtained in great quantities near that town, and in other parts of France. It forms a white pigment when properly prepared, and is much used by tailors in marking the pattern of garments on cloth, before cutting them out, as the marks made can be easily obliterated, and cause no injury to the material. French Cor'ral, in California, a post-village of Ne vada co., about 12 m. N.N.W. of Nevada. French Creek, in Iowa, a post-township of All am akee co. French Creek, in New York, a post-town and township of Chautauqua co. Pop. (1897) about 1,200. French Creek, in Pennsylvania , enters the Allegheny river at Franklin, in Venango co. Length , about 150 m. The Indian name is VENANGO CREEK. -Enters the Schuylkill at Phœnixville, in Chester co. -A village and township of Mercer co. -A village and township of Venango co. French Creek, in West Virginia , a P. O. of Upshur co. French Creek Church, in North Carolina , a former post-office of Bladen co. French-gra , n. Sainfoin. French Grove, in Illinois , a village of Bureau co., about 50 m. N. of Peoria. French Guiana. See GUIANA. French Gulch, in California, a post-village of Shasta co., abt. 15 m. N. W. of Shasta. French Hay, in Virginia , a post-office of Hanover co. French-honeysuckle, n. ( Bot .) A species of plants, genus Hedysarum , q. v.