ZINC

is a metal of a bluish-white colour, of considerable lustre when broken acro , but easily tarnished by the air; its fracture is hackly, and foliated with small facets, irregularly set. It has little cohesion, and breaks in thin plates before the hammer, unle it has been previously subjected to a regulated proce of lamination, at the temperature of from 220° to 300° F., whereby it becomes malleable, and retains its malleability and ductility afterwards. On this singular property, a patent was taken out by Me rs. Hobson and Sylvester, of Sheffield, many years ago, for manufacturing sheet zinc, for covering the roofs of houses, and sheathing ships; but the low price of copper at that time, and its superior tenacity, rendered their patent ineffective. The specific gravity of zinc varies from 6·9 to 7·2, according to the condensation it has received. It melts under a red heat, at about the 680th or 700th degree of Fahrenheit’s scale. When exposed to this heat with contact of air, the metal takes fire, and burns with a brilliant bluish-white light, while a few flocculi, of a woolly-looking white matter, rise out of the crucible, and float in the air. The result of the combustion is a white powder, formerly called flowers, but now oxide of zinc; consisting of 34 of metal, and 8 of oxygen, being their respective prime equivalents; or, in 100 parts, of 81 and 19. The principal ores of zinc are, the sulphuret called blende , the silicate called calamine and the sparry calamine, or the carbonate. 1. Blende crystallizes in the garnet-dodecahedron; its fracture is highly conchoidal; lustre, adamantine; colours, black, brown, red, yellow, and green; transparent or translucent; specific gravity, 4. It is a simple sulphuret of the metal; and, therefore, consists, in its pure state, of 34 of zinc, and 16 of sulphur. It di olves in nitric acid, with disengagement of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. It occurs in beds and veins, accompanied chiefly by galena, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, and heavy spar. There is a radiated variety found at Przibram, remarkable for containing a large proportion of cadmium. Blende is found in great quantities in Derby shire and Cumber land, as also in Cornwall. 2. Calamine , or silicate of zinc, is divided into two species; the prismatic or electric calamine, and the rhomboidal; though they both agree in metallurgic treatment. The first has a vitreous lustre, inclining to pearly; colour, white, but occasionally blue, green, yellow, or brown; spec. grav. 3·38. It often occurs ma ive, and in botroidal shapes. This species is a compound of oxide of zinc with silica and water; and its constituents are—zinc oxide, 66·37; silica, 26·23; water, 7·4; in 100 parts. Reduced to powder, it is soluble in dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, and the solution gelatinizes on cooling. It emits a green phosphorescent light before the blowpipe. The second species, or rhombohedral calamine, is a carbonate of zinc. Its specific gravity is 4·442, much denser than the preceding. It occurs in kidney-shaped, botroidal, stalactitic, and other imitative shapes; surface generally rough, composition columnar. Ma ive, with a granular texture, sometimes impalpable; strongly coherent. According to Smiths on’s analysis, Derby shire calamine consists of—oxide of zinc, 65·2; carbonic acid, 34·8; which coincides almost exactly with a prime equivalent of the oxide and acid, or 42 + 22 = 64. The mineral genus called zinc-ore , or red oxide of zinc, is denser than either of the above, its spec. grav. being 5·432. It is a compound of oxide of zinc 88, and oxide of iron and manganese 12. It is found ma ive, of a granular texture, in large quantities, in several localities, in New Jersey. It is set free in several metallurgic proce es, and occurs crystallized in six-sided prisms of a yellow colour, in the smelting-works of Kœnigshutte in Silesia, according to Mitscherlich. The zinc ores of England, like those of France, Flanders, and Silesia, occur in two geological localities. The first is in veins in the carboniferous or mountain limestone. The blende and the calamine most usually accompany the numerous veins of galena which traverse that limestone; though there are many lead mines that yield no calamine; and, on the other hand, there are veins of calamine alone, as at Matlock, whence a very considerable quantity of this ore is obtained. In almost every point of England where that metalliferous limestone appears, there are explorations for lead and zinc ores. The neighbourhood of Alston-moor in Cumber land, of Cast let on and Matlock in Derby shire, and the small metalliferous belt of Flints hire, are