Honor i us II

(Cadolaus, bishop of Parma), was chosen by a council at Basel, but was later deposed by a council held at Mantua. Alexander was succeeded by Hildebrand under the name of Gregory VII. Alexander III. (Rolando Ranuci of the house of Band in ell i). Born at Siena, Italy: died Aug. 30, 1181. Pope from 1159 to 1181. He carried out succe fully the policy of Hildebrand in opposition to Frederick Barb a ro a and Henry II. of England. Three antipopes, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Calixtus III., elected in 1159, 1164, and 1168, respectively, were confirmed by the emperor and disputed the authority of Alexander, who was compelled to seek refuge in France from 1162 to 1165. The contest between the pope and the emperor ended in the decisive defeat of the latter at the battle of Legnano, May 29, 1176. In 1177 a reconciliation took place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus III abdicated. The contest with Henry II. of England eaded in the humiliation of the king and the canonization of Thomas à Becket, who represented the papal claims of supremacy. Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni). Died at Viterbo, Italy, May 25, 1261. Pope from 1254 to 1261. He attempted to unite the Greek and Latin churches, established the Inquisition in France in 1255, and encouraged the orders of mendicant friars. The last years of his pontificate were spent at Viterbo, whither he had been driven by the factional struggles in Rome. Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Born at Candia: died at Bologna, May 3, 1410. Pope from June 26, 1409, to May 3, 1410. He was elected by the Council of Pisa, after the deposition of Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., with the understanding that he should reform the abuses of the church. He was, according to the general belief, poisoned by Balthasar Co a, his succe or under the name of John XXIII. Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at Xativa in Valencia, Jan. 1, 1431: died Aug. 18, 1503. Pope from Aug. 11, 1492, to Aug. 18, 1503. He was made cardinal and vice-chancellor in 1456 by his uncle Calixtus III., whom he also succeeded as archbishop of Valencia. His election to the pontificate is ascribed to bribery. His efforts were directed toward the ager an: IMG:content-0060.png:[blocks in formation] patron of learning and art, and a poet. He promulgated a bull against the Jansenists, and, in 1662, in a conflict with Louis XIV., was deprived of Avignon. During his pontificate occurred the conversion to the Catholic faith of Christina, queen of Sweden, after her abdication (1654) of the Swedish crown. Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni). Born at Venice, 1610: died Feb., 1691. Pope from 1689 till 1691. He condemned the doctrine of "philosophi. cal sin," as taught by the Jesuit Bongot of Dijon; a isted Venice against the Turks; and enriched the Vatican library by the purchase of Queen Christina's collection of books and manuscripts. Alexander of Hales. Born at Hales, Gloucestershire, England: died 1245. A noted English theologian and philosopher, surnamed "Doctor Irrefragabilis." He lectured at Paris and was a member of the order of Francis cans. His chief work is "Summa Theolog iæ" (printed 1475). Alexander has acquired a place in the roll of med iæval writers mainly by the accidents of his historic position. He was among the first to approach the labour of expounding the Christian system with the knowledge not only of the whole Aristo tel i an corpus, but also of the Arab commentators. He thus initiated the long and thorny debates which grew out of the attempt to amalgamate the Christian faith with a radically divergent metaphysical view. Leslie Stephen , Dict. Nat. Biog. Alexander I. Born 1078 (?): died at Stirling, fourth son of Malcolm Can more and Margaret, Scotland, April 27, 1124. A king of Scotland, the sister of Eadgar the Æthe ling, and brother of Edgar whom he succeeded in 1107. He married Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of England. Alexander II. Born at Hadding ton, Scotland, Aug. 24, 1198: died in Kerrera, Scotland, July 8, 1249. A king of Scotland, son of William the Lion whom he succeeded in 1214: sur named "The Peaceful." He joined the Eng lish barons against John. Alexander III. Born at Roxburgh, Scotland, Sept. 4, 1241: died near King horn, Fife, Scotland, March 16, 1285. A king of Scotland, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded in 1249. His army defeated the Norwegians in 1263, and aided Henry III. of England in 1264. Alexander I. Born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 23, 1777: died at Taganrog, Ru ia, Dec. 1, 1825. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Paul whom he suc ceeded in 1801. He encouraged education and science, and the introduction of Western civilization; carried out many reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces; and promoted trade and manufactures. In 1805 he joined the coalition against Napoleon; was present at the battle of Austerlitz; joined Pru ia against Napoleon in 1806; signed the Peace of Tilsit in 1807; and conquered Finland in 1808. A succe ful war was waged with Turkey 1806-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Ru ia (see Napoleon ). Alexander was a leader in the coalition against France 1813-14; was present at the battles of Dresden and Leipsic in 1813; entered Paris in 1814; took part in the Congre of Vienna; became king of Poland in 1815; again entered Paris in 1815; formed the Holy Alliance in 1815, and took part in the conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, Troppau in 1820, Laibach in 1821, and Verona in 1822. He married a prince of Baden. Alexander II. Born April 29, 1818: died at St. Petersburg, March 13, 1881. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Nicholas I. whom he succeeded in 1855. He concluded the treaty of Paris 1856; proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs 1861; reorganized the army and the departments of administration and justice; and developed commerce and manufactures. He suppre ed the Polish insurrection 1863-64, and carried on war with Turkey 1877-78. During the latter part of his reign he was closely allied with Germany and Austria. The attacks of the Nihilists led him to enter upon a reactionary policy in 1879, and he was finally a a inated by them. He married a prince of He e. Alexander III. Born March 10, 1845: died at Livadia, Crimea, Nov. 1, 1894. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded March 13, 1881. of his father's reign. A meeting of the emperors of Rus He continued the reactionary policy sia, Germany, and Austria, at Skier nie wice in Poland, Sept., 1884, cemented the personal union of these rulers for the time, but since the formation of the Triple Alliance (which see) in 1883. Ru ia has become a virtual ally of France. Alexander opposed Prince Alexander of Bulgaria at the time of his overthrow in 1886, and refused to recognize his succe or Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief events in his reign, see Ru ia .) He married Prince Dagmar of Denmark in 1866. Alexander I. Born April 5, 1857: died Nov. 17, 1893. Titular prince of Batten berg, the second son of Prince Alexander of He e. He served in the He ian army, and in the Ru o-Turkish war of 1877-78 in the Ru ian army. He was elected prince April 17, 1772: died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. An American Presbyterian divine, president of Hampden Sydney College (Va.) 1796-1806, and profe or at Princeton Theological Seminary 1812-51. He wrote "Evidences of Christianity" (1823), "Treatise on the Canon of the Old and New Testament" (1826), "Outlines of Moral Science" Alexander, Barton Stone. Born in Kentucky, 1819: died at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 15, 1878. An American military engineer and officer in the Civil War, brevetted colonel and brigadier-general March 13, 1865. Alexander, Edmund B. Born at Hay market,, Va., Oct. 6, 1802: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 3, 1888. An American officer. He served in the Mexican war, commanded the Utah expedition 1857-58, and was brevetted brigadier-general Oct. 18, 1865. Alexander, Sir James Edward. Born in Scotland, 1803: died April 2, 1885. A British soldier (general) and explorer, author of "Travels through Ru ia and the Crimea" (1830), "Expedition of Discovery into the Interior of Africa" (1838), etc. He served in India and at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the Burmese, Kafir, Crime an, and other wars. In 1836-37 he conducted an exploring expedition into central Africa. Alexander, James Waddel. Born in Louisa Va., 13, 1804: died at Red Sweet Springs, Va., July 31, 1859. An American Presbyterian clergyman, son of Archibald Alex ander. He was profe or of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Princeton College 1833-44, and of ecclesiastical history and church government in Princeton Theological Seminary 1844-51, and pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, 1851-59. Alexander, John. A pseudonym of Jeremy Taylor, used in 1642. Alexander John (Alexander John Cuza or Cusa). Born at Hush, Moldavia, March 20, 1820: died at Heidelberg, Baden, May 15, 1873. Prince of Moldavia and Wall a chia 1859, and of Rumania 1861: dethroned 1866. Alexander, John W. Born at Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 7, 1856. An American portrait-painter. He studied at Munich, at Paris, and in Italy, and is soc iétaire of the Beaux Arts at Paris. Alexander, Joseph Add is on. Born at Philadelphia, April 24, 1809: died at Princeton, N. J., Jan. 28, 1860. An American biblical scholar, son of Archibald Alexander, and profe or in Princeton Theological Seminary. He wrote commentaries Isaiah (1846-47), Psalms (1850), and on several books of the New Testament. Alexander (ä-lek - sän ́der), Ludwig Georg Fried rich Emil. Born July 15, 1823: died Dec. 15, 1888. Prince of He e, younger son of the grand duke Ludwig II. of He e-Darmstadt. He distinguished himself in the Ru ian military service, and later in the Austrian, commanding a South-German contingent against Pru ia in 1866. Alexander (al-eg-zan'dėr), Sir William. Born 1567 (?): died at London, Sept. 12, 1640. A Scottish poet and statesman, created earl of Stirling in 1633. Author of "Monarchicke Tragedies" (1603-07); "Parænesis to the Prince" (1604); "Doomesday, etc." (first part 1614), etc. He received Sept. 21, 1621, the grant of New Scotland ( i . e., Nova Scotia and New Brunswick), which he transferred to De la Tour in 1630. In 1626 he was appointed secretary of state for Scotland. Alexander, William. Born at New York, 1726: died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1783. An American major-general in the Revolutionary War, known as Lord Stirling, though his claim to the Stirling title and estate was pronounced invalid by the lords' committee on privileges in March, 1762. He entered the service as colonel of a militia regiment in 1775, commanded a brigade at the battle of Long Island in 1776, where he was taken prisoner, and also served at Trenton, Brandy wine, German town, and Mon mouth. Alexander, William Lindsay. Born at Edinburgh, Aug. 24, 1808: died at Pinkie burn, near Edinburgh, Dec. 21, 1884. A Scottish Congregational clergyman and religious writer, a Alexander, Romance of dizement of the temporal power of the papacy at the ex- pense of the feudal va als of the church, and toward the foundation for his family of a great hereditary dominion in Italy. In the furtherance of these plans two of his five illegitimate children by Rosa Vanozza (Cæsar and Lucretia Borgia) played important parts. May 4, 1493, Alexander i ued his bull dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal. In 1494 he unsucce fully opposed the entrance of Charles VIII. into Naples, but in 1495 he joined the league between the emperor, Milan, Venice, and Spain, which drove Charles from Italy. May 23, 1498, the exe- cution of Savonarola took place by his order, and in 1501 he instituted the censorship of books. He was poisoned, it is said, by s said, by a cup of wine intended for Cardinal Corneto. Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi). Born at Si- of Bulgaria April 29, 1879; suspended constitutional gov- ernment there 1881-83; became by the revolution at Philip- popolis, Sept., 1885, prince of Eastern Rumelia also; com- manded in the repulse of the Servian invasion, Nov., 1885, at the battles of Ślivnitza, Dragoman Pa , Tsaribrod, and Pirot; became governor-general of Eastern Rumelia April, 1886; and was overthrown by a conspiracy at Sofia Aug. 21, 1886, and abducted to Reni on the Danube. He was restored at the end of August by a counter-revolution, but abdicated in the beginning of Sept., 1886. member of the Old Testament revision com- mittee in 1870. Alexander, Mrs. See Hector , Annie . Alexander, Campaspe, and Diogenes. A comedy by John Lyly, printed in 1584, and reprinted as "Campaspe" in that year and in 1591. It is usually known by the latter title. Alexander, Romance of. One of the most famous romances of the middle ages. Callisthenes, a companion of Alexander, wrote an account of the Asiatic expedition of Alexander, but it is lost. His name, however, is attached to a fabulous account which is supposed to have been written in Alexandria in the early part of the 3d century. There are three Latin translations of this pseudo-Callisthenes: one by Julius Valerius, before 340; the "Itinerarium Alexandri"; and the "Hist or i a de preliis," by Arch presbyter Leo; and on thesa the later ones are based. It was translated into Syriac and Armenian in the 5th century. The Persians and Arabs made use of the myth, and in the 11th century Simeon Seth, keeper of the imperial wardrobe at the Byzantine court, translated it back from the Persian into the Greek. [This] was translated into Latin, and from Latin even into Hebrew, by one who wrote under the adopted name of Jos. Gori on ides, had very wide popularity, and became the groundwork of many French and English poems. Ger ald de Barri mentions the Latin version which profe ed to be by an Esopus or a Julius Valerius, and had tious dedication to Const an tine the Great. In the year 1200 Gaultier de Chat ill on turned it into an Alex and reis, which was one of the best Latin poems of the Middle Ages; and, again, in 1236 Are tin us Qua lich in us turned it into Latin elegiac verse. A score of French poets worked upon the subject, and by translation and exp an. sion produced that romance of Alexander of which the great French exemplar was composed in or near the year 1184 by the trouvère Lambert li Cort, or le Court, of Chateau dun, and