Inner Temple

See Inns of Court, and Temple. Controversy" (1861), "An Introduction to Metaphysics (1864-69), Shakspeare's Centurie of Prayse, etc." (1874), "The Still Lion" (1874: a new edition 1875, entitled "Shakspere's Hermeneutics"), "Shakspere: the Man and the Book" (1877-81), etc. Inglis (ing'lz), John. Born at Edinburgh in 1810: died near Edinburgh, Aug. 20, 1891. A July 31, 1874. A Scottish antiquary. From 1846 until his death he was profe or of constitutional law and history at the University of Edinburgh. Among his principal works are "Two Ancient Records of the Bishopric of Caithne " (1827), "The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor" (1859), "Scotland in the Middle Ages" (1860), "Facsimiles The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names sity. It was made a city in 1234. Desperate fighting bo- tween the Tyrolese and Bavarians occurred here in 1809. Population (1890), 23,320. Inns of Chancery. Inns subordinate to the Inns of Court (which see). Clifford's Inn, Clement's Inn, and Lyon's Inn (pulled down in 1868, now the site of the Globe Theatre) were attached to the Inner Temple; New Inn and Strand Inn (which have disappeared), to the Mid- dle Temple; Barnard's Inn and Staple's Inn, to Gray's Inn; Thavie's Inn and Furnival's Inn, to Lincoln's Inn. Ser- jeant's Inn, in Chancery Lane, was formerly used by the Society of Serjeants-at-law, but this ceased to exist in 1877. Inns of Court. Legal societies in London which have the exclusive privilege of calling candi- dates to the bar, and maintain instruction and examination for that purpose; also, the pre- cincts or premises occupied by these societies respectively. They are the Inner Temple, Middle Tem- ple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The first two originally belonged to the Knights Templars (whence the name Tem ple). These inns had their origin about the end of the 13th century. The inn was originally the town residence of person of quality. "Before the Temple leased by Born at Anagni, Italy, in 1161: died at Perugia, lawyers, the laws were taught in hostels, hospitia cur iæ, of Italy, July 16, 1216. Pope 1198-1216. He was the son of Count Trasimundo, of the house of Conti, and Clari- cia, a descendant of the house of Scotti at Rome; was edu- cated at Rome, Paris, and Bologna; became a canon of St. Peter's in 1181, and cardinal deacon of St. Sergius and St. Bacchus in 1190; and was crowned pope Feb. 22, 1198. Fol- lowing in the footsteps of Gregory VII., he made it the chief aim of his ecclesiastical policy to vindicate the papal claim of the supremacy of the church over the state. Ile Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli). at Naples, March 13, 1615: died Sept. 27, 1700, Pope 1691-1700. Innocent XIII. (Michelangelo Conti). Born at Rome, May 15, 1655: died March 7, 1724. Pope 1721-24. which there were a great number in the metropolis, espe- cially in the neighborhood of Holborn; but afterwards the Inns of Court and Chancery increased in prosperity till they formed what Stow describes as 'a whole university of stu- dents, practisers or pleaders, and judges of the law of this realm, not living on common stipends as in the other uni- versities, as is for the most part done, but of their own private maintenance.'" Innuit (in'u-it). See Eskimauan . Innviertel (in'fer-tel). The region between the Inn, Danube, and Salzach. It was ceded to Austria in 1779, to Bavaria in 1809, and again Inowrazlaw (ē-nov-räts'läv), or Jung-Breslau (yöng-bres'lou). A town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, 66 miles east-northeast of Posen. There are salt-works in the vicinity. Popula- tion (1890), commune, 16,503. Insatiate Counte , The. A tragedy acted in 1610, and attributed to Marston, though altered by Barksteed. It was sometimes mentioned as "Barksteed's Tragedy." The play which bears the latter's name (in some copies) seems to have been con- densed by him from two others one a tragedy, one a comedy. Marston probably wrote the play in 1604. Fleay . In sels berg (in's els-berg). One of the chief summits of the