peculiarly marked for their mineral riches. On the north side of the last county, calamine is mined in a rich vein of galena at Holy well, where it presents the singular appearance of occurring only in the ramifications that the lead vein makes from east to west, and never in those from north to south; while the blende, abundantly present in this mine, is found indifferently in all directions. The second locality of calamine is in the magnesian limestone formation of the English geologists, the alpine limestone of the French, and the zechstein of the Germans. The calamine is di eminated through it in small contemporaneous veins, which, running in all directions, form the appearance of a network. These veins have commonly a thickne of only a few inches; but in certain cases they extend to four feet, in consequence of the union of several small ones into a ma . The explorations of calamine in the magnesian limestone, are situated chiefly on the flanks of the Mendip Hills, a chain which extends in a north-west and south-east direction, from the canal of Bristol to Frome. The calamine is worked mostly in the parishes of Phipham and Roborough, as also near Rick ford and Broad field-Doron, by means of a great multitude of small shafts. The miners pay, for the privilege of working, a tax of 1 l. sterling per annum to the Lords of the Treasury; and they sell the ores, mixed with a considerable quantity of carbonate of lime, for 1 l. per ton, at Phipham, after washing it slightly in a sieve. They are despatched to Bristol, where they receive a new washing, in order to separate the galena. OF THE SMELTING OF THE ORES OF ZINC. The greater part of the zinc works are situated in the neighbourhood of Birmingham and Bristol. The manufacture of bra , which has been long one of the staple articles of these towns, was probably the cause of the introduction of this branch of industry, at the period when bra began to be made by the direct union of copper with metallic zinc, instead of calamine. A few zinc furnaces exist also in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, amid the coal-pits surrounding that town. Bristol and Birmingham derive their chief supply of ores from the Mendip Hills and Flints hire; and Sheffield, from Alston-moor. The calamine, freed from the galena by sorting with the hand, is calcined before its introduction into the smelting-furnaces, by being exposed, coarsely bruised, in reverberatory ovens, 10 feet long, and 8 broad, in a layer 6 inches thick. In some establishments the calcination is omitted, and the calamine, broken into pieces about the size of a pigeon’s egg, is mixed with its bulk of small coal. Zinc is smelted in England, likewise from blende (sulphuret of zinc). This ore, after being washed, and broken into pieces of the size of a filbert, was sold a few years ago at the mine of Holy well for 3 l. a ton, or half the price of calamine. It is roasted, without any other preparation, in reverberatory furnaces; which are about 8 feet wide, and 10 long; the distance between the roof and the sole being 30 inches, and the height of the fire-bridge 18. The layer of blende, which is placed on the hearth, is about 4 or 5 inches thick; and it is continually stirred up with rakes. One ton of it requires, for roasting, four tons of coals; and it suffers a lo of 20 per cent. The operation takes from 10 to 12 hours. The mixture of reducing consists of one-fourth part of the desulphuretted oxide, one-fourth of calcined calamine, and one-half part of charcoal; which affords commonly 30 per cent. of zinc. IMG:4147767755307473660_illo1331.png:Zinc furnace The English furnaces for smelting zinc ores are sometimes quadrangular, sometimes round; the latter form being preferable. They are mounted with from 6 to 8 crucibles or pots (see fig. 1231. ), arched over with a cupola a , placed under a conical chimney b , which serves to give a strong draught, and to carry off the smoke. In this cone there are as many doors c , c , c , as there are pots in the furnace; and an equal number of vents d , d , d , in the cupola, through which the smoke may escape, and the pots may be set. In the surrounding walls there are holes for taking out the pots, when they become unserviceable; after the pots are set, these holes are bricked up. The pots are heated to ignition in a reverberatory furnace before being set, and are put in by means of iron tong machinery supported upon two wheels, as is the case with gla -house pots, e , is the grate; f , the door for the fuel; g , the ash-pit. The pots h , h , h , have a hole in the centre of their bottom, which is closed with a wooden plug, when they are set charged with calamine, mixed with one-seventh of coal; which