Alexandre de Paris, named usually from Paris where he dwelt, and sometimes from Bernay where he was born. There are only fragments of the earliest French poem upon this subject, written in the eleventh century in octosyllabic verse by Alberic [Aubry] of Besançon. The larger and later romance or Chanson d'Alixandre is of 22,606 lines in nine books, and the twelve-syllabled IMG:content-0061.png:[ocr errors] from 222 to 235, son of Ge ius Marc i an us and Julia Mamœa, and a cousin of Elagabalus by whom he was adopted in 221. He was killed by his mutinous soldiers in a campaign against the Germans on the Rhine. See Mamxa . Alexander the Corrector. A pseudonym of Alexander Cruden. Alexander and the Family of Darius. An important painting by Paolo Veronese, in the National Gallery, London. Alexander's Feast. An ode by Dryden written in 1697, in honor of St. Cecilia's day. Alexander bad (äl-ek-sän'der-bäd), or Alexanders bad (äl-ek-sänʼders-bäd). A watering place in Upper Franc on i a, Bavaria, in the Fichtelgebirge 21 miles northeast of Baireuth. Alexander Archipelago. A group of islands on the coast of Alaska which includes Sitka and Prince of Wales islands. Alexander I. Land. A region in the South Polar lands, about lat. 70° S., long. 75° W. Alexandra (al-eg-zan'drä). Died in 69 в. с. Queen of Judea from 78 B. c. to 69 B. c., con called as generally supposed sort of Alexander Jannæus whom she suc from their use in this poem, Alexandrines. There is a German Alex and reis, written in six books, by Rudolph IMG:content-0062.png:[ocr errors] between the years 1220 and 1254. Ulrich von Eschenbach translated the Alex and reis of Gaul tier de Chat ill on. The Alexander romance was adopted in Spain, Italy, and even in Scand in a via. An admirable free translation into English metre was made in the thirteenth century by an unknown author, who has been called Adam Davie.. But few mistakes can be more obvious. Morley, English Writers, III. 286. [Lamprecht, a priest, translated the French of Aubry, or Alberic, of Besançon, into German, and called it the Alex12th century 1130). The anderlied in there about 350. In the 15th century he again appeared as the hero of prose romances in Germany. Alexander myths are to be found in many other of old French poems, and he becomes a knightly conqueror surrounded by twelve paladins. The poems do not properly form a cycle, as they are quite independent of one another.] Alexander Column. A column erected at St. Petersburg in 1832 in honor of Alexander I. The polished shaft of red granite, 84 feet high and 14 in diameter, is remarkable as the greatest modern monolith. It supports a Roman-Doric capital of bronze, on which is a die bearing a figure of an angel with the cro . . The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze. The total height is 1543 feet. Alexander Cornel i us (kôr-nē'lius). A Greek writer of the 1st century B. C., a native either of Ephesus or of Cotiæum in Le er Phrygia: surnamed "Polyhistor" from his great learning. During the war of Sulla in Greece he was made prisoner and sold as a slave to Cornel i us Lentulus, who brought him to Rome to become pedagogue of his children. He received the Roman franchise and his gentile name either from Cornel i us Lentulus or from L. Cornel i us Sulla. He died at Lauren tum in a fire which destroyed his house. He wrote a geographico-historical account in 42 books of nearly all the countries of the ancient world, and many other works, of which only the titles and fragments have been preserved. Alexander Jagellon (jä-gel'lon). Born in 1461: died in 1506. King of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, second son of Casimir of Poland. He succeeded to the grand duchy at the death of his father in 1492, and was elected king of Poland at the death of his brother John Albert in 1501. He married Helena, daughter of Ivan III. of Ru ia, but was almost ince antly at war with his father-in-law. In his reign the laws of Poland were codified by John Laski. Alexander Karageorgevitch (kä-rä-ga-or'gevich). [ Karageorgevitch , son of Black George. See Czerny .] Born at Topola, Servia, Oct. 11, 1806: died at Temesvar, Hungary, May 2, 1885. A son of Czerny George, elected prince of Servia in 1842 and deposed in 1858. He was succeeded by Prince Milosch Obrenovitch, who was in turn succeeded by his son Michael in 1860. Alexander made repeated attempts to regain the throne, and was accused of complicity in the murder of Prince Michael in 1868 and imprisoned, but was soon pardoned. Alexander Nevski (nef's ki), Saint. Born at Vladimir, Ru ia, 1219: died Nov. 14, 1263. A Ru ian national hero and patron of St. Petersburg, prince of Novgorod and grand duke of Vladimir. He defeated the Swedes in 1240 on the Izhora, a southern affluent of the Neva (whence his surname Nevski), and the Livonian Knights on the ice of Lake Peipus, 1242. He is commemorated in the Ru ian Church