Calla, or Calla Lily

(Bot.) A South African plant ( Richard i a Ethiopica ) of the arum family, now in general cultivation. It has a milk-white, velvety spathe, and is also known as Trumpet - lily, Lily of the Nile, Egyptian Lily, . -A hooded cloak sometimes worn in Ireland. Calliandra, ( kal - le - an'drah .) ( Bot . ) A beautiful genus of plants, Ord. Fabaceæ , peculiar to America, found as far north as California, and extending southwards to Buenos Ayres. A few are herbs not more than a foot high, but the greater portion shrubs or small trees, most fre to the fabrics such an appearance as will please the eye of the buyer. All the finishing proce es have one common end, namely, to fill up the interstices which exist in the fabrics, and thus give to the calico a more substantial and glo y appearance; and this is effected by filling the cloth with boiled starch, farina, or sour flour, which is obtained from wheat flour which has been allowed to ferment. To these are often added large quantities of sulphate of lime or baryta, and other similar substances, with the object of imparting to the cloth a weight and appearance of solidity which it does not really po e . The finishing proce es are varied according to the nature of the print, muslins requiring a quite distinct method of treatment from ordinary calicoes, and furniture chintzes also receive a finish peculiar to glazed goods. As the general features of finish-quently met with ing, including water-mangling, drying, damping, starching, and calendering are the same both for white cottons and prints, it is unnece ary here to detail these operations. The machinery and operations in a finishing room may be briefly noticed as follows: The goods are opened by pa ing over a winch at a considerable elevation, and, if nece ary, stretched in breadth on a machine which evens the texture and draws it out laterally. They are then pa ed into the chloring machine, which has two rollers, one of bra and one covered with india-rubber. The lower one is made to revolve in an aqueous solution of chlorine, and as the cloth pa es between the rollers it is saturated with this solution. It pa es immediately through a box containing a vapor of steam, which at once arrests the action of the chlorine, the momentary contact being considered sufficient to brighten the white ground without giving time for the colors to be affected. From the steaming-box the piece pa es through a water-mangle, where pure water is spurted on the cloth, and after pa ing through the trough it receives a hard squeeze to extract as much moisture as po ible before the drying is reached. The machine is a range of steam-cans, generally made of copper. The next operation is that of starching, the machinery of which is almost identical with that used for chloring, starch-paste, however, occupying the place of the chlorine liquor. The lower roller revolves in and carries up the starch to the cloth, which pa es round the upper rollers and becomes saturated by the squeezing action produced and regulated by the screws and levers of the machine. After starch-Caln, in Pennsylvania , a twp. of Chester co. ing, the goods pa direct to another drying-machine, whence they are taken to be damped by a slight sprink ling of water, which they receive in pa ing over a simple machine for the purpose, consisting of a rapidly revolving brush throwing up a fine spray. Calendering is the next and final operation, after which each piece is separated and folded up by a plaiting-machine, or hooked by hand. It is then made up in the ordinary book form, and after being pre ed in a screw or hy. draulic pre is ready for the market. By reason of super-excellence in machinery and knowledge of chemistry, England was for many years at the head of the calico-printing trade, although the output of her mills never rivalled the products of France and Alsace, which have always been noted for the exquisite taste shown both in coloring and design. Of later years the mills of our own country have greatly improved their product, both in quality and amount, and may now be said to hold their own against all competition, although certain grades of calicoes are still imported in rapidly diminishing quantities. California, in Pennsylvania, a borough of Washington co. Pop. 1890, 1,024. California, Gulf of. [Sp. Mar. Bermejo , red sea.] An arm of the Pacific Ocean, separating the peninsula of Lower California, on the west, from the Mexican states of Sonora and Cinaloa or the east. It is about 700 m. long, and from 70 to 150 m. wide. Its coasts are indented with many small bays and numerous islands stud its surface. The Colorado river discharges its waters into the upper extremity of the gulf, and several streams empty into it from the east. The ports of Loreto, La Paz and Guaymos are situated on its shores. The N. portion is full of shoals, hidden rocks, and dangerous currents; the S. portion is safe for navigation. The California coast abounds in pearl oysters, and the fishery, now little pursued, was formerly very important. California, University of. An institution of learning established by act of the California legislature in 1868. It grew out of the College of California, a non-sectarian institution chartered in 1855, and which admitted its first cla in 1860. Desiring a larger and better endowed institution, the trustees, in 1867, offered all their property to the State, including a site of 160 acres at Berkeley, 5 miles north of Oakland. The State accepted the offer and incorporated the college with the agricultural college provided for by act of Congre , desirous of combining these various interests into a university worthy of the State. The university received its first cla in 1869. It had, in 1897, 300 instructors and 2,400 students, while its graduates numbered 2,588. Its list of presidents has been Henry Durant, Daniel C. Gilman, John Le Conte, W. T. Reed, Horace Davis, and Martin Kellogg, the latter having held the office since 1893.