coal prevents the mixture from falling through the orifice, when the heat rises and consumes the plug. The sole of the hearth i , i , upon which the crucibles stand, is perforated under each of them, so that they can be reached from below; to the bottom orifice of the pot, when the distillation begins, a long sheet-iron pipe k , is joined, which dips at its end into a water-ve el l , for receiving in drops the condensed vapours of the zinc. The pot is charged from above, through an orifice in the lid of the pot, which is left open after the firing, till the bluish colour of the flame shows the volatilization of the metal; immediately whereupon the hole is covered with a fire-tile m . The iron tubes are apt to get obstructed during the distillation, and must therefore be occasionally cleared out with a redhot rod. When the distillation is finished, the iron pipes must be removed; the coaly and other contents of the pot cleared away. A pot lasts about four months upon an average. Five distillations may be made in the course of 14 days, in which from 6 to 10 tons of calamine may be worked up, and from 22 to 24 tons of coals consumed, with a product of two tons of zinc. The metal amounts to from 25 to 40 per cent. of the ore. 1, 2, is the level of the upper floor; 3, 4, level of the lower ceiling of the lower floor. Fig. 1232. , ground plan on the level of 1, 2: only one-half is here shown. The zinc collected in this operation, is in the form of drops, and a very fine powder, mingled with some oxide. It must be melted in an iron pot or boiler, set in a proper furnace; and the oxide is skimmed off the surface, to be returned into the crucibles. The metal is, lastly, cast into square bars or ingots. The crucibles are discharged at the end of each operation, by withdrawing the condenser, breaking with a rake the piece of charcoal which shuts their bottom, and then emptying them completely, by shaking their upper part. In replacing the condenser-pipe k (see second pot from the right hand, fig. 1231 ), the flange at its top is covered with a ring of loam-lute, pre ed against the conical bottom of the crucible, and secured in its place by means of two parallel rods o , o , which can be clamped by screws projecting horizontally from the vertical tunnel. See their places, indicated by two open dots near o , o . A smelter and two labourers are employed in conducting a furnace; who make, with a mixture of equal parts of fire-clay, and cement of old pounds finely ground, the pots or crucibles, which last about four months. Five charges are made in 15 days; these work up from 6 to 10 tons of calamine, consume from 22 to 24 tons of coals, and produce 2 tons of zinc, upon an average. The following estimate of prices was made a few years ago :— | 3 tons of calamine, at £ 6. | £ 18 | 0 | 0 | | 24 ditto coal, at 5 s. | 6 | 0 | 0 | | A smelter, at 2 guineas a week | 2 | 2 | 0 | | Two labourers, each at 4 s. per day | 2 | 16 | 0 | | Incidental expenses | 1 | 0 | 0 | | £ 29 | 18 | 0 | The calamine of Alston-moor, used at Sheffield, is not so rich; it produces at most only 25 per cent. of zinc. The coals are laid down at a cost of 5 s. 8 d. per ton; and the calamine laid down there 5 l. ; whence the zinc will amount to 32 l. 14 s. per ton. The considerable importations of zinc from Belgium and Germany, for some years back, have caused a considerable fall in its price. At Lüttich, where the calamine of Altenberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle, is smelted, a reduction furnace, containing long horizontal earthen tubes, is employed. The roasted calamine is finely ground, and mixed with from one-third to two-thirds its volume of coke or charcoal, broken to pieces the size of nuts. IMG:4147767755307473660_illo1332.png:Zinc furnace Fig. 1233. represents this zinc furnace in elevation; and fig. 1234. in a vertical section through the middle. From the hearth to the bottom of the chimney it is 9 feet high, and the chimney itself is 18 or 20 feet high. a , is the ash-pit; b , the grate; c , the fireplace; d , the hearth; e , e , the laboratory; f , the upper arch, which closes in the laboratory; f , the second arch, which forms the hood-cap of the furnace; g , the chimney; h , the fire-wall, which rests against a supporting wall of the smelting-house. Through the vaulted hearth the flame of the fire draws through ten flues i , i , two placed in one line; betwixt these 5 pairs of draught openings, upon the sole of the hearth, the undermost earthen tubes k , immediately rest. The second and third rows of tubes k , k , lie in a parallel direction over each other, at about one inch apart; in the sixth row there are only two tubes; so that there are 22 tubes