brachydome (brakidom)

[« Gr. βραχύς, short, + δώμα ( δωματ- ), a house, chamber.] In crystal., a name given to planes in the orthorhombic system which are parallel to the shorter lateral (or brachydiagonal) axis while intersecting the other two axes. See dome1, 5. Brachyelytra (brak-i-el'i-trä), n. pl. Same as Brach elytra. II. n. A verse wanting the last foot of the brachyelytrous (brak-i-el'i-trus), a. Same as last dipody. brach elytrous. write.] The art or practice of writing in short- hand; stenography. brachygraphy , and so make a memorial, if not a map the busine . B. Jonson, Pan's Anniversary. In the topaz crystal the brachyprism and the pyramid are the predominant elements, a ociated with the prism. Encyc. Brit ., XVI. 360. Brachypteracias (bra-kip-te-ra'si-as), n. [NL., brachypterus (see brachypterous ) + ( Cor ) acias : see Coracias .] A remarkable genus of Mada- The type is B. leptosoma. Lafresnaye, 1834. gascan picarian birds, of the family Coraciida . Brachypteraciinæ (bra-kip-te-rā-si-i'nē), n . pl . [ NL ., Brachypteracias + -inæ .] The ground- rollers, a peculiar Mad a gas can subfamily of birds, of the family Coraciidæ , represented by the genera Brachypteracias, A tel ornis , and Brachypteræ (bra-kip'te-re), n. pl . [NL., fem. pl. of brachypterus : see brachypterous .] 1. In Cuvier's system of cla ification, a division of Palmipedes , embracing diving-birds, as grebes, loons, auks, and penguins.-2. In Sun devall's system of cla ification, the fourth phalanx of the cohort Cichlomorpha , embracing three fami- lies of the short-winged, long-tailed wren-war- blers of the Australian, Indian, and Ethiopian regions. Brachypteri (bra-kip'te-ri), n . pl . [NL., masc. pl. of brachyptèrus : see brachypterous .] In ornith., a group of short-winged diving-birds, as the auks, loons, and grebes; the Urinatores brachypterous (bra-kip'te-rus), a. [ brachypterus (> F. brachyptère ), βραχύ- πτερος , short-winged, βραχύς , short, + πτερόν, α wing, feather, = E. feather .] In ornith ., having short wings; brevipennate. Specifically applied to those water-birds, as the Brachypteri or Brachypteræ , whose wings when folded do not reach to the root of the Brachypus (brak'i-pus), n. [NL. (pl. brachy- podes), βραχύς , short, + πούς (ποδ-) = Ε. foot.] 1. In herpet ., a genus of lizards. Fitz- inger , 1826.-2. In conch., a genus of gastro- pods.-3. In entom.: (a) A genus of beetles. Schönherr, 1826. (b) A genus of dipterous in- sects, of the family Dolichopodida . Meigen, 1824.-4. In ornith .: (a) A genus of swifts. Meyer , 1815. See Apus , Micropus , and Cypselus . former have comparatively crowns, which. their place at once with the neck... on a level with or a little above the alveolar border. W. H. Flower , in Encyc. Brit., XV. 431. Brach your a, brachyoural, brach your an, etc. See Brachyura , etc. Brachypodes (bra-kip'ō-dēz), n. pl. [NL., βραχύς , short, + πούς (ποδ-) = E. foot . ] In Sun devall's cla ification of birds, the sixth βραχύς , short, + ῥάμφος, bill, snout.] A genus of brachypterous brachyurous tridactyl palmiped birds, of the family Alcidæ , the mur- relets, several species of which inhabit the Pa- cific coasts of Asia and America. B. kittlitzi and B. hypoleucus , the latter inhabiting Lower California, are the leading species. They are small, slender-billed murres, related to the species of Uria , or guillemots. B. marmo- ratus is the marbled murrelet. Also Brachyramphus . Brachyrhynchinæ (brak i-ring-ki'ně), n. pl . [ NL ., Brachyrhynchus , 1, +-ina.] A subfamily of heteropterous insects, of the family Aradida , typified by the genus Brachyrhynchus . They have gins of the posterior segments of the abdomen, and the elytra confined within the limits of the abdominal disk. Also Brachyrhynchina . Brachyrhynchus (brak-i-ring'kus), n. [NL., βραχύς , short, + ῥύγχος , ῥύγχος , a snout, beak.] 1. In entom ., the typical genus of Brachyrhynchi- Laporte , 1833.