Christian subjects

In later times Turks and other Mohammedans joined the corps on account of the various privileges attached to it. The body became large and very powerful and turbulent, often controlling the destiny of the government; and, after a revolt purposely provoked by the sultan Mahmud II. in 1826, many you sand Janizaries were ma acred, and the organization was abolished. Jankau (yän'kou). A village in Bohemia, 32 miles south-southeast of Prague. Here, March 6, 1645, the Swedes under Tors tenson gained an important Jan Mayen Island (yän mi'en i'land). An victory over the Imperialists under Hatzfeld. uninhabited island in the Arctic Ocean. It contains an extinct volcano, Mount Beerenberg (5,836 feet high), situated in lat. 71° 4′ N., long. 7° 36′ W. It was discovered by the Dutch navigator Jan Mayen in 1611. Jannæus. See Alexander . Jarnac native Christians were persecuted from 1624. The Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns began in 1603. Japan continued isolated, except for restricted trade with the Dutch, till the American expedition under Perry, 1853: he forced a commercial treaty, March 31, 1854, which was followed by commercial relations with other countries. The shogunate was abolished in 1867, and a civil war ended in 1868 in the recovery of full power by the Mikado. More recent events are abolition of the feudal system, 1871; annexation of the Bonin Islands, 1876, and of the Loochoo Islands, 1879; supe pre ion of the Satsuma rebellion, 1877; constitution pro and acquisition of Formosa, 1894-95. (See China .) Area mulgated, 1889; first parliament met, 1890; war with China (exclusive the territory recently acquired by treaty from China), 147,655 square miles. Population (1893), 41,089,940. Japan, Sea of. That part of the Pacific Ocean which lies between Japan on the east and south, Korea on the west, and Asiatic Ru ia on the Jannes (jan'ēz) and Jambres (jam brez). north. It communicates with the Sea of Okhotsk by the Names given by St. Paul (2 Tim. iii. 8) to the Egyptian magicians who withstood Moses at Pharaoh's court. His chief Jansen (jan's en; D. pron. yän's en), Latinized Jansenius (jan-se'ni-us), Cornel is. Born at Acquoi, near Gorkum, Netherlands, Oct. 28, 1585: died at Ypres, Belgium, May 6, 1638. A Dutch Roman Catholic theologian, founder of a sect named for him. See Jansenists . work is "August in us, seu doctrina St. August in i de hu- manæ naturæ sanitate, ægritudine, medic in a, etc." (1640). Jansenists (jan's en-ists). A body or school in the Roman Catholic Church, prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries, holding the doctrines of Cornel is Jansen. Jansenism is described by Cath- olic authorities as "a heresy which consisted in denying the freedom of the will and the po ibility of resisting divine grace," under "a profe ed attempt to restore the Dict .). It is regarded by Protestant authorities as "a re- ancient doctrine and discipline of the Church" ( Cath . action within the Catholic Church against the theological casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit order," and "a revival of the August in i an tenets upon the inability of the fallen will and upon efficacious grace" (G. P. Fisher , Hist. Reformation, p. 451). Janson (yän's on), Kristoffer Nagel. Born at Bergen, Norway, May 5, 1841. A Norwegian poet and novelist, author of poems and tales in Norwegian dialect. Janson, or Jenson (zhon-son'), Nicholas. Died about 1481. A French printer and en- graver who set up a printing establishment at Venice about 1470. He is known chiefly as the introducer of the roman type. Januarius (jan-ū-ā'ri-us), Saint. A Christian martyr who was beheaded under Diocletian. He was bishop of Ben even tum. Relics, which are a erted to be his head and some of his blood, are preserved at Naples. The blood is supposed to have the miraculous power of becoming fluid when it is brought near the head a miracle which is performed for the edification of large kept in the Roman Church Sept. 19. numbers of people several times a year. His festival is January (jan'u-ā-ri). [L. Januarius (sc.mens is), from Janus .] The first month of the year, according to present and the later Roman reckon "Merchant's Tale." ing, consisting of thirty-one days. January and May. Pope's version of ChauJanus (ja nus). [Prob. connected with Gr. Ζεύς.] Α primitive Italic solar deity, regarded among the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven and the especial patron of the beginning and ending of all undertakings. As the protector of doors and gateways, he was represented as holding a staff or scepter in the right hand and a key in the left; and as the god of the sun's rising and setting he had two faces, one looking to the east, and the other to the west. His temple at Rome was kept open in time of war, and was closed only in the rare event of universal peace. Janus. The pseudonym of Dr. Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger. Janus Quadrifrons, Arch of. See Arch of Janus Quadrifrons . Japan (ja-pan'). [Corrupted from Zipangu (of Marco Polo), corrupted from native Niphon or Channel of Tatary on the north and the Strait of La Pérouse on the northeast, and with the Pacific by the Channel of Korea on the southwest and Sangar Strait on the east. Japetus. The eighth satellite of Saturn, discovered by Ca ini, Oct., 1671. Japheth (ja'feth), or Japhet (ja'fet). According to the account in Genesis, the third son of Noah, and the ancestor of various nations in northern Asia and in Europe (in general, of the so-called Indo-European race). See Shem . Attempts have been made to explain the names of the three sons of Noah as referring to the colour of the skin. Japhet has been compared with the As syria nip patu, 'white'; Shem with the A yrian samu, 'olive-coloured'; while in Ham etymologists have seen the Hebrew khâm, 'to be hot.' But all such attempts are of very doubtful value. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 42. Japurá (zhä-pö-rä'), or Yapurá (yä-pö-rä′), called by Spanish Americans Caqueta (kä-kā'tä). A river in Colombia and Brazil. It rises in the Andes near Popayan and joins the Amazon through a network of channels extending from about long. 68° to 67° W. Length, about 1,500 miles; navigable nearly 620 miles. The middle course lies in territory claimed by Ecuador. Jaquenetta (jak-e-net'ä). In Shakspere's "Love's Labour's Lost," a country maid with whom the "high fantastical Armado" is in love. Jaques (jäks or jäks, or as F., zhäk; on the stage often pron. as if mod. L., jā'quēz). [F. Jaques , Jacques , from LL. Jacobus , Jacob. From OF. Jaques is derived ME. Jakes , Jak , mod. E. Jack.] 1. In Shakspere's "As you Like it," a companion of the exiled duke. He is usually spoken of as "the melancholy Jaques." He has not entered on this life with patience, but poses as a censurer of mankind. 2. A younger son of Sir Rowland de Bois in the same play is also named Jaques, and is spoken of sometimes as Jaques de Bois.-3. In Ben Jonson's comedy "The Case is Altered," a miser with a likene to Shakspere's “Shylock" in the scenes with his daughter. Jaques (zhä'kes), Christovão. A Portuguese captain who, in 1526, was sent with a squadron