altogether in one furnace. At their two ends these tubes rest upon fire-tiles, which form, with the side-walls, a kind of checquer-work l , l . The tubes are 4 feet long, 4 to 5 inches in diameter within, 5 ⁄ 4 of an inch thick. The fire, which arrives at the laboratory through the flues i , i , plays round the tubes, and pa es off through the apertures m , m , in both arches of the furnace, into the chimney. n , is an opening in the front wall between the two arches, which serves to modify the draught, by admitting more or le of the external air. The two slender side walls o , o , of the furnace, are a foot distant from the chequer-work, so that on the horizontal iron bars q , q , supported by the hooks p , p , the iron receivers r , r , may have room to rest at their fore part. These receivers are conical pipes of cast iron, 1 1 ⁄ 2 foot long, posteriorly 1 1 ⁄ 2 inch, and anteriorly 1 inch wide at the utmost. After the earthen tubes have been filled with the ore to be smelted, these conical pipes are luted to them in a slightly slanting position. These cones last no more than three weeks; and are generally lengthened with narrow-mouthed wrought-iron tubes, to prevent the combustion of the zinc, by contact of air. When the furnace is in activity, a blue flame is to be seen at the mouths of all these pipes. Every two hours the liquefied metal is raked out into a shovel placed beneath; and in 12 hours the charge is distilled; after which the tubes are cleared out, and re-charged. 100 pounds of metallic zinc are the product of one operation. It is remelted at a lo of 10 per cent., and cast into moulds for sale. IMG:4147767755307473660_illo1333a.png:Zinc furnace Fig. 1235. is a longitudinal section of the furnace for calcining calamine in Upper Silesia; fig. 1236. is a ground-plan of the furnace. a , is the orifice in the vault or dome, for the introduction of the ore; b , b , apertures in the side-walls, shut with doors, through which the matter may be turned over; c , the chimney; d , the fire-bridge; e , the grate; f , the feed opening of the fire, the fuel being pitcoal. The calamine is stirred about every hour; and after being well calcined during 5 or 6 hours, it is withdrawn; and a new charge is put in. These Silesian furnaces admit of 30 cwt. at a time; and for roasting every 100 cwt. 15 Pru ian bushels of fuel, equal to 23 English bushels, are employed. These calcining furnaces are sometimes built alongside of the zinc smelting-furnaces, and are heated by the waste flame of the latter. The roasting is performed in the Netherlands in shafts, like small blast iron-furnaces, called schachtofen. IMG:4147767755307473660_illo1333b.png:Schachtofen The hearth a , in figs. 1237 , 1238. , is constructed for working with 5 muffles, one of which is long, and four short. The muffles are made upon moulds, of fire-clay mixed with ground potsherds. The receivers are stoneware bottles. The grate is 10 inches beneath the level of the hearth. b , the fire-bridge, is proportionally high, to diminish the force of the flame upon the hearth, that it may not strike the muffles. c , is the opening through which the muffles are put in and taken out; during the firing it is partly filled with bricks, so that the smoke and flame may escape between them; d , d , are openings for adjusting the positions of the muffles; e , cro hoops of iron, to strengthen the brick arch; f , is a bed of sand under the sole of the hearth. During the first two days, the fire is applied under the grating; the heat must be very slowly raised to redne , at which pitch it must be maintained during two days. From 8 to 10 days are required for the firing of the muffles. IMG:4147767755307473660_illo1334.png:Furnace The furnace shown in figs. 1239 , 1240 , 1241. is for the melting of the metallic zinc. Fig. 1240. is a front view; fig. 1239. a transverse section; fig. 1241. a view from above: a , is the fire-door; b , the grate; c , the fire-bridge; d , the flue; e , the chimney; f , f , f , cast-iron melting-pots, which contain each about 10 cwt. of the metal. The heat is moderated by the succe ive addition of pieces of cold zinc. The inside of the pots should be coated with loam, to prevent the iron being attacked by the zinc. When the zinc is intended to be laminated, it should be melted with the lowest po ible heat, and poured into hot moulds. When the zinc ores contain cadmium, this metal distils over in the form of brown oxide, with the first portions, being more volatile than zinc. Under Bra and Copper , the most useful alloys of zinc are described. The sulphate, vulgarly called white vitriol, is made from the sulphuret, by roasting it gently, and then exposing it upon sloping terraces