Bermuda Islands, Islands

(Formerly also from Sp. Bermudez, the discoverer. Bermudas came to be regarded as a plural form, whence the inferred singular Bermuda. They were called by the English, after Sir George Somers or Summers, Somers or Summers Islands, sometimes Summer Islands, as if in allusion to the semi-tropical climate.] A group of islands, a British crown colony, in the North Atlantic, about 600 miles east-southeast of Cape Hat teras, in lat. 32° 15′ N., long. 64° 51' W.: an important naval and strategic po e ion. They are much visited as a health-resort, and produce onions, tomatoes, Easter lilies, etc. The chief islands are Great Bermuda and St. George's. The capital is Hamilton. The islands were discovered by Juan Bermudez about 1522, and settled by the English in 1611. They comprise about 360 islets and rocks. Area, 20 square miles. Population (1891), 15,123. Bermudas, The. A cant name given to a group of alleys and courts between the bottom of St. Martin's Lane, Half Moon, and Chandos street, in London, a resort and refuge of thieves, fraudulent debtors, and prostitutes in the 16th and 17th centuries. Also called (later) the Streights and the Caribbee (corrupted into Cribbee ) Islands. Bermudez (ber-mö'Theth), or Bermudes (bermö'Thes), Geronimo. Born in Galicia about 1530: died about 1589. A Spanish Dominican monk (profe or of theology at Salamanca), poet, and dramatist. He wrote "Nise Last i mos a" anagram of "Ines"), etc. (1577) am Nise Laureada" (in both of these "Nise" is an Bermudez, José Francisco. Born at San José de Areocoar Cumaná, Jan. 23, 1782: a a inated at Cumaná, Dec. 15, 1831. A Venezuelan general in the war for independence. He de fended Cart a gena against Morillo in 1815, until forced by famine to escape. In May, 1820, he took Caracas, and on Oct. 16, 1821, occupied Cumaná after a bloody siege. He subsequently commanded in Cumaná and elsewhere. Bermudez, José Manuel. Born at Tarma about 1760: died at Lima, 1830. A Peruvian ecclesiastic, historian, philologist, and orator. He was vicar of Huánuco, and after 1803 held various IMG:content-0184.png:[blocks in formation] Bernard of Cluny, or of Morlaix. A French Benedictine monk of the 12th century, author of a Latin poem, "De Contemptu Mundi," popularly known through Neale's translations, "The world is very evil," "Jerusalem the gold- en," "For thee, O dear, dear country," etc. legend, the daughter of an Augsburg barber, Bernard of Treviso. Born at Padua, Italy, 1406: died 1490. A noted Italian alchemist who a umed the title of Count of the March of Treviso. After many years of study and experiment, he is said to have declared that the secret of the philoso- pher's stone lies in the adage "To make gold one must gold." He was the author of many alchemical works. Bernard (ber'närd). The sheep in "Reynard the Fox." Bernard (ber-när'), surnamed "The Poor Priest." Born at Dijon, 1588: died March 23, 1640. A French monk who devoted his for- Bernauer (ber'nou-er), Agnes. Killed at Straubing, Bavaria, Oct. 12, 1435. In German secretly married by Albert, son of Duke Ernest of Bavaria. She was drowned as a witch by order of the enraged duke. Her story forms the subject of tragedies and poems by Törring, Körner, Böttger, Hebbel, and Meyr. Bernay (ber-nā'). A town in the department of Eure, northern France, situated on the Charen- tonne 35 miles southwest of Rouen. It holds an important annual horse-fair. Population (1891), commune, 8,016. Bernburg (bern'börg). A town in Anhalt, Germany, 44 miles northwest of Leipsic, for- merly the capital of Anhalt. It has a castle and tune and his life to the service of the poor. Gothic church. Population (1890), 28,326. Bernard (ber-när'), Claude. Born at St. Ju- Berne. See Bern. Feb. 10, 1878. A distinguished French physiolo- gist. He published "Recherches sur les usages du pan- créas," "Recherches d'anatomie et de physio logie comp a- rées sur les glandes saliva ires, etc.," "Recherches sur les fonctions du nerf spinal, etc.," "Mémoire sur le suc gas- Bernard (ber'närd), Edward. Born at Perry St. Paul, North amp tons hire, May 2, 1638: died at Oxford, Jan. 12,1697. An English scholar, Savil- ian profe or of astronomy at Oxford 1673-91. Bernard (ber'närd), Sir Francis. Born 1711 (1): died at Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779. A British lawyer and politician, colonial gover- nor of New Jersey 1758-60, and of Ma achu- setts Bay 1760-69. Bernard (ber-när'), Jacques. Born at Nions, in Dauphiné, Sept. 1, 1658: died April 27, 1718. A French Protestant clergyman and scholar. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to Holland, and founded at The Hague a school of belle- lettres, philosophy, and mathematics. He continued the publication of the "Bibliothèque Universelle" of Jean Leclerc, and succeeded Bayle as editor of the "Répub- lique des Lettres." He wrote "Recueil de traités de paix, de trêves, de neutral ité, et d'autres actes publics faits en Europe" (1700), "Actes et mémoires des négo- ciations de la paix de Ryswick" (1725), etc. Bernard (ber'närd), John. Born at Ports- mouth, England, 1756: died at London, 1828. An English actor. He made his first appearance in façade to an arcaded loggia on the level of the second England in 1773. In 1797 he came to America, where he story. Population (1893), 47,620. Bernadotte (ber'na-dot; F. pron. ber-nä-dot'). See Charles XIV ., King of Sweden. Bernal Osborne, Ralph. Born March 26, 1808: died at Best wood Lodge, England, June 21, 1880. An English politician noted for his wit. Bernál (ber-näl'), Peak of. A steep truncated cone which rises above the outlet of the upper Pecos River valley in central New Mexico. It also bears the name of "Starvation Peak," from a tradition that several Spanish soldiers were starved to death on its summit by the Apaches. Bernard, Rosine. See Bernhardt , Sarah . Bernard (ber-när'), Simon. Born at Dôle, France, April 28, 1779: died Nov. 5, 1839. Α French general and engineer, in the service of Napoleon I., and (1816-31) of the United States. He was minister of war under Louis Philippe 1836-39. The chief work executed by him in the United States is Fort Monroe: he had a part in other important engineer- ing works, notably the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Delaware Breakwater. Bernard (bėr ́närd), Mount ague. Born at Tib- berton Court, Gloucestershire, Jan. 28, 1820: died at Over ro , Sept. 2, 1882. An English lawyer, profe or of international law at Ox- ford 1859-74. He was one of the high commi ioners who negotiated the treaty of Washington, and was one of the counsel of the British government at Geneva. Bernard (ber'närd), William Bayle. Born at Boston, Ma ., Nov. 27, 1807: died at Brighton, England, Aug. 5, 1875. An English dramatist, son of John Bernard. His chief plays are "Rip Van Winkle" (1832), "The Nervous Man" (1833), "The used in his "Hist or i a de los Boarding School" (1841), "The Round of Wrong," etc. ing, which Bernalder particularly valuable with regard Bernard, Saint (Great and Little). See Saint Bernaldez (ber-näl'Deth), or Bernal (ber-näl'), Andres. Born about 1450: died, probably at Los Palacios, about 1513. A Spanish his to- rian. He took orders, was chaplain of the Archbishop of Seville, and from 1488 to 1513 curate of the village of Los Palacios near Seville. He was a friend of Columbus, and in 1496 entertained him at his house. It appears that the admiral gave him much information, orally and in writ- Bernard. Bernard in de Saint Pierre (ber-när-dan' dė san piar'), Jacques Henri. Born at Havre, France, Jan. 19, 1737: died at Eragny-sur-Oise, France, Jan. 21, 1814. A French author. He 1771, and settled in Paris in 1771. His chief works are was an engineer in Ru ia, and in the Isle of France, 1767- "Voyage à l'Île de France," "Études de la nature" (1784- 1788), "Paul et Virginie" (1788), "La chaumière indienne" (1791), "Harmonies de la nature" (1815). Bernard i no (bėr-när-dēnō), Saint, of Siena. Born at Ma a di Carrara, Tuscany, 1380: died 1444. A Francis can monk, famous as a preacher. Bernardo (bér-när'do). An officer in Shak- spere's "Hamlet." He, with Mar cell us, first sees the murdered king's ghost. Bernardo del Carpio (ber-när'do del kär'pē-ō). A semi-mythical Spanish hero of the 9th cen- tury. He was a nephew of Alfonso the Chaste, fought with great distinction against the Moors, and, according to tradition, defeated Roland at Roncesvalles. His ex- ploits are celebrated in many Spanish ballads, and form the subject of several dramas by Lope de Vega. His efforts to procure the release of his father when he learns who his father really is; the false word of the king, who promises repeatedly to give up the Count de Saldaña, and as often breaks his word; with the despair of Bernardo and his final rebellion after the count's death IMG:content-0185.png:[blocks in formation] Bernoulli. He became profe or of mathematics at Groningen in 1695, and in the University of Basel in 1705. Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, May 18, 1710: died there, July 17, 1790. A nah, Ga., Jan. 1, 1856. An American lawyer and politician, attorney-general of the United States 1829-31, and United States senator from Georgia 1825-29, 1841-52. Berro (bār'rō), Bernardo Prudencio. Born at Monte video about 1800: died there, April, 1868. An Uruguay an politician and journalist (editor of "La Fusion"). In 1852 he was president of the Senate and vice-president; minister of govern- ment under Giró until the revolution of Sept., 1853; again president of the Senate 1858; and president of Uru- guay 1860 to 1864. The revolution of Flores, begun dur- during the disorders that followed was shot through the Berro headed a revolt against Flores, was imprisoned, and window of his cell. Berry, or Berri (ber'i; F. pron. be-re'). An ancient government of central France: the an- cient Biturica, the land of the Gallic Bituriges. It was bounded by Orléanais on the north, Nivernais on east, Bourbonnais on the southeast, Marche on the south, Poitou on the west, and Touraine on the northwest, and is chiefly included in the departments of Indre and Cher. It was formerly a county and duchy, and was frequently an appanage the king's younger son. It was the crown in 1465 and again, definitely, in 1601. Berry, Duche e de (Prince Caroline Fer- dinande Louise of Naples). Born Nov. 5, 1798: died April 17, 1870. Wife of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry, and mother of the Comte de Cham- bord. She promoted an unsucce ful attempt Born Dec. 28, 1446: The second son of at revolution in favor of her son in 1832. Berry, Charles, Duc de. died May 24 (28?), 1472. Charles VII. and Marie of Anjou, duke of Berry, Berri. See Berry . Berrien (ber'i-en), John Macpherson. Born died at Marly, May 4, 1714. The third son of Louis, the Grand Dauphin, selected as succe or to the Spanish throne in case the Duke of An- Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de. Born at Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778: a a inated at Paris, d'Artois (later Charles X. of France), and father Feb. 13, 1820. The second son of the Comte of the Comte de Chambord. He emigrated during in that of Ru ia. He went to England in 1801, and there the Revolution, and served in the army of Condé and later married a wife whom he afterward repudiated, again marrying on his return to France. His second wife was the Prince Caroline of Naples. Berry (ber'i), Sir John. Born at Know est on, Devons hire, 1635: died at Portsmouth, England, about 1690. An English naval officer. He en- tered the merchant service, pa ed to the royal navy in 1663, and attained the rank of vice-admiral. In 1667 he de- feated the French and Dutch fleet off Nevis, West Indies. In 1682 he commanded the Gloucester, which was wrecked with the Duke of York and train on board: the duke es- caped, and Berry was relieved from all blame. Berry, Marie Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans, Duche e de. Born Aug. 20, 1695: died July 21, 1719. The eldest daughter of Philippe d'Or- léans and wife of the Duke of Berry, the grand- son of Louis XIV.: notorious for her profligacy. Berry (ber'i), Mary. Born at Kirk bridge, Yorkshire, March 16, 1763: died at London, Nov. 20, 1852. An English authore . She and her sis- ter Agnes (1764-1852) were the friends, and she was lit- erary executor, of Horace Walpole. Her chief work is "England and France, a Comparative View of the Social Condition of both Countries" (1844), originally published in two volumes: the first (1828) entitled "A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, etc.," and France, etc.' the second (1831) entitled "Social Life in England and Berry, William. Born 1774: died at Brixton, July 2, 1851. An English genealogist. He pub- lished "Introduction to Heraldry" (1810), "Gene alogia 1840), etc. Antiqua, etc." (1816), "Encyclopedia Heraldic a, etc." (1828- Berryer (ber-yā'), Pierre Antoine. Born at Paris, Jan. 4, 1790: died Nov. 29, 1868. A French advocate and political orator, a leader of the legitimist party. Bert (bar), Paul. Born at Auxerre, Yonne, France, Oct. 17, 1833: died at Ketcho, Tonquin, Nov. 11, 1886. A French physiologist politician, minister of public instruction and wor- ship