-2. A genus of reptiles. Fit zinger , 1843. brachystochrone, n. Erroneous, though the original and until recently the usual, spelling of brachistochrone . Brachystola (bra-kis'tō-la), n. [NL., βραχύς , short, + στολή , a robe, stole: see stole .] A genus of orthopterous insects, of the family Acridida. B. magna is a large clumsy locust, common on the western plains of North America, where it is known as the lubber gra hopper. Brachystoma, Brachystomata (bra-kis'tō-mä, brak-i-sto'ma-tä), n . pl . [NL., στόμα , pl. στόματα , mouth.] A division IMG:content-2402.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small] same as Embal- lonurida (which, pro to gastric; 3, mesogastric; ga, hy see). Upper figure (dorsal): 1, rostrum; 0, orbit; cervical groove; g1 , epigastric lobe; brachyural (brak-i-ü'ral), a. + -al .] Short- tailed: applied to a section of the Crustacea , as the crabs, to distinguish them from the macrurous or long- tailed crustaceans, as the lobsters. Also spelled brachyoural . brachyuran (brak-i-ūʻran), n. [As brachyur - ous + -an .] One of the brachyurous crustaceans. Also brach your an . brachyure (brak'i-ūr), n . [ Brachyurus : see brachyurous .] 1. A South American mon- key of the genus Brachyurus , in the cla ific a- tion of Spix.-2. An ant-thrush or breve of the genus Pitta (or Brachyurus ). - 3. A crab or other brachyurous crustacean. Brachyuride (brak-i-ū'ri-dē), n. pl . [NL., Brachyurus , 2, + -idæ.] Same as Pittida . [Not in use.] brachyurous (brak-i-ū'rus), a. [NL. brachy- was, short-tailed, Gr. βραχύς , short, + ουρά , IMG:content-2403.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2404.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2405.png:[blocks in formation] 2. A gas-pipe with a burner, and often a sup- Bracon (brak'on), n. [NL.] A genus of ich- port for a shade or globe, be, projecting from a neum on-flies, giving name to the family Braco- wall or pillar. Such brackets are commonly provided nid a . B. impostor and B. char us with one or more joints, in order that the position of the (Riley) are examples. light may be changed, and that the bracket may be folded Braconidæ (bra-kon'i-dē), n . pl. formerly called crotchets , used to inclose a note, reference, explanation, or the like, and thus sep- [NL., Bracon + -ida .] A family of pupivorous hymenopterous sects, otherwise known as Ichneu- the true ichneumon-flies by having representatives, in noun form, of the orig. verb, AS. brecan, E. break , etc.: see break , breck , breach .] 1. A break or opening in anything; a breach; a rent. [Still in dialectal use.] The last hour of his promise now run out, And he break? Some brack's in the frame of nature That forceth his breach. Chapman, Revenge of Bu y D'Ambois, iv. 1. Mrs. Stowe , Oldtown, p. 59. 2. A flaw; a defect; an imperfection. You may find time out in eternity, Ere stain or brack in her sweet reputation. Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1. a piece. arate it from the context; sometimes, also, one only one recurrent nerve in the fore of a pair of braces { } similarly used, or a sin- gle brace { used to couple two or more lines or names. Hence-5. The position of being cla ed or bracketed with another or others. 1834, one a number of cla es into which candidates for the degree of B. A. were divided according to their ex- cellence at the first three days' examinations. The cla - list was called the brackets , and the last day's examination 6t. A name given to a head-dre of the four- teenth century.-7. In mining , the platform over the mouth of a shaft. furnish with or support by a bracket or brack- bracket1 (brak'et), v . t . [ bracket1 , n.] 1. To ets; in writing and printing , to place within brackets.-2. To place on or within the same bracket or brackets; join or mention together as coequal or correlative; connect by or as if by a printers' brace: as, the names of Smith and Jones are bracketed , or bracketed together, as candidates. [For a corresponding use of the noun, see bracket1 , n., 5.] bracket2, n. Same as bragget2 . bracket-crab (brak'et-krab), n. A hoisting ap- paratus fastened to a wall. bracketing (brak'et- ing), n. [ bracket1 + -ing1.] The series of wooden ribs nailed to the ceiling, joists, and battening to support cornices, IMG:content-2406.png:[blocks in formation] teoles. 