Thüringer wald, west of Fried- richroda. Height, 3,000 feet. Ins tau ratio Magna (in-sta-ra's hi-o mag'nä). [L., 'the great renewal.'] The comprehensive philosophical work work planned and partially carried out by Lord Bacon, comprising the "Advance- ment of Learning," "Novum Organum," etc. See Bacon , Francis . Insterburg (in's ter-börg). A town in the prov- ince of East Pru ia, situated at the junction of the Anger app and Inster, 53 miles east of Königs- berg. Population (1890), commune, 22,227. Institute of France. [F. Institut de France, members of the five French academies, L'Aca- démie Française, L'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, L'Académie des Sciences, L'Académie des Beaux Arts, and L'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. It was established by the Republican Convention in 1795, and is supported by the government. Its purpose is " to advance the sciences and arts of research by the publication of discoveries and by correspondence with other learned societies, and to prosecute those scientific and literary labors which shall have for their end general utility and the glory of the re- ineffective; the Augsburg Interim, proclaimed also by Charles V., May 15, 1548, but not carried out by many Prot- estants; and the Leipsic Interim, carried through the Diet of Saxony, Dec. 22, 1548, by the efforts of the elector Mau- rice, and enlarged and published as the Greater Interim in March, 1549: it met with strenuous opposition. Reli. gio us toleration was secured for the Luther ans by the peace of Pa au, 1552. Interlaken (in'tér-lä-ken), or Interlachen (in'- ter-läch-en). A summer resort in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, on the Aare, between Lakes Thun and Brienz, 27 miles southeast of Bern. It is a celebrated tourist center. The chief avenue is the Hoheweg. It contains a casino and an old monastery. Population, about 2,000. International (in-ter-nash'on-al), The. A so- ciety (in full, "The International Working-men's A ociation"), formed in London in 1864, de- signed to unite the working-cla es of all coun- tries in promoting social and industrial reform by political means. Its chief aims were: (1) the sub- ordination of capital to labor through the transference of industrial enterprises from the capitalists to bodies of working-men; (2) the encouragement of men on strike by gifts of money, or by preventing laborers of one locality from migrating to another when the laborers of the latter are on strike; (3) the overthrow of all laws, customs, and privileges considered hostile to the working-cla es, and the encouragement of whatever aids them, as the shorten- ing of hours of labor, free public education, etc.; (4) the end of all wars. By 1867 the International had become a powerful organization, though strenuously opposed by the continental European governments; but its manifestation in 1872 of sympathy with the doings of the Paris Commune in the preceding year, and internal di ensions, caused a great lo of reputation and strength. Inti (en'te). The Quichua name for the sun, deified and worshiped in ancient Peru; hence, the god of the Incas. Inti-huasi (ēn'tē-wä'sē). [Quichua, 'house of the Sun.'] One of the names given by the an- Client Peruvianicacha. cient Peruvians to the Temple of the Sun at Intra (en trä). A town in the province of Novara, northern Italy, on the western shore of Lago Maggiore. Population, about 5,000. Intransigentists (in-tran'si-jen-tists). 1. A rad- ical party in Spain which in 1873-74 fomented an unsucce ful insurrection. - 2. A faction in France whose parliamentary program includes various radical reforms and socialistic changes. Intrepid, The. 1. A Tripoli tan ve el, cap- Stephen Decatur sailed into the port of Tripoli on the night of Feb. 16, 1804, and recaptured and burned the United States frigate Philadel- phi a, which had fallen into the enemy's hands. The ve el was afterward blown up in the harbor to destroy Tripoli tan cruisers.