in Gambetta's cabinet 1881-82. He was gov- ern or-resident of Tonquin in 1886. He wrote "Revue des travaux d'anatomie et de physio logie, 1864" (1866), Berta (bar'tä). An African tribe inhabiting the lowland beneath the western flank of the Aby in i an plateau. They seem to be neither entirely Hamitic nor Nigritic. Their language has been included, by Dr. Cust, in the Nuba-Fulah group. Bertaut (ber-to'), Jean. Born at Caen, 1570: died June 8, 1611. A French ecclesiastic and and almoner to Marie de Médicis. poet, secretary to the king, bishop of Séez, Bertin, Louise Angélique. Born near Bièvres, Seine-et-Oise, France, Jan. 15, 1805: died at composer, daughter of Louis François Bertin Paris, April 26, 1877. A French singer and She composed the operas "Le Loup Garou" (1827), Bertoldo Bertoldo (ber-tol'do). The hero of an Italian comic romance written near the end of the 16th century by Julio Cesare Croce, surnamed "Della Lyra." Its popularity was very great and long continued. Bertonio (ber-tone-ō), Ludovico. Born at Fermo, 1555: died, probably at Lima, Peru, Aug. 3, 1628. An Italian Jesuit mi ionary. He joined the order in 1575, was sent to Peru in 1581, and spent the remainder of his life laboring among the Indians, principally the Collas or Aymarás of Upper Peru. Bertonio left several works on the Aymara language, which he first reduced to writing. Bertram (ber' tram). [G. Bertram , F. Bertrand, It. Bertrando, Sp. Beltran , Pg. Bertrão .] 1. The Count of Rousillon in Shakspere's "All's Well that Ends Well." See Helena .-2. The aged minstrel who is the companion and protector of Lady August a de Berkely in Scott's novel "Castle Dangerous."-3. A tragedy by the Rev. R. C. Maturin, produced in 1816. The character of Bertram is the incarnation of revenge, wild love, and pathos. Kean created the part. Bertram, Godfrey. The Laird of Ell an gowan in Scott's novel "Guy Manner ing": a man of weak character, anxious for political preferment, plundered and ruined by Glo in. Bertram, Harry. The son of Godfrey in Scott's "Gu Guy Manner ing": one of the principal characters, and the lover of Julia Manner ing. Bertram, Lucy. The daughter of Godfrey Bertram in Scott's "Guy Manner ing." Bertran. See Bertrand . Bertrand (ber-tron'), Count Henri Gratien. Born at Châteauroux, Indre, France, March 28, 1773: died at Châteauroux, Jan. 31, 1844. A French general, a companion of Napoleon I. at Elba and St. Helena. He served with distinction at Austerlitz, Spandau, Fried land, in the campaign of Wagram, in Ru ia, at Leipsic, and at Waterloo. He succeeded Duroc as grand marshal of the palace. After his death his sons published "Les campagnes d'Egypte et de Syrie, mémoires pour servir à l'his to ire de Napoléon, dictés par lui-même, à Sainte-Hélène, au général Bertrand" (1847). Bertrand, Louis Jacques Napoléon Aloisius. Born at Ceva, in Piedmont, April 20,1807: died at Paris, May, 1841. A French poet and journalist, author of a posthumous work, "Fantaisies à la manière de Rembrandt et de Callot" (1842). Louis Bertrand, a poet po e ed of the rarest faculty, but unfortunately doomed to misfortune and premature death. Born at Céva in Piedmont, in 1807, and brought up at Dijon, he came to Paris, found there but scanty encouragement, and died in a hospital in 1841. His only work of any importance, "Gaspard del a Nuit," a series of prose ballads arranged in verses something like those of the English translation of the Bible, and testifying to the most delicate sense of rhythm and the most exquisite power of poetical suggestion, did not appear until after Saints bury, French Lit., p. 546. his death. Bertrand de Born. See Born , Bertrand de . Bertrand de Goth or Got. See Clement V. Bertrand du Guesclin. See Du Guesclin. Bertuccio (ber-tö'chō). A deformed court jester in Tom Taylor's tragedy "The Fool's Revenge." His gratified revenge on the duke culm i nates in the terrible conviction that through a mistake he has compa ed the abduction and dishonor of his own child instead of that of the wife of his enemy. His hysterical efforts to play the fool, when maddened with agony, in order to gain admittance to the banquet-room into which his daughter has been carried, form a powerfully dramatic scene. on IMG:content-0186.png:[blocks in formation] Merchant's Second Tale," but now rejected. 