Peru by Pizarro, and forced to swear allegiance to the Spanish monarchs

He died during the march to Cuzco. Tupac Amaru (tö'päk ä'mä-rö). Born about 1544: died at Cuzco, Dec. (?), 1571. Youngest son of Manco Inca: a legitimate sovereign of Peru by the death of his elder brothers. He a umed the Incarial insignia in the mountains of Vilcabamba, but made no attempt to oppose the Spaniards. By order of the viceroy Toledo he was seized in Oct., 1571, taken to Cuzco, and beheaded. With him the male line of the Incas became extinct. Tupac Amaru (José Gabriel Condor can qui). Born at Tinta, south of Cuzco, 1742: died at Cuzco, May 18, 1781. A Peruvian revolutionist, called "the Last of the Incas." He was a direct descendant of the early Incas, and, under Spanish rule, was chief of several villages. In 1771 he a umed the name Tupac Amaru. After vain efforts to ameliorate the condition of the Indians, he headed a rebellion in Nov., 1780. Over 60,000 Indians joined him, and he was universally regarded by them as the Inca, though he did not a ume that title nor promise anything more than a redre of wrongs. For a time he held all the region between Cuzco and Lake Titicaca, but was defeated and captured in March, 1781: in pursuance of a sentence by the Spanish judge Areche, he and most of his family were executed in a horrible manner. In the war of extermination which followed it is said that 80,000 Indians were killed. His cousin, Diego, after holding out for some time, was pardoned; but subsequently was arrested on a frivolous charge and, with others of the family, was tortured and killed. Women and children were included in these exe cutions, the evident object being to extirpate the Inca race. Tupac Amaru's son Fernando, a child of 10 years, was condemned to penal servitude for life. He was sent to Spain, and his ultimate fate is unknown; but in 1828 a person calling himself Fernando Tupac Amaru was given a pension at Buenos Ayres: he became a monk in Lima, where he died. The rebellion of Tupac Amaru was the Turanian most formidable in the colonial history of South America. The cruelties with which it was suppre ed, by exciting hatred of the Spaniards, had a strong influence on the war for independence. The reforms which Tupac Amaru demanded were instituted in part not long after his death. Tupac Yupanqui (tö'päk yö-pän'kē), or Tupac Inca Yupanqui. Died at Cuzco about 1478.. The tenth Inca sovereign of Peru, and the greatest conqueror of the line. He succeeded his father, Pachacutec Yupanqui, about 1440; conquered the coast region from Ancon to the Gulf of Guayaquil (see Chimu ); annexed northern Chile to the river Maule, Tucuman, and large districts in the Amazon valley; and even, it is said, sent an exploring expedition of rafts which discovered the Chinch a Islands, Many remains of fortre es, towns, temples, etc., are ascribed to his time. Also Topa Inca Yupanqui . Tupi-Guarany stock. Same as Tupi stock . Tupis (tö-pēz'). A general name for Brazilian Indians of the Tupi stock in Brazil, especially near the coast and on the lower Amazon. Their language in those regions was e entially the same, though the Indians were divided into many tribes: it was closely allied to the Guarany of Paraguay, and is the basis of the modern Lingoa Geral. See Tupi stock . Also written Tupys , Tupies . Tupi stock (tö-pē' stok). One of the most important of the South American Indian linguistic stocks, extending over a great part of Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and portions of the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana. Their villages were generally near the coast or scattered along the great rivers, and often interspersed with those of Indians of other stocks. All of them, except a few tribes of the interior, spoke dialects so closely allied that they could readily understand each other. Their physical characteristics and customs were much the same; but they had no national organization: neighboring towns were often at war with each other, and distant ones had no knowledge of each other. The power of their chiefs was very limited, and was generally confined to a single village. The Tupis were agriculturists, and lived in fixed villages of considerable size, the houses framed with poles and thatched with palm-leaves or gra . They made large and serviceable wooden canoes, showed some taste in ornamenting pottery, making