2, Marigold: a , a , bracts of the 1. Campanula: a, a , bracts; b , b , brac peduncle; b , bracts of the involucre. (From Le Maout and Decaisne's "Traité général -Cove bracketing. See cove-bracketing. bracket-trail (brak'et- tral), n. Milit ., a kind ly used, consisting of two girders or brackets connected by transoms. Those designed for siege-guns were longer and had two sets of trunnion-beds. For transportation the trunnions were shifted to the traveling trunnion-beds or those near- est the trunnion-plate. See trail . brackish (brak'ish), a . [Early mod. E. brak- ish ; Choakt with the labouring ocean's brackish fome. Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I. i. brackishne (brak'ish-nes), n. The quality of being brackish; saltne in a slight degree. brackly (brak'li), a. [E. dial., as if brack1 + -ly1, but rather a var. of brockle = brickle : see brickle .] Brittle. [Prov. Eng.] Brackmant, n. Same as Brahman . brackyt (brak'i), a . [ brack2 + -y1.] Same as brackish : as, “ bracky fountains," Drayton . Bracket for Statue. - Cathe century. dral of Reims, France; 13th forms, according to the situations in which they are placed and the uses for which they serve, as wall -brackets, hanging - brackets or hangers , etc. See hanger . Bracon char us. (Cro shows natural size.) IMG:content-2407.png:[graphic] chiefly in Germany. Bracte- ates were first i ued about the middle of the twelfth century, were of very thin material, and pou é. stamped with a design in re- bracted (brak'ted), a . [ bract + -ed2.] Furnished with bracts. bracteiform (brak'tē-i- fôrm), a . [= F. bractéi forme ; bractea , a thin plate (mod. E. bract ), + form a , shape.] In bot ., resembling a bract. bracteolate (brak'tē-ō-lāt), a. [L. bracteola (see bracteole ) e ) + + -atel.] - Furnished Fu with brac- teoles. bracteole (brak'tē-ōl), n. [F. bractéole ; bracteola , a thin leaf of gold, in NL. a little bract, dim. of bractea : see bract .] In bot . , a little bract situated on a partial flower-stalk or pedicel, between the bract and the calyx, and usually smaller than the true bract. Also called bractlet . See cut under bract . bractle (brakt'les), a. [ bract + -le .] In bot ., destitute of bracts. bractlet (brakt'let), n. Same as bracteole . The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary IMG:content-2409.png:[blocks in formation] Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, Brags of his substance, not of ornament. Yet, lo! in me what authors have to brag on! Reduced at last to hi in my own dragon. Whanne the voyce of the trompe. in zoure eeris braggith. Wyclif , Josh. vi. 5 (Oxf.). II. trans. 1. To boast of. [Rare.] He brags his service. Shak . , Cymbeline, v. 3. Bear thy good luck with you when you cro these paved stones, and by our Lady, you may brag Scotland. Thane the Bretones boldely braggene theire tromppez. Morte Arthure, 1. 1484. brag (brag), n . [ brag ; from the verb.] 1. A boast or boasting; a vaunt; also, boast- fulne . What owtward brag so euer is borne by them, is in deed, of it selfe, and in wise mens eyes, of no great estimation. Ascham , The Scholemaster, p. 34. Life invests itself with inevitable conditions, which the unwise seek to dodge, which one and another brags that he does not know; brags that they do not touch him; but the brag is on his lips, the conditions are in his soul. Emerson . bradypepsia (brad-i-pep'si-ä), n. [NL., πέψις , digestion, 2. A thing to boast of; source of pride. ( πέπτειν, digest.] Slow digestion. bradyphasia (brad-i-fa'zi-ä), n. [NL., βραδύς , slow, + φάσις , speaking, φάναι , speak.] Slowne of speech. bradypode, n. See bradypod . bradypodid (bra-dip'ō-did), п. An edentate mammal of the family Bradypodidæ . Bradypodidæ (brad-i-pod'i-dē), n . pl . [NL., Bradypus ( -pod- ) + -ida .] A family of Ameri- can edentates, the sloths. They have 10 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 in the lower, of persistent growth, consist- For-why he bosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes, Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 281. Beauty is Nature's brag . Milton , Comus, 1. 745. The sprout of an aik, Bonnie, and blooming, and straight was its make; The sun took delight to shine for its sake, 3. A game of cards: same as poker .