1423; studied under the Platonic scholar George Gemistus The author is unknown. Berytus. See Beirut . Berzelius (bėr-zē'li-us; Sw. pron. ber-zil'ē-ös), Johan Jacob, Baron. Born at Westerlösa, near Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden, Aug. 29, 1779: died at Stockholm, Aug. 7, 1848. A celebrated Swedish chemist. He was appointed profe or of medicine and pharmacy at Stockholm 1807; became perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm 1818; was created a baron 1835; and became a royal councilor 1838. He introduced a new nomencla- ture of chemistry; discovered selenium, thorium, and ce- rium; first exhibited calcium, barium, strontium, colum- bium, or tantalum, silicium, and zirconium as elements; was one of the originators the electro-chemical and contributed much toward the perfection of the atomic theory after Dalton. His most important work is "Lare- bok i Kemien" (1808-28), which has been translated into every European language. Pletho; became archbishop of Nicæa in 1437; accompanied John Palæologus to Italy, in 1438, to a ist in effecting union between the Greek and Latin churches; supported the Roman Church at the councils of Ferrara and Florence, whereby he gained the favor of Pope Eugenius IV. by whom was made cardinal in 1439 and succe ively invested with the archbishopric of Siponto and the bishoprics of Sabina and Tusculum; and received the title of Patriarch of Constantinople 1463. He wrote "Adversus Calumniatorem Plat on is," etc. Be èges (bes-āzh'). A town in the department of Gard, southern France, 33 miles northwest of Nîmes. Near it are important coal and iron mines. Population (1891), commune, 8,673. Be el (bes's el), Fried rich Wilhelm. Born at Minden, Pru ia, July 22, 1784: died March 17, 1846. A noted Pru ian astronomer, director of the observatory at Königsberg. His works in clude "Fundament a Astronomiæ deduct a ex observation i Besontio (n-), L. Vesontio (n-), from a tribe name Besontii.] The capital of the department of Doubs, France, situated on a peninsula nearly surrounded by the Doubs, in lat. 47° 14′ N., long. 6° 1' E. It is an important fortre , and the seat of an artillery school. It is the chief place in France for the manufacture of watches. It contains the cathedral, archbishop's palace, Palais Granvella, library, museum, citadel, the triumphal arch Porte de Mars, other Roman antiquities. is the birthplace Granvella, Pajol, Moncey, Nodier, and Victor Hugo. It was the capital of the Sequani, and under the Romans the capital of Maxima Sequanorum. From 1184 to 1648 it was a free imperial city, and later the capital of FrancheComté. In 1648 it was ceded to Spain, and to France in 1679. It was unsucce fully besieged by the Austrians in 1814, and was the base of Bourbakis operations 1870-71. Population (1891), 56,055. Besant (bes'ant), Sir Walter. Born at Portsmouth, England, 1838. An English novelist, knighted in 1895. He was appointed profe or in the Royal College of Mauritius, but returned to England on account of ill health. From 1871 to 1882 he wrote in collaboration with James Rice. Since the death of the latter he has written many novels and short stories. It was due to "All Sorts and Conditions of Men" (1882) that the People's Palace in the East End of London was built. Besborodko (bes-bō-rod'kō), Prince Alexander Andreyevitch. Born at Stolnoi, Little Ru ia, March 25, 1747: died at St. Petersburg, Aug. 9, 1799. A Ru ian statesman, made secretary of foreign affairs in 1780, and imperial chancellor in 1796. Bescherelle (besh-rel'), Louis Nicolas. Born at Paris, June 10, 1802: died at Auteuil, Feb. 4, 1883. A French grammarian, lexicographer, and librarian. His works include "Grammaire nation ale" (1834-38), "Dictionnaire national" (1843-46), "Les cla iques et les rom antiques" (1838: with Ch. Martin), "La grammaire de l'Académie" (1825: with Lamotte), etc. Besika Bay (bes'i-kä bā). A small bay on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, near the entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles. Beskow (bes'kov), Bernhard von. Born at Stockholm, April 22, 1796: died at Stockholm, Oct. 17, 1868. A Swedish dramatist and poet. His chief dramas are "Erik den Fjortonde" (1827-28), "Torkel Knut on," "Birger och hans Att," "Gustav Adolf i Tyskland" (1838). Be (bes), or Be ee (be-se'), the Blind Beggar's daughter of Bethnal Green. The subject of a favorite popular ballad, and introduced by Chettle and Day, and Sheridan Knowles, in their plays "The Beggar of Bethnal