to the action of air and moisture, as has been fully detailed under Sulphate of Iron . The purest sulphate of zinc is made by di olving the metal in dilute sulphuric acid, digesting the solution over some of the metal, filtering, evaporating, and crystallizing. Sulphate of zinc is added as a drier to japan varnishes. The ordinary zinc found in the market is never pure; but contains lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper, iron, and carbon; from some of which, it may be freed in a great degree by distillation; but even after this proce it retains a little lead, with all the arsenic and cadmium. The separation of the latter is described under Cadmium . Zinc, free from other metals, may be obtained by distilling a mixture of charcoal and its sub carbonate, precipitated from the crystallized sulphate by carbonate of soda. By holding a porcelain saucer over the flame of hydrogen produced from the action of dilute sulphuric acid upon any sample of the zinc of commerce, the presence of arsenic in it may be made manifest by the deposit of a gray film of the latter metal. Antimony, however, produces a somewhat similar effect to arsenic. Zinc is extensively employed for making water-cisterns, baths, spouts, pipes, plates for the zincographer, for voltaic batteries, filings for fire-works, covering roofs, and a great many architectural purposes, especially in Berlin; because this metal, after it gets covered with a thin film of oxide or carbonate, suffers no further change by long exposure to the weather. One capital objection to zinc as a roofing material, is its combustibility. Chloride of zinc has been recently used with great advantage as an escharotic for removing cancerous tumours, and healing various ill-constitutioned ulcers. It, as also the nitrate, forms an ingredient in the resist pastes for the pale blues of the indigo vat. Spelter (zinc) imported for home consumption—in 1835, 52,604 cwts.; in 1836, 47,406 cwts. Duty,—in cakes, 2 s. ; not in cakes, 10 s. per cwt. THE END. London: Printed by A. Spottiswoode New-Street-Square alphabetical List of Articles. ABB-WOOL — ACETATE — ACETATE OF ALUMINA — ACETIC ACID — A CET I METER — ACETONE — ACID OF ARSENIC — ACIDS — ACROSPIRE — ADDITIONS — ADIPOCIRE — ADIT — ADULTERATION — ÆTHER — AFFINITY — AGARIC — AGATE — AIR — ALABASTER — ALBUM GRÆCUM — ALCARAZZAS — ALCOHOL — ALE — ALEMBIC — ALEMBROTH — ALGAROTH — ALIZARINE — ALKALI — ALKALIMETER — ALKANA — ALKANET — ALLIGATION — ALLOY — ALMOND — ALMOND OIL — ALOE — ALUDEL — ALUM — AMADOU — AMALGAM — AMALGAMATION — AMBER — AMBERGRIS — AMIANTHUS — AMMONIA — AMMONIAC — AMORPHOUS — ANALYSIS — ANCHOR — ANIMÉ — ANKER — ANNEALING or NEALING — AN NOT TO — ANTHRACITE — ANTIGUGGLER — ANTIMONY — ANTISEPTICS — ANVIL — AQUA REGIA — AQUA VITÆ — AQUAFORTIS — ARCHIL — ARDENT SPIRIT — AREOMETER OF BAUMÉ — ARGILLACEOUS EARTH — ARGOL — ARMS — ARRACK — ARROW ROOT — ARSENIC — ARTESIAN WELLS — ASPHALTUM — ASSAY and ASSAYING — ATOMIC WEIGHTS or ATOMS — ATTAR OF ROSES — AURUM MUSIVUM — AUTOMATIC — AUTOMATON — AXE — AXLES — AXUNGE — AZOTIZED — AZURE BABLAH — BAGASSE — BAKING — BALANCE — BALSAMS — BANDANNA — BARBERRY — BARILLA — BARIUM — BARK OF OAK — BARLEY — BARM — BARYTA or BARYTES — BASSORINE — BATHS — BDELLIUM — BEER — BEET-ROOT SUGAR — BELL-METAL — BELLOWS — BEN OIL — BENGAL STRIPES — BENJAMIN or BENZOIN — BERLIN BLUE — BERRIES OF AVIGNON — BERYL — BEZOAR — BILE — BIRDLIME — BISMUTH — BISTRE — BITTER PRINCIPLE — BITUMEN, or ASPHALTUM — BLACK DYE — BLACK PIGMENT — BLEACHING — BLENDE — BLOCK MANUFACTURE — BLOOD — BLOWING MACHINE — BLOWPIPE — BLUE DYES — BLUE PIGMENTS — BLUE VITRIOL — BOMBAZINE — BONE BLACK — BONES — BOOKBINDING — BORAX — BOTTLE MANUFACTURE — BOUGIE — BRACES — BRAIDING MACHINE — BRAN — BRANDY — BRASS — BRAZIL-WOOD — BRAZING — BREAD — BRECCIA — BREWING — BRICK — BRIMSTONE — BRITISH GUM — BROMINE — BRONZE — BROWN DYE — BRUSHES — BUTTER — BUTTER OF CACAO — BUTTON MANUFACTURE CABLE — CACAO, BUTTER OF — CADMIUM — CAFEINE — CAJEPUT OIL — CALAMANCO — CALAMINE — CALC-SINTER — CALC-TUFF — CALCAREOUS EARTH — CALCAREOUS SPAR — CALCEDONY — CALCHANTUM — CALCINATION — CALCIUM — CALCULUS — CALENDER — CALICO-PRINTING — CALOMEL — CALORIC — CALORIFÈRE OF WATER — CAMBRIC — CAMLET OR CAMBLET — CAMPHOR, or CAMPHIRE — CAMWOOD — CANDLE — CANE-MILL — CANNON — CANVASS — CAOUTCHOUC, GUM-ELASTIC, OR INDIAN-RUBBER — CAPERS — CAPSTAN — CARAT or CARACT — CARBON — CARBONATE OF AMMONIA — CARBONATED WATER — CARBONATES — CARBONIC ACID — CARBONIC OXIDE — CARBUNCLE — CARBURET OF SULPHUR — CARBURETTED HYDROGEN — CARD CUTTING — CARDS — CARDS, PLAYING — CARMINE — CARPET — CART HAM US — CASE-HARDENING — CASHMERE or CACHE MERE — CASK — CASSAVA — CASSIS — CASTING OF METALS — CASTOR — CASTOR