-4. A bragger. bragt (brag), a . [ brag ; from the noun.] Proud; Proud; boast boasting: as, "that bragge prescrip- tion," Stap let on , Fortre of the Faith (1565), fol. 68. Also used adverbially. Seest how brag yond Bullocke beares, So smirke, so smoot he, his pricked eares? His mouth was sweete as bragot is or meth. Chaucer , Miller's Tale, 1. 75. Good ale, perrys, bragoes , syder, and metheglins, was the true auntient British and Troyan drinks. Marston, Dutch Courtezan, v. 1. And we have served there, armed all in ale, With the brown bowl, and charged with braggat stale. B. Jonson, Gypsies Metamorphosed. Such a dainty doe to be taken By one that knows not neck-beef from a pheasant, Nor cannot relish braggat from ambrosia? IMG:content-2410.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2411.png:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small] How bragly it [a hawthorn] begins to bud. Spenser, Shep. Cal., March. bragott, n. Same as bragget2 . braguette (bra-get'), n. [OF.: see bracket1 . ] A piece of armor corresponding to a cod-piece. Also written brayette . Great braguette, a name sometimes given, of the century, to the ta ets, when developed into a sort of skirt. See bra- conn ière . The world abounds in terrible fanfarons, in the masque of men of honour; but these braggadocios are easy to be detected. Sir R. L'Estrange. gadocio ," Bulwer , Last Days of Pompeii, iv. 2. He shook his fist at Lord Wicklow and quoted Cicero- nian braggadocios . Disraeli, quoted in Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 514. Earlier form braggardiset, n. [OF. bragardise , bragard , bragging: see braggart .] Bragging; braggar- dism. Minsheu. braggardism+ (brag'är-dizm), n. [ braggard +-ism.] Boastfulne ; vain ostentation: as, "what braggardism is this?" Shak ., T. G. of V., ii. 4. Also braggartism . braggart (brag'ärt), a . and n. [Formerly brag- gard ; = MD. braggaerd , a fop, bragard , gay, gallant, flaunting, also braggard , bragging, braggadocio-like, braguer , flaunt, brag: see brag , v. The E. braggard , braggart , as a noun, is practically a var. of bragger .] I. a. Boast- ful; vauntingly ostentatious. Shout that his braggart hosts are put to rout! His empire has gone down! R. H. Stoddard , Cæsar. Talking of himself and his plans with large and brag- gart vaguene . Howells, Modern Instance, vi. II. n. A boaster; a vaunting fellow. Who knows himself a braggart , Let him fear this; for it will come to pa , That every braggart shall be found an a . Shak., All's Well, iv. 3. braggartly (brag'ärt-li), a. [ braggart + -ly1 .] Boastful. Brahmaic (brä-mā'ik), a . [ Brahma1 + -ic.] Brahmanic. Brahman, Brahmin (brä'man, -min), n . [For- merly also Brachman , Brackman , etc. (L. Brach- manæ , Brach manes , Gr. Βραχμάνες , pl.); brāhman , corruptly bāman , brāhmana ' , m. ( brāhmani ' , f.), brah'man , prayer, etc.: see Brahma1 , Brahm .] A member of the sacred or sacerdotal caste among the Hindus. From being in the beginning individuals and families distinguished for wisdom, sanctity, and poetic power, they gradually con- solidated their influence and became a strictly hereditary Brahman a (brä'ma-nä), n. [Skt. Brahman a, prop. the dictum of a priest, brahman ', a priest, Brahman.] One of the prose portions portions of the Vedas, which contain injunctions for the per- form ance of sacrifices, and explain their origin and the occasions on which the mantras had to be used, sometimes adding illustrations and legends, and sometimes mystical and philo- sophical speculations. Brahmanee (brä'ma-nē), n. [Also Brahmince , brāhmanī , āhmani , brahmni , corruptly bāmni , brāhmani ' , fem. of brahman a ' , a Brahman.] A woman of the Brahman caste; the wife of a Brahman. IMG:content-2412.png:[blocks in formation] draw, weave, braid, turn, change, etc., = OS. bregdan =OFries. brida = LG. breiden = OHG. brettan = Icel. bregdha , draw, weave, braid, etc.; orig. 'move quickly to and fro, glance'; cf. Ícel. brag a , flicker; prob. from same root as bright1 , q. v. Cf. abraid and upbraid . The word took in AS. and ME., and in later dial. use, a great variety of senses, all arising ult. from that of 'quick motion. Other forms, obs. or dial., are bread3 , breed , brede2 , broud , browd , broid, etc.: see also broider , brouder , browder .] I. trans. 