Green." Be , Good Queen. A popular epithet of Queen Elizabeth of England. Be araba (bes-sä'rä-bä). A family of Wall a chi an waywodes, prominent in the politics of southeastern Europe from the 13th to the 18th century, which has given the name of Be arabia to the region comprised between the Pruth and the Dniester. Be araba (bes-sä'rä-bä), Const an tine Brancovan. Died Aug. 26, 1714. A waywode of Wall a chia 1688-1714. He acted as the secret agent of Leopold of Austria in the war which terminated with the peace of Carlowitz in 1699, while ostensibly supporting his suzerain the Sultan of Turkey; and served as the ally of Peter the Great in the war against the Turks in 1711, with the result that he was put to death with his four sons by order of the sultan. With his death the Be araba dynasty was extinguished. (1841-42), "Populare Vorlesungen über liche Gegenstände" (1848), "Me ungen der Entfernung des 61 Sterns im Sternbilde des Schwans" (1839), etc. Be elia (bes-se'liä). The sweetheart of Captain Crowe, in Smollett's "Sir Launce lot Greaves." Be emer (bes'e-mer), Sir Henry. Born at Charlton, Hertfordshire, England, Jan. 19, 1813. An English engineer, inventor of the Be emersteel proce (1856-58). Be ières (bes-yar'), Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria. Born at Prei ac, Lot, France, Aug. 5 (61), 1768: killed near Lützen, Germany, May 1, 1813. A famous marshal of the French empire. He served with distinction at Acre, Abukir, Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Fried land, E ling, etc.; and commanded at the victory of Medina del Rio-Seco, in Spain, July 14, 1808. Be in (be-san'). An ancient district in the northwestern part of Normandy, France, bordering on the English Channel east of the Cotentin. Its chief town is Bayeux. Be us (bes'us). [Gr. Βῆσσος.] 1. A satrap of Bactria. He commanded the left wing of the Persian army at the battle of Arbela, 331 B. C. He murdered Darius III. in 330, and was soon after captured by Alexander, and delivered to Oxathres, the brother of Darius, by whom he was executed. 2. A blustering, swaggering coward in Beaumont and Fletcher's play "King and No King." Bestuzheff (bes-tö'zhef), Alexander. Born Nov. 3 (N. S.), 1795: killed near Yekaterinodar, in the Caucasus, June, 1837. A Ru ian soldier, poet, and novelist. Bestuzheff-Riumin (bes-tö'zhef-re-ö'min). Count Alexei Petrovitch. Born at Moscow, June, 1693: died April 21, 1766. A Ru ian diplomatist and statesman. He became imperial chancellor in 1744, and was degraded from office, on a charge of high treason, in 1758. He discovered, in 1725, a medicinal preparation of iron, tinctura tonico-nervina Bestusewi. Betancos, or Betanzos (bā-tän'thos), Domingo de. Born in Leon: died at Valladolid, Spain, 1549. A Spanish mi ionary in Hispaniola, Mexico, and Guatemala. His representation of the cruelty practised by the Spaniards on the natives occasioned the promulgation of the bull "Veritas ips a," 1537, by Pope Paul III., in which all Christians are commanded to treat the heathen as brothers. Be tan court (be-ton-kör'), Agustin de. Born in Mexico City, 1620: died 1700. A Francis can monk and historian, curate of the parish of San José. His principal work, "Teatro Mejicano," is primarily a history of his order in Mexico, but contains much of general interest. Betanzos. See Betanços . Betanzos, Juan José de. A Spanish soldier who went to Peru, probably with Pizarro in 1532. He settled at Cuzco, and married a daughter of the Inca Atahualpa. He became an adept in the Quichua language, and wrote in it a doctrina and two vocabularies, now lost. By order of the viceroy Mendoza he wrote an account of the Incas and of the conquest. It was finished in 1551, but remained in manuscript until 1880, when it was printed for the "Biblioteca Hi spa no Ultra marina," with the title "Suma y Narracion de los Incas." Betchwa. See Beczwa . Betelgeuze, or Betelgeux (bet-el-gėrz'). [Ar. ibt - al - jauza , the giant's shoulder.] The bright, red, slightly variable star a Or i on is, a Or i on is, in the right shoulder of the constellation. It is sometimes called Mirzam , from al - mirzam , the roarer. Betham (beth'am), Sir William. Born at Stradbrooke, Suffolk, England, May 22, 1779: died Oct. 26, 1853. An English antiquary, Ulster king at arms. His works include "Irish Antiquarian Researches" (1827), "Origin and History of the Constitution of England, and of the early