OIL — CASTOR or CASTOREUM — CASTORINE — CATECHU — CATGUT — CATHARTINE — CAUSTIC — CAVIAR — CAWK — CEDRA — CELESTINE — CEMENTATION — CEMENTS — CERASIN — CERATE — CERINE — CERIUM — CERUSE — CETINE — CHAINWORK — CHALK — CHALK— Black — CHALK— French — CHALK— Red — CHARCOAL — CHICA — CHIMNEY — CHINTZ — CHLORATE OF POTASH — CHLORATES — CHLORIC ACID — CHLORINE — CHLOROMETRY — CHOCOLATE — CHROMATES — CHROMIC ACID — CHROMIUM — CINNABAR — CINNAMON — CITRIC ACID — CIVET — CLAY — CLOTH-BINDING — CLOTH, MANUFACTURE OF — COBALT — COCCULUS INDICUS, or Indian berry — COCHINEAL — COCOA, STEARINE, AND ELAINE — COFFEE — COKE — COLCOTHAR OF VITRIOL — COLOPHANY — COLOURING MATTER — COLUMBIUM — COLZA — COMB — COMBINATION — COMBUSTIBLE — COMBUSTION — COMPOUND COLOURS — CONCRETE — CONGELATION — COOLING OF FLUIDS — COPAL — COPPER — COPPER, Statistics of — COPPERAS — CORAL — CORK — CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE — CORUNDUM; or Telesie — COTTON DYEING — COTTON MANUFACTURE — COURT PLASTER — CRAPE — CRAYONS — CRAYONS, lithographic — CREOSOTE — CRUCIBLES — CRYSTAL — CUDBEAR — CUPELLATION — CURRYING OF LEATHER — CUTLERY — CYANATES — CYAN HYDRIC Acid — CYANIDES — CYANIDES, FERRO — CYANOGEN — CYDER DAHLINE — DAMASCUS BLADES — DAMASK — DAMASKEENING — DAMASSIN — DAMPS — DAPHNINE — DATOLITE — DECANTATION — DECOCTION — DECOMPOSITION — DECREPITATION — DEFECATION — DEFLAGRATION — DELIQUESCENT — DELPHINIA — DEPHLEGMATION — DEPHLOGISTICATED — DEPILATORY — DETONATION — DEUTOXIDE — DEXTRINE — DIAMOND — DIAMOND MICROSCOPES — DIAMONDS, cutting of — DIAPER — DIASTASE — DIES FOR STAMPING — DIGESTER — DIMITY — DISTILLATION — DOCIMACY — DORNOCK — DRAGON’S BLOOD — DRUGGET — DRYING HOUSE — DUCTILITY — DUNGING — DYEING EARTHS — EAU DE COLOGNE — EAU DE LUCE — EBULLITION — EDGE-TOOLS — EDULCORATE — EFFERVESCENCE — EFFLORESCENCE — EGGS, HATCHING — EIDER-DOWN — ELAINE — ELASTIC BANDS — ELECTIVE AFFINITY — ELEMENTS — ELEMI — ELUTRIATE — EMBALMING — EMBOSSING CLOTH — EMBOSSING WOOD — EMBROIDERING MACHINE — EMERALD — EMERY — EMPYREUMA — ENAMELS — EPSOM SALTS — EQUIVALENTS, CHEMICAL — ESSENCE D’ORIENT — ESSENCES — ETCHING Varnish — ETHER — ETHER, Acetic — ETHIOPS — EUDIOMETER — EVAPORATION — EXPANSION — EXTRACTS FAHLERZ — FAINTS — FAN — FARINA — FATS — FAULTS — FEATHERS — FECULA — FELSPAR — FELTING — FERMENT — FERMENTATION — FERROCYANATE, or, FERROCYANIDE — FERROPRUSSIATES — FIBRE, VEGETABLE — FIBRINE — FILE — FILLIGREE — FILTRATION — FIRE ARMS, MANUFACTURE OF — FIRE-DAMP — FIRE-WORKS — FISH-HOOKS — FLAKE WHITE — FLAME — FLANNEL — FLAX — FLINT — FLOSS — FLOSS-SILK — FLOUR — FLOUR OF WHEAT, Adulterations of, to Detect — FLOWERS — FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL, MANUFACTURE OF — FLUATES — FLUOR SPAR — FLUX — FLY POWDER — FODDER — FONDUS — FORGE — FORMIATES — FORMIC ACID — FORMULÆ, CHEMICAL — FOUNDING — FOUNTAIN — FOXING — FRANKFORT BLACK — FREEZING — FRENCH BERRIES — FRICTION, counteraction of — FRIT — FUEL — FULGURATION — FULLER’S EARTH — FULLING — FULLING MILL — FULMINATES — FULMINIC ACID — FUMIGATION — FUR — FURNACE OF ASSAY — FUSIBILITY — FUSIBLE METAL — FUSTET — FUSTIAN — FUSTIC GABRONITE — GADOLINITE — GALACTOMETER, or LACTOMETER — GALBANUM — GALENA — GALIPOT — GALL OF ANIMALS, or OX-GALL, purification of — GALL OF GLASS — GALL-NUTS, or GALLS — GALLATES — GALLIC ACID — GALLIPOLI OIL — GALVANIZED IRON — GAMBOGE — GANGUE — GARNET — GAS — GAS-HOLDER — GAS-LIGHT — GASOMETER — GAUZE WIRE CLOTH — GAY-LUSSITE — GELATINE — GEMS — GEOGNOSY — GERMAN SILVER — GERMINATION — GIG MACHINES — GILDING — GIN, or Geneva , — GINNING — GLANCE COAL — GLASS — GLASS CUTTING AND GRINDING — GLASS MAKING — GLAUBER SALT — GLAZES — GLAZIER — GLOVE MANUFACTURE — GLOVE-SEWING — GLUCINA — GLUE — GLUTEN — GLYCERINE — GNEISS — GOLD — GONG-GONG; or tam-tam — GONIOMETER — GRADUATOR — GRANITE — GRANULATION — GRAPHITE — GRAUWACKE or GREYWACKE — GRAY DYE — GREEN DYE — GREEN PAINTS — GREEN VITRIOL — GUAIAC — GUANO — GUM — GUM RESINS — GUNPOWDER — GYPSUM HADE — HAIR — HAIR PENCILS OR BRUSHES — HALOGENE — HANDSPIKE — HARDNESS — HARTSHORN, SPIRIT OF — HAT MANUFACTURE — HATCHING OF CHICKENS — HEALDS — HEARTH — HEAT — HEAT-REGULATOR — HEAVY SPAR — HECKLE — HELIOTROPE — HEMATINE — HEMATITE — HEMP — HEPAR — HEPATIC AIR — HERMETICAL SEAL — HIDE — HIRCINE — HOG’s LARD — HONEY — HONEY-STONE — HOP — HORDEINE — HORN — HORN SILVER — HORNSTONE — HORSE POWER — HOSIERY — HOT-FLUE — HYDRATES — HYDRAULIC PRESS — HYDRIODIC ACID — HYDROCHLORIC ACID — HYDROGEN — HYDROMETER — HYDRO SULPHURETS — HYMEN[OE]A COURBARIL — HYOSCIAMUS NIGER — HYPER OXY MURIATES — HYPOSULPHATES; HYPOSULPHITES ICEHOUSE — IMPERMEABLE — INCOMBUSTIBLE CLOTH — INCUBATION, ARTIFICIAL — INDIAN RUBBER — INDIGO — INK — INULINE — IODINE — IRIDIUM — IRON — ISINGLASS, or Fish-glue — ISLAND MOSS — IVORY — IVORY BLACK JACK — JACK and JACK-SINKERS — JACK-BACK — JACQUARD — JADE — JAPANNING — JASPER — JELLY, ANIMAL — JELLY, VEGETABLE — JET — JEWELLERY, Art of . KALI — KAOLIN — KARABÉ — KELP — KERMES — KILLAS — KILN — KINIC ACID — KINO — KIRSCHWASSER — KNOPPERN — KOUMISS LABDANUM or LADANUM — LABRADORITE, OPALINE or LABRADORE FELSPAR — LABYRINTH — LAC, LAC-DYE — LACCIC ACID — LACCINE — LACE MANUFACTURE — LACQUER — LACTIC ACID — LACTOMETER — LAKES — LAMINABLE — LAMIUM ALBUM — LAMP OF DAVY — LAMP-BLACK — LAMPATES and LAMPIC ACID — LAMPS — LAPIDARY, Art of — LAZULITE — LEAD — LEAD-SHOT — LEATHER — LEDUM PALUSTRE — LEGUMINE — LEMONS — LEUCINE — LEUCITE — LEVIGATION — LEWIS — LIAS — LIBAVIUS, LIQUOR OF — LICHEN. — LIGNEOUS MATTER — LIGNITE — LILAC DYE — LIMESTONE — LINEN — LINSEED — LIQUATION — LIQUEURS, LIQUOR I STE — LIQUID AMBER — LITHARGE — LITHIA — LITHIUM — LITHOGRAPHY — LITMUS — LIXIVIATION — LOADSTONE, MAGNETIC IRON-STONE — LOAM — LODE — LOGWOOD — LOOM — LUBRICATION — LUPININE — LUPULINE — LUTE — LUTEOLINE — LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM — LYDIAN STONE MACARONI — MACE — MACERATION — MACLE — MADDER — MADREPORES — MAGISTERY — MAGISTRAL — MAGMA — MAGNANIER — MAGNESIA — MAGNESIA, NATIVE — MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE — MAGNESITE — MAGNET, NATIVE — MAHALEB — MALACHITE — MALATES — MALIC ACID — MALLEABILITY — MALT — MALT KILN — MALTHA — MANGANESE — MANGLE — MANIOC — MANNA — MARBLE — MARCASITE — MARG A RATES — MARGARIC ACID — MARINE ACID — MARINE SALT — MARL — MARQUETRY — MARTIAL — MASSICOT — MASTIC — MATRASS — MATTE — MEADOW ORE — MEDALS — MEERSCHAUM — MELLITE — MELLITIC ACID — MELLON — ME NACH A NITE — MERCURY or QUICKSILVER — MERCURY, BICHLORIDE OF — MERCURY, PRO TO CHLORIDE OF — METALLURGY — METALS — METEORITES — METHYLÈNE — MICA — MICROCOSMIC SALT — MILK — MILL-STONE, or BUHR-STONE — MINERAL WATERS — MINES — MINIUM — MINT — MIRRORS — MISPICKEL — MOHAIR — MOIRÉE MET ALL I QUE — MOLASSE — MOLASSES — MOLYBDENUM — MORDANT (adhesive) — MORDANT (colouring) — MOROCCO — MORPHIA — MORTAR, HYDRAULIC — MOSAIC — MOSAIC GOLD — MOTHER OF PEARL — MOTHER-WATER — MOUNTAIN SOAP — MUCIC ACID — MUCILAGE — MUFFLE — MUNDIC — MUNJEET — MURIATES — MURIATIC or HYDROCHLORIC ACID — MUSK — MUSLIN — MUST — MUSTARD — MUTAGE — MYRICINE — MYRRH NACARAT — NAILS, MANUFACTURE OF — NANKIN — NAPHTHA, or ROCK-OIL — NAPHTHALINE — NAPLES YELLOW — NATRON — NEALING — NEB-NEB — NEEDLE MANUFACTURE — NEROLI — NET — NEUTRALIZATION — NICARAGUA WOOD — NICKEL — NICOTIANINE — NICOTINE — NITRATE OF AMMONIA — NITRATE OF LEAD — NITRATE OF POTASH — NITRATE OF SILVER — NITRATE OF SODA — NITRATE OF STRONTIA — NITRIC ACID — NITRO-MURIATIC ACID — NITROGEN GAS, or AZOTE — NITROGEN, DEUTOXIDE OF — NITROGEN, PROTOXIDE OF — NITROUS ACID — NOPAL — NUT OIL — NUTMEG — NUX VOMICA OAK BARK — OATS — OBSIDIAN — OCHRE — OIL OF VITRIOL — OILS — OILS, VOLATILE OR ESSENTIAL; Manufacture of — OLEATES — OLEFIANT GAS — OLEIC ACID — OLEINE — OLIBANUM — OLIVE OIL — ONYX — OOLITE — OOST, or OAST — OPAL — OPERA METER — OPIUM — OPOBALSAM — OPOPONAX — ORANGE DYE — ORCINE — ORES — ORPIMENT — ORYCTNOGNOSY — OSMIUM — OSTEOCOLLA — OXALATES — OXALIC ACID — OXIDES — OXISELS — OXYGEN PACKFONG — PACO, or PACOS — PADDING MACHINE — PAINT — PAINTS, GRINDING OF — PAINTS, VITRIFIABLE — PALLADIUM — PALM OIL — PAPER CUTTING — PAPER-HANGINGS — PAPER, MANUFACTURE OF — PARAFFINE — PARCHMENT — PARTING — PASTEL (colour) — PASTEL (crayon) — PASTES, or FACTITIOUS GEMS — PASTILLE (perfumery) — PASTILLE (tablet) — PE-TUNT-SE — PEARLASH — PEARLS — PEARLS, ARTIFICIAL — PEARL WHITE — PECTIC ACID — PECTINE — PELTRY — PENCIL MANUFACTURE — PENS, STEEL — PEPPER — PERFUMERY, ART OF — PERRY — PERSIAN BERRIES — PETROLEUM — PEWTER, PEWTERER — PHOSPHORIC ACID — PHOSPHORUS — PIC AM ARE — PICROMEL — PICROTOXINE — PIGMENTS, VITRIFIABLE — PIMENTO — PIN MANUFACTURE — PINCHBECK — PINE-APPLE YARN and CLOTH — PINEY TALLOW — PIPERINE — PITCH of wood-tar — PITCH, MINERAL — PITCOAL — PITCOAL, COKING OF — PITTA CALL — PLASTER — PLASTER OF PARIS — PLATED MANUFACTURE — PLATINA-MOHR — PLATINUM — PLUMBAGO — PLUSH — POINT NET — PORCELAIN — PORPHYRY — PORTER — PORTLAND STONE — POTASH, or POTASSA — POTASSIUM — POTATO — POTTERY, PORCELAIN. — PRECIPITATE — PRECIPITATION — PRESS, HYDRAULIC — PRINCE’S METAL, or Prince Rupert’s metal — PRINTING INK — PRINTING MACHINE — PRUSSIAN BLUE, and PRUSSIATE OF POTASH — PUMICE-STONE — PUOZZOLANA — PURPLE OF CASSIUS, Gold purple — PURPLE OF MOLLUSCA — PURPURIC ACID — PURPURINE — PUTREFACTION and its prevention — PYRITES — PYRO-ACETIC SPIRIT — PYRO LIG NO US ACID — PYRO LIG NO US or PYROXILIC SPIRIT — PYROMETER — PYROPHORUS — PYROTECHNY — PYROXILINE QUARTATION — QUARTZ — QUASSIA — QUEEN’s WARE — QUEEN’s YELLOW — QUERCITRON — QUICKLIME — QUICKSILVER — QUILL — QUININA — QUINTESSENCE RAISINS — RAPE-SEED — RASP, MECHANICAL — RATAFIA — REALGAR — RECTIFICATION — RED LIQUOR — REED — REFINING OF GOLD AND SILVER — REFRIGERATION OF WORTS, . — REGULUS — RESIN, KAURI or COWDEE — RESINS — RETORT — REVERBERATORY FURNACE — RHODIUM — RIBBON MANUFACTURE — RICE — RICE CLEANING — RIFLE — RINSING MACHINE — ROCKETS — ROLLING-MILL — ROPE-MAKING — ROSIN GAS — ROSIN, or COLOPHANY — ROTTEN-STONE — ROUGE — RUBY — RUM — RUST — RYE SAFETY LAMP — SAFFLOWER — SAFFRON — SAGO — SAL AMMONIAC — SAL PRUNELLA — SAL VOLATILE — SAL AM STONE — SALEP, or SALOUP — SALICINE — SALT OF AMBER — SALT OF LEMONS — SALT OF SATURN — SALT OF SODA — SALT OF SORREL — SALT OF TARTAR — SALT OF VITRIOL — SALT PERLATE — SALT, EPSOM — SALT, MICROCOSMIC — SALT, SEA, or CULINARY; Chloride of sodium — SALT, SEDATIVE — SALTPETRE — SALTS — SAND — SANDAL or RED SAUNDERS WOOD — SANDARACH — SAPAN WOOD — SARD — SATIN — SATURATION — SCALIOLA — SCARLET DYE — SCHEELE’S GREEN — SCHWEINFURTH GREEN — SCOURING — SEA WATER — SEAL ENGRAVING — SEALING-WAX — SEGGAR, or SAGGER — SELENIUM — SELTZER WATER — SEPIA — SEPTARIA — SERPENTINE — SHAFT — SHAGREEN — SHALE, or SLATE-CLAY — SHAMOY LEATHER — SHEATHING OF SHIPS — SHELLAC — SIENITE — SILICA and SILICON — SILICATES — SILICON — SILK MANUFACTURE — SILKWORM GUT — SILVER — SILVER LEAF — SILVERING — SIMILOR — SINGEING OF WEBS — SKIN — SLAG — SLATES — SMALL WARES — SMALT — SMELTING — SOAP — SOAPSTONE — SODA-WATER — SODA, Caustic soda — SODA, CARBONATE OF — SODIUM — SOLDERING — SOOT — SORBIC ACID — SOY — SPECIFIC GRAVITY — SPECULUM METAL — SPERMACETI — SPIRIT OF AMMONIA — SPIRIT OF WINE — SPIRITS, VINOUS — SPONGE — SPOON MANUFACTURE — STAINED GLASS — STAMPING OF METALS — STARCH — STARCHING AND STEAM-DRYING APPARATUS — STEAM — STEARIC ACID, improperly called STEARINE — STEARINE COLD PRESS — STEATITE — STEEL — STEREOTYPE PRINTING — STILL — STOCKING MANUFACTURE — STONE — STONE, ARTIFICIAL — STONEWARE — STORAX, STYRAX — STOVE — STRASS — STRAW-HAT MANUFACTURE — STRETCHING MACHINE — STRONTIA — STRYCHNIA — STUCCO — SUBERIC ACID — SUBLIMATE — SUBLIMATION — SUBSALT — SUCCINIC ACID, Acid of Amber — SUGAR — SUGAR OF LEAD — SULPHATE OF ALUMINA AND POTASSA — SULPHATE OF AMMONIA — SULPHATE OF BARYTA — SULPHATE OF COPPER — SULPHATE OF IRON — SULPHATE OF LIME — SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA, Epsom Salt — SULPHATE OF MANGANESE — SULPHATE OF MERCURY — SULPHATE OF POTASSA — SULPHATE OF SODA — SULPHATE OF ZINC — SULPHATES — SULPHITES — SULPHOSELS — SULPHUR; Brimstone — SULPHURATION — SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN — SULPHURIC ACID, Vitriolic Acid , or Oil of Vitriol — SUMACH — SWEEP-WASHER — SYNTHESIS — SYRUP TABBYING, or WATERING — TACAMAHAC — TAFFETY — TAFIA — TALC — TALLOW — TALLOW, PINEY — TAMPING — TAN, or TANNIC ACID — TANNING — TANTALUM — TAPESTRY — TAPIOCA — TAR — TARRAS — TARTAR — TARTARIC ACID — TARTRATES — TAWING — TEA — TEASEL — TEETH — TELLURIUM — TERRA DI SIENA — TERRA-COTTA — TESTS — TEXTILE FABRICS — THE NARD’S BLUE, or COBALT BLUE — THERMOMETER — THERMOSTAT — THIMBLE — THORINA — THREAD MANUFACTURE — TILES — TILTING OF STEEL — TIN — TIN MORDANTS — TIN-GLASS — TIN-PLATE — TINCAL — TINCTORIAL MATTER — TINCTURE — TITANIUM — TOBACCO — TOBACCO-PIPES — TODDY — TOLU — TOMBAC — TONKA BEAN — TOPAZ — TORTOISE-SHELL — TOUCH-NEEDLES, and TOUCH-STONE — TOW — TRAGACANTH, GUM — TRAVERTINO — TREACLE — TRIPOLI — TUFA, or TUF — TULA METAL — TUNGSTEN — TURBITH MINERAL — TURF — TURKEY RED — TURMERIC, Curcuma , Terra merit a — TURNSOLE — TURPENTINE — TURPENTINE, OIL OF — TURQUOIS — TUTENAG — TYPE ULTRAMARINE — UMBER — URANIUM — URAO VALONIA — VANADIUM — VANILLA — VAPOUR — VARNISH — VEIN STONES, or GANGUES — VEINS — VELLUM — VELVET — VENETIAN CHALK — VENTILATION — VENUS — VERATRINE — VERDIGRIS — VERDITER, or BLUE VERDITER — VERDITER, or BREMEN GREEN — VERMICELLI — VERMILLION, or Cinnabar — VINEGAR MANUFACTORY, BY MALT — VIOLET DYE — VITRIFIABLE COLOURS — VITRIOL WACKE — WADD — WADDING — WAFERS — WALNUT HUSKS, or PEELS — WARP — WASH — WASHING — WATER-PROOF CLOTH — WATERING OF STUFFS — WATERS, MINERAL — WAX — WAX, MINERAL, or Ozocerite , — WEAVING — WEFT — WELD — WELDING — WELLS, ARTESIAN — WHALEBONE — WHEAT — WHEEL CARRIAGES — WHETS LATE — WHEY — WHISKEY — WHITE LEAD — WICK — WINCING-MACHINE — WINE — WINE-STONE — WINE, FAMILY — WIRE-DRAWING — WOAD — WOLFRAM — WOOD — WOOF — WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE — WOOTZ — WORT — WOULFE’S APPARATUS XANTHINE YEAST — YELLOW DYE — YELLOW, KING’S — YTTRIA ZAFFRE — ZEDOARY — ZIMOME — ZINC — ZIRCON — ZIRCONIA transcriber’s Notes