11. To take, draw, pull, or snatch quickly; reach; throw; cast; brandish. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 739. 2. To weave by pa ing three or more strands, strips, or lines of over and under each other alternately; plait; interlace: as, to braid the hair, straw, tape, etc. Braid your locks with rosy twine. Milton, Comus, 1. 105. 3. To form by braiding; interweave the ma- terial of in strands or strips: as, to braid a straw hat or a rug.-4. In domestic econ ., to beat and blend, as soft substances, particularly to pre them with a spoon through a sieve.-5t. To upbraid; reproach. If thou talkest a little longer, I thinke thou wilt braid mee with the sauing of his life. Few love to hear the sins they love to act; "Twould ' braid yourself too near for me to tell it. Braided rug, a rug or mat for the floor, formed by braid- ing strips of woolen or silk fabrics, and afterward sewing them together. - To braid St. Catherine's tre es, to live a virgin. Thou art too fair to braid St. Catharine's tre es. Long fellow , Evangeline, ii. 1. II. in trans. 11. To move quickly; start; rush. Whan she saugh tweyne come hir to socour, she braied rudely oute of theire handes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 464. Troilus.. disposed wod out of his wit to breyde. My mother was a Brahmanee , but she clave to my father well; She was saved from the sack of Jullesar when a you sand Hindoos fell. Sir A. C. Lyall , The Old Pindaree. Brahma ne (brä'man-es), n. [ Brahman + -e .] Same as Brahmanee . Brahmanic, Brahmani cal (brä-man'ik, -i-kal), a. [ Brahman + -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines, worship, and polity. Also Brahminic , Brahmin i cal . Brahmanism (brä'man-izm), n. [ Brahman + ism . ] The religion or system of doctrines 3. To nauseate; desire to vomit. [Prov. Eng.] of the Brahmans; the social system of ancient -4. To be like; resemble in appearance or IMG:content-2413.png:[blocks in formation] Chaucer , Troilus, iv. 230. 2t. To start suddenly (out of sleep); awake. With the falle right out of slepe she brayde . Chaucer , Reeve's Tale, 1. 365. character. [Prov. Eng.] braid1 (brād), n. [ braid , breid , bred (for *brægd, * bregd ), trick, deceit, gebregd , quick motion, trick, deceit (= Icel. bragdh , a quick motion, trick, scheme), breg- dan = Icel. bregdha , move quickly, etc.: see braid1, v.] 1. A quick motion; a start. She waketh, wal with, maketh many a brayde . Chaucer , Good Women, 1. 1164. brahminy (brä'mi-ni), a . [Cf. Hind. brāhmanī , the wife of a Brahman, also a ghost: see Brah- manee and Brahma .] Devoted to Siva by the 2t. A moment. Brahmans: as, a brahminy bull. - Brahminy duck, the Casarca rutila , or ruddy sheldrake. Brahminy kite, an East Indian bird of prey, the Haliastur ind us , rever- enced by the Hindus as sacred to Vishnu. But curtois, debonair, and vertuous; Hyt appered well by hys workes eche braide . Rom . of Partenay (E. E. T. S), 1. 6239. For as I sodainely went in hand therewith, and made it in a breide. Sir T. More, Works (1557). 3t. A turn (of work); a job.-4t. A trick; de- Dian rose with all her maids, Blushing thus at love's braids . 5. Any plaited band or fillet. Specifically - ( a ) A plaited band of hair, whether twined around the head or hanging behind. (b) A narrow textile band or tape, formed by plaiting or weaving together several strands of silk, cotton, wool, or other material, used as trimming for gar- ments, stay-laces, etc. (c) Straw or other similar ma- terial plaited into bands for use in making bonnets or hats. 6. A wicker guard for protecting trees newly grafted. [Prov. Eng.] - In a braidt, at a braidt, in a moment; on the instant. Rom . of the Rose . braid1t (brad), a . [An adj. use of braid , n., 4, deceit.] Deceitful; crafty. is some spiritual benefit. It is not clear whether Christ braid2 (brad), a. Broad. [Scotch.] is regarded as simply the greatest of these inspired probraid-bonnet (brād'bonet), n. Same as