-2. An Arctic exploring ve el. She sailed under Com- mander Austin in 1850 from England. In trigo (in-tre'gō). A man of busine in Sir Francis Fane's comedy "Love in the Dark," the name has changed with the various changes in the government. At first the a ociation was installed at the Quatre Nations. There is a general annual meeting on Louvre, but in 1806 it was removed to the Collège des the 25th of October, the anniversary of its founding. Institutes of Just in i an. See Corpus Juris. Institutes of the Christian Religion. [L. In- stitutio Religion is Christianæ .] A theological work by Calvin, published in Latin in 1536, and in French in 1540. Instituto His to rico e Geographico Brazi- leiro. [Pg., Brazilian Historical and Geograph- ical Society.'] A society established at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1839, for the encouragement of historical and geographical studies. Since its foundation it has published the "Revista Tri mensal," now (1894) numbering over 55 volumes, and containing docu- ments of the highest interest. It po e es a very valua- Insubres (in'sū-brēz). In ancient history, a Gallic people in Cisalpine Gaul, dwelling north of the Po, in the vicinity of Milan. They were finally subjected to Rome in 196 в. с. Interim (inter-im). A provisional arrange- ment for the settlement of religious differences between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany during the Reformation epoch, pend- ing a definite settlement by a church council. There were three interims: the Ratisbon Interim, pro- mulgated by the emperor Charles V., July 29, 1541, but Ionian Islands (i-ō'ni-an i'landz). 1. The col- lective name of Corfu, Santa Maura, Cephalo- nia, Zante, Paxo, Ithaca, and Cerigo, and some smaller islands, belonging to Greece. They form the modern nomarchies of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and tec to rate in 1815; and were ceded to Greece in 1864. See Corfu , Cephalonia , and the other separate islands. 2. In ancient geography, the islands belonging to Ionia in Asia Minor.' Ionian Sea. [L. Ionium Mare .] The part of the Mediterranean between Greece and Albania on the east and Calabria and Sicily on the west. Ios (i'os). [Gr. " Ios .] An island in the Ægean Sea, 12 miles south-southwest of Naxos: the modern Nio. It now belongs to Greece. Popu- lati on, about 2,000. Iowa (1'ō-wä). [Pl., also Iowas : 'Gray' or 'Dusty Noses,' a name given to the Paqotce.] A tribe Iowa (i'ō-wa). One of the Northwestern States of the United States of America. Capital, Des Moines. It is bounded by Minnesota on the north and Mi ouri on the south, and is separated on the east by the Mi i ippi from Wisconsin and Illinois, and on the west by the Mi ouri from Nebraska and by the Big Sioux from Dakota. The surface is level and undulating. The chief minerals are coal and lead. The chief occupation is tion of corn. It has 99 counties, sends 2 senators and 11 agriculture: it is one of the leading States in the produc- representatives to Congre , and has 13 electoral votes. It formed part of the "Louisiana Purchase" and of Mi ouri Territory, part of Michigan Territory 1834-36, and part of Wisconsin Territory 1836-38. The first settle- ments were made at Burlington and elsewhere in 1833. Iowa was made a separate Territory in 1838, and was ad. mitted into the Union in 1846. Area, 56,025 square miles. Population (1890), 1,911,896. Iowa. A river in the State of Iowa, joining the Mi i ippi 19 miles south of Muscatine. Length, about 300 miles; navigable from Iowa City (80 miles). Iowa City. The capital of Johnson County, Iowa, situated on the Iowa River 51 miles west by north of Davenport: State capital from 1839 to 1857. Population (1890), 7,016. Iowa College. A coeducational institution of learning, incorporated in 1847, opened at Daven- port, Iowa, in 1848, and removed to Grinnell, Poweshiek County, in 1860. It is controlled by Con- greg at i on a lists, and had (1896-97) 34 instructors and 485 students. Its president is the Rev. George A. Gates. Iowa State University. A coeducational in- stitution of learning at Iowa City, Iowa. It was opened in 1855, and bad (1896-97) 105 in- There is no character in all Greek tragedy like this Ion, who