Parliaments of Ireland" (1834: a rei ue, with a new title, of an earlier work), "The Gael and the Cymbri, etc." (1834), etc. Betham-Edwards. See Edwards . Bethany (beth'a-ni). (beth'a-ni). [He (Heb., 'house of pov Be arabia (bes-a-ra'bi-ä). A government of southwestern Ru ia, lying east and northeast of Rumania. Capital, Kishineff. It was overrun by nomadic races from the 2d to the 13th century; was ceded to Ru ia by Turkey in 1812; was ceded in part to Moldavia in 1856; and was restored to Ru ia in 1878. Area, 17,619 square miles. Population, 1,588,329. Be arion (be-sa'ri-on), Johannes or Basilius. [MGr. Βεσσαρίων.] Born at Trebizond, 1395 (14037): died at Ravenna, Nov. 19, 1472. A Greek scholar and Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, notable as a patron of learning and a collector of manuscripts. He entered the order of St. Basil in erty.'] A place about forty minutes' ride from other clergy, but have never been formally adopted with out modification by the whole Orthodox Eastern Church. Sometimes called Synod of Jerusalem. Bethlehem Hospital. See Bedlam . Bethlehemites (beth'le-em-its). A religious order founded in Guatemala in 1653, extended to Mexico a few years later, and ultimately to other parts of Spanish America. The members lived according to the monastic rules of the August in i ans. Bethnal Green (beth'nal grēn). A district in London, on the left bank of the Thames, east of Spital fields, formerly occupied by silk-weav- ers partly descended from the Huguenot refu- gees. It is noted as being the locality mentioned in the old ballad "The Blind Beggar's Daughter of Beth- nal Green." The beggar's house is still shown. ( Hare .) The Bethnal Green Museum is a branch of the South Kensington Museum, and was opened in 1872 in Victoria Park Square, Cambridge road, for the poor of East London. Beth phage (beth'fāj; properly beth' fa - jē). [Heb., 'house of unripe figs.'] In scriptural geography, a village in Palestine, situated on the Mount of Olives eastward from Jerusalem and near Bethany. The exact site is in dispute. "The traditional site is above Bethany, halfway between that village and the top of the mount." Smith. Beth said a (beth (beth-sā'i-da). [Heb., 'fi 'fishing- place. In scriptural geography, hy, a place in Palestine, probably situated on the shore of the Sea of Galilee between Capernaum and Mag- dal a. Beth-she an (beth's he'an). (Heb., 'house of rest' or 'of security.'] See Scythopolis . Béthune (bā-tün'). A town in the depart- ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on the Brette in lat. 50° 30′ N., long. 2o 35′ E.: the seat of an ancient barony. It has a noted belfry and church (of St. Vaast). It was taken by Marl borough and Prince Eugene in 1710. Population (1891), commune, Betrothed, The. A novel by Manzoni. See Crusaders," published in 1825. Better ton (bet'er-ton), Thomas. Born in To thill street, Westminster, 1635 (1): died in Ru ell street, Covent Garden, April 28, 1710. An English actor and dramatist, son of an under cook of Charles I. He was apprenticed to a bookseller. Little is known of his early life. It is sup- he began to act in 1656 or 1657. He Davenant's company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in 1661. Pepys at the beginning of his career and Pope at the end spoke of him as the best actor they had ever He was intimate with Dryden and with the most intellectual men of his time. his "Prophete " was a conversion Beaumont Fletcher's tragedy into an opera, by the efficient aid of Henry Purcell, who published the music in score, in 1691. Doran , Eng. Stage, I. 128. Bettina (bet-te'nä). See Arnim , Elizabeth von . Bettris (bet'ris). A country girl who loves IMG:content-0187.png:[ocr errors] Beust (boist), Count Fried rich Ferdinand von. Born at Dresden, Jan. 13, 1809: died at Alten- berg, near Vienna, Oct. 24, 1886. A Saxon and Austrian statesman and diplomatist. He became minister of foreign affairs in Saxony in 1849, and during the decade preceding the Austro-Pru ian war was the chief opponent of Bismarck in German politics. His ob- ject was to form a league of the minor German states strong enough to hold the balance of power between Austria and Pru ia. He caused Saxony to side with Austria in the Austro-Pru ian war of 1866. Having en- Bettws-y-Coed (betüs-e-ko'ed). A town in Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated at the junction Moore's tragedy of