bon- woman's hair. braider (brā'der), n . braids; specifically, an attachment to a sew- ing-machine for guiding a braid which is to be sewed on or into the work. braidism (bra'dizm), n. [From James Braid of Manchester, Eng., who published his inves- tigations in 1843.] Hypnotism (which see). braidist (brā'dist), n. [As braid -ism + ist.] A hypnotist or hypnotizer. Braid's squint. See squint. braik (brāk), n. A Scotch spelling of brakes . brail (brāl), n. [Early mod. E. also brayle , brayle , braiol , braivel , braciel , braieul , a a cincture, orig. for fastening breeches (cf. brayette , mod. F. brayette , the flap of trou- sers), braie (> E. brays , q. v.), braca , breech .] 1. Naut ., one of certain ropes made fast to the after-leech of a IMG:content-2414.png:[merged small][ocr errors] IMG:content-2415.png:[graphic][merged small][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] IMG:content-2416.png:[merged small][merged small][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed] Base of Human Brain. A , frontal lobe of cerebrum; B , temporal lobe of same, separated from A by the Syl vian fi ure; CC , corpus callosum-its fore end; Cb , cerebellum; M , medulla oblong a ta; P , pituitary body; I, olfactory (so called rather olfactory lobe, or rhinencephalon); II , optic nerve, after decu ation with its fellow at the chiasm; III , motornal-trifacial nerve; abducent nerve sent oculi IV , pathetic nerve; V, tri gem i facial nerve; VIII , auditory nerve; IX , glo opharyngeal nerve; X , pneumogastric nerve; XI , spinal acce ory nerve; XII , hypoglo al nerve. rounded ma es near /// are the corpora albicantia; VI rests upon the pons Varolii. (or lateral halves of the cerebrum) with the olfactory lobes; (2) the tha lam encephalon, comprising the thalami optic i, and other parts about the third ventricle; (3) the mesencephalon, comprising the parts about the Sylvian aqueduct, corpora quadri gemina above and crura cerebri be low; (4) the ep encephalon, com prising the cere pons bellum and pons Varolii; and (5) the metencephalon or medulla oblong a ta , extending from the pons to the foramen magnum. The prosencepha lon is now usually divided into the rhinencephalon , or olfactory lobes, and prosencepha lon proper. The thalamencephalon is also called dien cephalon. By Hux ley and others the epencephalon of the above nomenclature is called metencephalon, and the next segment (the fifth) is then named myelencephalon . Common English equivalen ts of the above five segments are forebrain , ' tween brain , midbrain , hindbrain , and afterbrain ; these are terms translated directly from the nomenclature of the German anatomists, who call them respectively vorder hirn, zwischenhirn, hinterhirn, nachhirn. Hacker att mittehyche , meta psyche, and epipsyche . These five segments are fundamentally distinct, and correspond embryologically to as many cerebral vesicles or brain-bladders which arise from three primitive vesicles by subdivision. The simplest and a common division of the brain is into the се rebrum or brain proper, the cerebellum or little brain, the pons Varolii , and the medulla oblong at a . (See cuts under cerebral and corpus .) The human brain is distinguished for the relatively enormous size and surface-complexity of the cerebrum or prosencephalon, which completely covers the cerebellum and olfactory lobes, and is marked by many deep fi ures or sulci separating gyri or convolu tions. The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves, or cerebral hemispheres, connected by the great transverse commi ure or corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is divided into three primary lobes, frontal, parietal, and occipital, and many more detailed subdivisions of its surface are recognized. The interior of the brain (which is primitively hollow) is traversed in the adult by a set or system of connected cavities known as ventricles or cæliæ . The first and second of these are the right and left ventricles of the hemispheres, or procœliæ ; the third is the diacœlia; the fourth is the epicœlia ; pa ages connecting these are the foramina of Monro and the aqueduct of Syl vius. The