FRANK LAND

Sir Edward, English chemist and authority on sanitation, was born in 1825 at Church town, in Lancashire, died in Norway in 1899. He served an apprenticeship to a chemist in lLancaster, afterwards studying in London under Play fair, and at Marburg and Gie en under Bunsen and Liebig respectively. In 1851 he became profe or at the © newly founded Owens College in Man-< chester, and in 1852 suggested the conception of the valency of organic compounds. In 1853 he was elected F.R.S., and in 1857 received the society’s gold medal. From 1863 to 1868 he was profe or of chemistry in the Royal Institution, and held a similar post in the Royal School of Mines (afterwards merged in the Royal College of Science) from 1865 to 1885. For many years he was Government water-analyst, and in 1868 was appointed a member of the second Royal Commi ion on river-pollution. He was a member of various foreign scientific academies, and was made K.C B. in 1897. He and Sir Norman Lockyer were the original discoverers of helium (in 1868). In 1877 he published a volume of HLaperimental Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry, a work on Inorganic Chemistry (with F. R. Japp, 1884), besides many other works and papers. _ FRANKLIN, formerly the designation for a free-holder, yeoman, or landowner, holding directly from the Crown and not of noble birth.