reminds one strongly of the charming boys drawn by Plato in such dialogues as "Charm ides" and "Lysis." In purity and freshne he has been compared to Giotto's chor- isters, and has afforded Racine his masterpiece of imita- tion in the Joas of the "Athalie." But I would liken him struct ors and 1,331 students. donja in 334. Later it fell to Pergamum and Rome. It was celebrated for its wealth, and for the early development of art, music, philosophy, and literature. Ipek (e-pek'), Serv. Peč (petsh). A town in the vilayet of Ko ovo, Turkey, situated in lat. 42° 35′ N., long. 20° 26' E.: the ancient seat of the Servian patriarch. Population, estimated, in the first half of the 4th century B. C. An A then i an general, noted for his improvements Iphigenia. A tragedy by John Dennis, acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1700. The story is taken from Euripi des's "Iphigenia in Tauris." Iphigenia among the Tauri. A play of Eu- ripides, of uncertain date, but certainly belong- ing to the poet's later period. Iphigenia at Aulis. Aplay of Euripi des, brought out after his death by his son. Iphigénie. A tragedy by Racine, acted at court in 1674, in public in 1675. Iphigenie auf Tauris. A psychological drama by Goethe, completed 1787. Iphigénie en Aulide. An opera by Gluck, pro- duced at Paris in 1774. Iphigénie en Tauride. An opera by Gluck, produced at Paris in 1779. The story of "Iphigenia in Aulis" has been set to music by more than 20 composers besides Gluck, and of "Iphigenia in Tauris" by 9 or 10. Ips, or Ybbs (ips). A town in Lower Austria, situated at the junction of the Ips with the Danube, 58 miles west of Vienna. Population (1890), commune, 4,286. Ipsambul. See Abu - Simbel . Ipsara (ip-sä'rä), or Psara (psä'rä). A small island in the Ægean Sea, 12 miles northwest of Scio, belonging to Turkey: the ancient Psyra. Ipsus (ip's us). [Gr. " Ιψος , Ἰψός .] In ancient geography, a town in Phrygia, Asia Minor, about lat. 38° 41′ N., long. 30° 52′ E. Here, 301 в. с., Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated and slew founded by Elizabeth, and was the birthplace of Wolsey. It was plundered by the Danes 991 and 1000. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1891), 57,260. Ipswich. lia, situated on the Bremer about lat. 27° 35' S., Ipswich. A river port in Queensland, Austra- long. 152° 50′ E. Population (1891), 7,625. Ipswich. A river port in E ex County, Ma a- chusetts, situated near the mouth of the Ipswich ulation of township (1890), 4,439. ing to one legend, when the fleet which was to sail against Troy was becalmed at Aulis, through the anger of Artemis with Agamemnon, the seer Calchas (or the Delphic oracle) declared that the death of Iphigenia was the only means of propitiating the godde . Agamemnon sent for his daughter, but when she arrived Artemis carried her away in a cloud to Tauris, and a stag (or other animal, or another person) was substituted for her in the sacrifice. While she was at Tauris as a prieste of Artemis, her brother Orestes, accompanied by his friend Pylades, came with the intention of carrying off the celebrated image of the god- de . Iphigenia saved him from being put to death as a stranger, and fled with him and the image. Herstory has frequently been made the subject of dramatic poetry. There were "Iphigenias" by both Æschylus and Sopho- cles, which were soon obscured by the present play [of Euripi des). Both Næviusand Ennius composed well-known tragedies upon its model. Erasmus translated it into Latin in 1524; T. Sibillet into French in 1549. Dolce gave an Italian version in 1560. There are obscure French ver- sions by Rotrou (1640), and by Leclerc and Coras (1675), the latter in opposition to the great imitation of Racine in 1674. Racine's remarkable play, written by a man who combined a real knowledge of Euripi des with poetic talent of his own, is a curious specimen of the effects of French court manners in spoiling the simplicity of a great mas- terpiece. "Achilles, or Iphigenia in Aulis," was brought out at Drury Lane in 1700, and the author in his preface to the print