that name. Garrick created of the Llugwy and Conway 17 miles southeast of Bangor. It is a tourist center. Betty (bet'i). A diminutive abbreviation of Elizabeth. Bethlehem (beth'le-em). [Heb., 'house of bread. A town in Palestine, 6 miles south of Jerusalem: the modern Beit-Lahm. It was the birthplace of David and (according to Matthew, Luke, and John) of Christ. The Convent of the Nativity at Bethlehem is a complex body of structures distributed between the Greek and Latin creeds, and grouped around the church, a basilica of 5 naves, with apse and apsidal transepts, built by the empre Helena and Const an tine. There are four long ranges of monolithic Corinthian columns 19 feet high, above which rise the walls of the nave with round-arched windows. The choir is richly Betty Modish, Lady. See Modish , Lady Betty . ornamented with attributes of the Greek rite; beneath Betwa (bet'wä). A tributary of the Jumna, in it is the tortuous Grotto of the Nativity. The apse and parts of the walls bear beautiful Byzantine mosaics. The British India. Length, 360 miles. church measures 86 by 136 feet. Population, about 5,000. Beudant (bė-don'), François Sulpice. Born at Betty, William Henry West, known as "Master Betty" and the "Young Roscius." Born at Shrews bury, Sept. 13, 1791: died at London, Aug. 24, 1874. An English actor, es- pecially famous for his precocity. He made his first appearance, on Aug. 19, 1803, as Oswyn in "Zara," and played Douglas, Rolla, Romeo, Tancred, and Ham- let within two years with great succe . He left the stage in 1806, returned to it in 1812, and finally abandoned it in 1824. the part. Mrs. Beverley was a favorite character with the actre es of the time. Beverley. The jealous lover of Be linda in Murphy's play "All in the Wrong." Beverley, Con stance de. The perjured nun in Scott's poem "Marmion." She loves Marmion, and Beverley, Ensign. The character a umed by Captain Absolute in Sheridan's comedy "The Rivals" to win the love of the romantic Lydia, who will not marry any one so suitable as the son of Sir Anthony. Beverley, John of. See John of Beverley . Beverly (bev'èr-li), Robert. Born in Virginia Paris, Sept. 5, 1787: died there, Dec. 9, 1850. about 1675: died 1716. An American historian. A French mineralogist and physicist. He became profe or of mathematics at Avignon in 1811, later (1813) profe or of physics at Marseilles, and later (1818) profes- sor of mineralogy in the faculty of sciences at Paris. Beulah (bū'lä). [Heb., 'she who is married.'] 1. In Isa. lxii. 4, the name of the land Israel when it shall be "married."- 2. A land of rest, "where the sun shineth night and day," in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progre ." The Pilgrims stay here till the time comes for them to go acro the river of Death to the Celestial City. Bevis of Hampton ton in his "Polyolbion." An old English poem on Bevis was in the 15th or 16th century turned into a prose romance and printed about 1650. He was originally called Beuves d'Antone , from the Italian Buovo d'Antona , a name corrupted into d'Hantone in French and Hampton in English. "Beuves d'Hantone or Bevis of Hampton is the subject of an old French story which was embodied in the 'Reali di Francia' and is only connected with Charlemagne by the mention of King Pippin and the hero's kinship with the sons of Aymon (he was the father of Maugis (Malagigi in Italian) and the uncle of Renaud (Rinaldo), four sons of Aymon). As a French prose romance it was printed by Vérard about 1500. It has been printed separately in Italian at Bologna in 1480." Encyc. Brit., XX. 653. Bevis. The horse of Lord Marmion in Sir Walter Scott's poem "Marmion." Bevis Marks. A thoroughfare in St. Mary Axe, near Hounds ditch, London. It is referred to in Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop." Bewick (bū'ik), Thomas. Born at Cherry burn, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, Aug., 1753: died at Gates head, near Newcastle, Nov. 8, 1828. An English wood-engraver. He was apprenticed at the age of fourteen to Ralph Bielby, a copperplate engraver at Newcastle. His first work of any importance was the woodcuts to Hutton's book on mensuration (1770); after this he did most of Bielby's wood-engraving busine . At the expiration of his apprenticeship he went to London, but returned shortly to Newcastle, where he entered into partnership with Bielby and occupied his old shop in