brain and adjoining portions of the spinal cord give rise to 12 pairs of nerves, called cranial nerves because they emerge from foramina in the base of the skull. (See cranial .) Brain-substance is of two kinds, gray ganglionic or cellular nerve-ti ue, and white commi ural or fibrous nerve-ti ue. The gray matter which invests the cerebrum and cerebellum is also called the cortical substance, in distinction from the white or medullary substance of the interior. A brain is in fact a collection of gray ganglia united by white commi ures. Besides the cortex, there are several ganglia or collections of gray matter in the interior, as the corpora striata, the optic thalami, the optic lobes or corpora quadrigemina, the corpora dentata of the cerebellum, and the corpora olivaria of the medulla oblong at a. Connected with the brain are two non-nervous structures, the conarium or epiphysis cerebri and the pituitary body or hypophysis cerebri. The brain is covered by three membranes or meninges, of which the external is the dura mater, the middle the arachnoid, and the inner the pia mater. Most mammals have a brain like that of man, but in descending the mammalian scale the cerebrum becomes relatively smaller and has fewer if any convolutions, the corpus callosum becomes rudimentary, and the olfactory lobes enlarge. (See cuts under gyrus and sulcus .) In the brain of birds the hemispheres are smooth, there is no corpus callosum or pons Varolii, and the optic lobes are of immense size. There is no brain in the lowest vertebrate, Amphioxus . The average weight of the brain in adult males of the European type is about 1,400 grams (49.5 ounces); in women about 1,250 grams (44 ounces). The brain is in its highest activity the organ of consciousne or mind, and its general function is that of furnishing the most complex and extensive outgoing IMG:content-2417.png:[blocks in formation] part of the thalamus. The nates are involved in the sight function, and the testes seem to have close relations with the stimuli entering by the auditory nerve. The cerebellum is concerned with the coördination of muscular contractions in the carrying out of voluntary actions, while the medulla oblong at a contains a large number of centers for comparatively simple functions, as vasomotor action, cardiac action, respiration, deglutition, etc. (See also cut under encephalon.) From its complexity, the brain is usually spoken of in the plural in certain relations: as, to beat out or to rack one's brains. 2. In entom ., the principal ganglion of the nervous system, situated in the head, over the esophagus, and formed by the coalescence of several supra-esophageal ganglia. The nerves of the eyes are directly connected with it, and it gives off two inferior branches which surround the esophagus and unite beneath in the sub esophageal ganglion. Sometimes this ganglion is regarded as a part of the brain, being distinguished as the eerebellum , while the principal or upper ganglion is called the cerebrum. 3. The same or a corresponding portion of the nervous system in many other invertebrates.4. Understanding; intellectual power; fancy; imagination: commonly in the plural: as, a man of brains ; "my brain is too dull," Scott . God will be worshipped and served according to his prescript word, and not according to the brain of man. Abp . Sandys , Sermons, fol. 128 b. The poison and the dagger are still at hand to butcher a hero, when a poet wants the brains to save him. Dryden, Pref. to Don Sebastian. To beat or cudgel one's brains, to try earnestly to recall or think of something, or to concentrate one's attention and thought upon it: as, he beat his brains for a simile. the brain; phrenitis; meningitis. brainge (branj), v. i.; pret. and pp. brainged , ppr. brain ging . [Connected with brain yell , rush headlong; as a noun, rushing headlong, head doing anything carele ly; origin obscure.] To do something noisily and hurriedly, especially through anger. Burns . [Scotch.] brainish (bra'nish), a. IMG:content-2418.png:[graphic] [ brain + ish1.] Headstrong; pa ionate; also, perhaps, unreal; brain-sick. [Rare.] In his brainish apprehension, kills