feather-work, etc., and were naturally intelligent. Most of them went nearly naked, painting or tattooing the face and body. In war they used bows and arrows and a heavy club called macand. They believed in certain malignant or mischievous spirits, and their medicine-men had great influence. Generally they were friendly to strangers, but when provoked were fierce warriors. Some of the tribes killed and ate their prisoners of war. The first European colonists found these Indians the dominant race all along the Brazilian coast, on the lower Amazon, Uruguay, Paraná, and Paraguay; those about the Platine river system were called collectively Guaranys, as those on the Brazilian coast were called Tupis; but neither of these names was properly a tribal appellation. Most of these Indians submitted readily to mi ionary influence, and their descendants, mixed with European and African blood, form a large part of the country population of Brazil, northern Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and Paraguay. A few, in the interior, retain a semi-independence. Among the extinct or existing tribes and groups of this stock are the Tupinambas, Tup in i quins, Potiguaras, Papanazes, Caites, Tupinaes, and Tamoyos of the Brazilian coast; the Tupinambas, Omaguas, Mundurucus, Maues, Apiacas, etc., in the Amazon valley; the Guarayos and Chiriguanos in Bolivia, Tapes in the Argentine, Guaranys, etc. Tupman (tup'man), Tr (tup'man), Tracy. A member of the famous Pickwick Club, in Dickens's "Pickwick papers. Papers." Tupper er (tup'er), Sir Charles. Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia, July 2, 1821. A Canadian Conservative statesman. He studied medicine in Edinburgh University; settled as a physician in his native town of Amherst, Nova Scotia; and was president of the Canadian Medical A ociation 1857-70. He entered the provincial legislature in 1855, and was prime minister of Nova Scotia 1864-67. He advocated the formation of the Dominion of Canada, which took place in 1867; and in 1870 entered Mac donald's cabinet, going out of office with his chief in 1873. He took office as minister of public works on Mac donald's return to power in 1878; and from 1879 to 1884 was minister of railways and canals, in which capacity he promoted the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1884 he was appointed high commi ioner for Canada at London, a post which he still (1895) occupies. He was one of the negotiators of the fisheries treaty with the United States 1887-88, being created a baronet in the latter year for his services on that occasion. Tupper, Martin Farquhar. Born at London, July 17, 1810: died Nov. 29, 1889. An English poet. He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1831, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1835, but soon abandoned law in order to devote himself to literature. His chief work is "Proverbial Philosophy" (three series 1838-67). Tur (tör). In the Shahnamah, the second of the three sons-Salm, Tur, and Iraj-of Faridun. His mother was Shahrinaz, daughter of Jamshid. In the division by Faridun of his realms Tur obtained Turan. Roused to jealousy of Iraj by Salm, he joins Salm against him, and murders Iraj when the latter comes with overtures of peace. Iraj is avenged by Minuchihr, who slays Tur in battle. See Salm . Tura (tö'rä). A river in eastern Ru ia and western Siberia which joins the Tobol below Tyumen. Length, about 500 miles. Turanian (tū-ra'ni-an). [Pers. Tūrān , from Tür , a legendary ancestor of the Turks, ete.] A word loosely and indefinitely used to designate Turanian a family of languages and also an ethnological group. It is sometimes applied to the Asiatic languages in general outside of the Indo-European and Semitic families, and so includes various discordant and independent families; but is sometimes used especially or restrictedly of the Ural-Altaic or Scythian family. Turbervile, or Turberville (ter' ber-vil), George. Born about 1530: died about 1595. An English poet, translator, and writer on hunting. [George] Turberville, of whom not much is known, was a Dor sets hire man of good family, and was educated at Winchester and Oxford. He was probably born before 1530, and died after 1594. Besides a book on Falconry and numerous translations (to which, like all the men of his school and day, he was much addicted), he wrote a good many occasional poems, though none of great length.