boasts that it was well received, though another Iphigenia failed at Lincoln's Inn Fields about the same time. This rare play is bound up with West's "Hecuba" in the Bod- Iquichanos (e-ke-chä'nos). A tribe of Peru- vian Indians, of the Quichua race, in the wild mountain region of the department of Ayacu- cho, west of Huanta. They have retained a form of tribal independence. During the revolution they fought on the side of the royalists, but since they have served the Peruvian government bravely, especially in the war with Chile 1880-83. Also written Yquichanos . Iquique (e-kē'kā). A seaport in the territory of Tarapacá, Chile, in lat. 20° 12′ S., long. 70° 11′ W. Near here, May 21, 1879, occurred a naval battle in which the Chile an ship Esmeralda was sunk by the Peru- vian monitor Huascar. Iquique was ceded to Chile in 1883. Population (1885), 15,391. Iquitos (e-ke'tos). A tribe of Indians on the northern side of the upper Amazon, in the re- gion disputed between Ecuador and Peru. For- merly they were found about the rivers Tigre and Nanay, where mi ionaries preached to them from 1727 to 1768. Some, at least, relapsed into barbarism, and the remnants live on the left side of the Napo. They are naked savages, and use poisoned arrows. Nothing is known of their lan- guage. The town of Iquitos, Peru, was named from them. Also written Yquitos . Iquitos. A town in the department of Loreto, Peru, on the Marañon. Population (1889), about 3,000. Iraj Iraj (ē-rej'). In the Shahnamah, son of Faridun by Arnivaz. In the division of his realm Faridun gave to Iraj, though the youngest Iran, and to Salm and Tur, respectively, the West and Turan. These rose against Iraj, and Tur slew him. He was avenged by Minuchihr, who slew both Salm and Tur. See Salm . Irak (e-räk'). The tract of land which is called Babylonia by Ptolemy, bounded on the north by Me so pot am i a, on the west by the Persian Gulf and Susiana, and on the east by Susiana, As syria, and Media. It was invaded by the Arabs under the first calif, Abu-Bekr, 632 634 A. D. Irak Ajemi (ē-räk' äj'e-mē) or Adjemi. A province of western Persia, lying west of Khorasan and south of Azerbaijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan. It corresponds generally to the ancient Media, and contains Teheran and Ispahan. Irak-el-Arabi (e-räk'el-ärä-bē). Same as Irak . Irala (e-rä'lä), Domingo Martinez de. Born at Vergara, Guipuzcoa, 1487: died at Itá, near As unci on, Paraguay, 1557. A Spanish soldier. He went to the Rio de la Plata with Mendoza in 1534, and was commodore of the fleet with which Ayolas ascended the Paraná and Paraguay in 1536. In 1537 he was made governor of the Spanish colonies on the Plata and Paraguay. Succeeded by Cabeza de Vaca in 1542, he again became governor on the latter's deposition in April, 1544, and remained in power until his death. He conducted many important expeditions, and first opened communications between Paraguay and Peru. Iran (ē-rän'). 1. Originally, the land of the Aryans.-2. The plateau including Persia, Afghanistan, and Balu chi stan.-3. The official name of Persia. Iras (i'ras). A character in Shakspere's "Antony and Cleopatra," a female attendant on Cleopatra. Irawadi, or Irrawaddy (ir-a-wad'i). The chief river of Burma. It is formed by two head streams, Meh-kha and Mali-kha, which unite near Bhamo. Its sources are unknown. Perhaps the Meh kha is the Lukiang, or the Nu, a large river in Tibet. The Irawadi flows into the Bay of Bengal by a delta about lat. 16° N. The chief mouths are the Rangoon and Ba e in. Ava and Mandalay are on its banks. Length, probably about 1,500 miles; navigable from Bhamo. Irbit (ir-bit'). A town in the government of Perm, Ru ia, situated on the Nitza about lat. 57° 30′ N., long. 63° 20′ E.: noted for its fair. Population, about 5,700. Iredell (ir'del), James. Born at Lewes, England, Oct. 5, 1751: died at Edenton, N. C., Oct. 20, 1799. An American jurist, justice of the United States Supreme Court 1790-99. Iredell, James. Born at Edenton, N. C., Nov. 2, 1788: died at Raleigh, N. C., April 13, 1853. An American jurist and politician, son of James Iredell. He was governor of North Carolina 1827-28, and United States senator 1828–31. Ireland (ir'land). [ME. Ireland , Irland , Yrland , Erland (F. Irlande , G. Irland , from E.), AS. Ira land , Irland , land of the Irish, from Ira , gen. of Iras , Pras , the Irish, from Ir. Eire , Ireland, Erin. See Erinand Hibernia .] An island west of Great Britain, forming with it the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Capital, Dublin. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, west, and south, and separated on the east from Great Britain by the North Channel, Irish Sea, and St. George's Chitanel. It extends from lat. 51 26 to 50 21 N., long. 523 to 10° 28' W. There are mountains near the coast, but the interior is generally level, and abounds in lakes. The leading occupation is agriculture, and chief products cereals, potatoes, etc. The chief manufactures are linen, woolen, spirits, etc. Ireland is divided into 4 provinces (Ulster, Leinster, Munster, Con naught), and subdivided into 32 counties. Government is administered by a lord lieutenant, appointed by the British government for the time being, a isted by a privy council at Dublin and a chief secretary in Parliament. The kingdom is represented by members in the House of Commons, and the bellion, 1798; Act of Union, ending the separate Irish Par liament and uniting Ireland with Great Britain, carried through under the lieutenancy of Cornwall is (came into force Jan. 1, 1801); unsucce ful rebellion under Emmet, 1803; Catholic Emancipation pa ed, 1829; repeal agitation under O'Connell, 1842-44; potato famine of 1846-47, followed by great emigration to America; "Young Ireland" rebellion, 1848; Fenian outbreaks, 1865 and 1867; Land Act, 1870; disestablishment of the Irish Church, 1871; Land Act, 1881; Land League suppre ed, 1881; National League organized, 1882; Phœnix Park murders, 1882; Home Rule agitation under the lead of Parnell; introduction by Mr. Gladstone of a Home Rule Bill which failed to pa the House of Commons, 1886; Home Rule Bill pa ed by the House of Commons, but rejected by the House of Lords, 1893. Area, 32,583 square miles. Population (1891), 4,704,750. Ireland, John. Born near Wem, Shropshire: died at Birmingham, Nov., 1808. An English author. He worked as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane, London. In 1786 he published the "Letters and Poems of John Henderson the actor. In 1793 he edited for Boydell "Hogarth Illustrated" (1791). In 1798, as a supple mentary volume of this work, he published his "Life of Hogarth," with engravings of some hitherto unpublished drawings. This is the standard biography of Hogarth. Ireland, John. Born at Burn church, County Kilkenny, Ireland, Sept. 11, 1838. A Roman Catholic archbishop. He emigrated to the United States in 1849; was educated in France; and was ordained priest in St. Paul, Minn., in 1861. He was consecrated coadjutor to the bishop of St. Paul in 1875, became bishop of that city in 1884, and archbishop in 1888. He has written "The Church and Modern Society" (1896). Ireland, Samuel. Born at London: died there, July, 1800. An English author and engraver. Originally a weaver in Spital fields, London, he later went into busine as a dealer in prints and drawings, instructing himself in drawing, etching, and engraving. In 1760 he won a medal from the Society of Arts, and in 1764 exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first and only time. From 1780 to 1785 he etched many plates after Mortimer and Hogarth, also Ruysdael (1786) and Teniers (1787). He is best known as the dupe of his son, William Henry Ireland, in the affair of the Shakspere forgeries. Ireland, William Henry. Born probably at London, 1777: died there, April 17, 1835. forger of Shakspere manuscripts. He is supposed to have been an illegitimate son of Samuel Ireland. He visited Str at ford-on-Avon about 1791 with his father, an admirer of Shakspere, who fully believed a story of the recent destruction of Shakspere's own manuscripts. On his re turn to London he began his famous series of forgeries of