II. 229.

Company (kum'pa-ni), John. A nickname for the East India Company, originating in India. of whom was the emperor's mistre , Marcia. Ben Jonson's comedy "The Magnetic Lady," "one well read in Men and Manners." Common (kom'on), Dol. In Ben Jonson's com- edy "The Alchemist," the mistre of Subtle. Compiègne (kôn-pyany'). A town in the de- Common Sense. A pamphlet by Thomas Paine, part ment of Oise, France, situated on the Oise published in Philadelphia Jan. 1, 1776. It advo- cated entire separation from England, and its arguments pendiur fell in with the prevailing current of feeling, and swept waverers along with it. It is described by Washington as "working a powerful change in the minds of many men " (Works, III. 276). Commonwealth of England, The. The desiguation applied officially to the form of government existing in England from the abolition of the monarchy in Feb., 1649, after the execution of Charles I., till the establishment of the protectorate under Cromwell in Dec., 1653, but often loosely used of the whole interval from the death of Charles I. to the restoration of Charles II. in May, 1660. During the former period, or that of the real commonwealth, the government was Vested in a Council of State, composed of members of the House of Commons, and the House of Lords was abolished. Communes, Seven. See Sette Comuni . Communes, Thirteen. See Tredici Comuni . 45 miles northeast of Paris: the ancient Compendium. It was noted as a favorite royal residence, and building is the royal palace, a large structure founded in Me roving i an times and rebuilt in the reign of Louis XV. and later. The interior is especially noteworthy for the furniture and decoration of the apartments fitted out under Napoleon I., and contains a collection of modern paintings. At Compiègne, in 1430, Joan of Arc was taken prisoner. The town has been the seat of sev eral councils. Population (1891), commune, 14,498. Complaint of Mars. A poem by Chaucer, written probably after 1380. It is full of astronomical allusions, and contains the story of "the broche" which Vulcan wrought at Thebes. It is supposed to be sung on St. Valentine's day by a bird. A "Complaint of Venus" has been appended to it. The latter is of a totally different character, and is a translation from the French of Sir Otes de Graunson ( Shirley ). It is probable that the Venus in both poems refers to the prince Isabel of Spain. Complaint of Philomene, The. A poem by George Gas coigne, begun in 1562, but not completed until 1576. de. Born at Santiago de Compos tel a, 1635: died at Havana, Cuba, Aug. 27, 1704. A Spanish prelate. He taught theology in the University of Valladolid, and was vicar of various parishes in Spain. 1685 he was named bishop of Cuba and Florida, a position which he held until his death. Compromise of 1850. See Omnibus Bill . Compton (komp'ton), Henry. Born at Compton Wynyates, War wicks hire, 1632: died at Fulham, near London: July 7, 1713. An Eng lish prelate, bishop of London, and youngest son of Spencer Compton, second earl of North amp ton. He studied at Oxford (Queen's College) and at Cambridge; was installed canon of Christ Church in 1669; became bishop of Oxford in 1674, and bishop of London in 1675; and was charged with the education of Mary and Anne (later queens), daughters of James, duke of York (James II.). After the acce ion of James he was tried before Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, as head of the high court of ecclesiastical commi ion, for disobeying the king (in refusing to suspend John Sharp, dean of Norwich), and suspended from the exercise of his episcopal functions; but reinstated in 1688. He was a vigorous opponent of Catholicism and an influential supporter of William III. Compton, Spencer. Born May, 1601: killed in the battle of Hopton Heath, March 19, 1643. The second Earl of North amp ton, a partizan of Charles I. in his struggle with Parliament. He served actively in the king's army, commanding the royalist forces at Hopton Heath, where he was slain. Compton, Spencer. Born about 1673: died July 2, 1743. An English politician, third son count Pevensey and earl of Wilmington in of the third Earl of North amp ton, created Vis 1730. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons March 17, 1715, and reëlected Oct. 9, 1722. In Feb., 1742, he was appointed first lord of the treasury. Comtat d'Avignon (kon-tä' dä-ven-yôn') and Comtat-Venai in (-ve-nā-san'). Two ancient territories of southern France, lying between Dauphiné on the north, Provence on the east, the Durance on the south, and the Rhône on the west. They were ceded to the popes in the 13th century, and were united to France in 1791. They correspond nearly to the department of Vaucluse. Comte (kônt), Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier. Born at Montpellier, France, Jan. 19,1798: died at Paris, Sept. 5,1857. A celeism. brated French philosopher, founder of positivHe studied two years at the École Poly technique became the friend and disciple of Saint-Simon, whose in Paris (having been admitted in 1814), and about 1818 doctrines he undertook to expound in a work entitled "Système de politique positive" in 1822. This friend ship terminated in a complete estrangement in 1824. He was tutor at the Ecole Poly technique 1832-51. His chief works are "Cours de philosophie positive" (1830-42), and "Catéchis me positiviste" (1852). Comte de Boursoufle (kont de bör-sö'fl), Le. A comedy by Voltaire, first produced as "Quand est-ce qu'on me marie?" It was privately played for the first time under that title at the Château de Cirey in 1734; and again in 1747 at the Château d'Anet. It was pro duced at the Odéon as "Le Comte de Boursoufle" in 1862 as a posthumous play of Voltaire. It was really made from the broader parts of Vanbrugh's "Relapse." The Comte de Boursoufle is a Gallicized Lord Fopping ton. Comte de Monte-Cristo (kônt dẻ môn'tekrēs'tō), Le. A novel by Alexandre Dumas, published in 1844: so named from its hero. Comte Ory (kônt ō-re'), Le. An opera by Ro ini (words by Scribe and Delestre-Poirson), produced in French at Paris Aug. 20, 1828, and in Italian at London Feb. 28, 1829, and in French June 20, 1849. Both words and music were adaptations of works by the same authors written some years before. Comte e d'Escar bag nas (kôn-tes' des-kärbän-yäs'), La. A comedy by Molière, first played for the king at Saint-Germain in 1691. The next year it was played in Paris on Feb. 2. It is a study of provincial manners. Comte e de Rudolstadt (kôn-tes' dè rü-dolstät'), La. A novel by George Sand, a sequel to "Consuelo," published in 1841. Comus (ko'mus). [Gr. Κώμος.] In later cla ical mythology, the god of mirth, represented as a winged youth. IMG:content-0366.png:[blocks in formation] Comus. A mask by Milton, presented at Ludlow Concha, Manuel de la, Marques de Duero. Castle Sept. 29, 1634, before the Earl of Bridge- Born at Córdoba, Argentina, April 25, 1808: water. It was printed in 1637, and in his works in 1645. killed at the battle of Muro, Spain, June 28, Milton is said to be indebted to Fletcher's "Faithful 1874. A Spanish general, brother of José de la Shepherde " for the lyrical portions, and for its central Concha. situation to Peele's "Old Wives' Tale." George Colman Comyn (kum'in), Alexander. Died in 1289. The second Earl of Buchan, constable of Scot- Comyn, John, the elder. Died about 1300. A Scottish noble, lord of Badenoch, and claimant to the Scottish throne. Comyn, John. Died 1306. A Scottish noble and claimant to the throne, son of John Comyn Aengus to whom I have alluded, that he was the constant aider and protector of the sun-hero Diarmait, while Co- naire was the subject of one of the most famous epic sto- ries in Irish literature. The plot centers in Conaire's tragic death, which is brought about by the fairies of Erinn, through the instrumentality of outlaws coming from the sea and following the lead of a sort of cyclops called Ingcél, said to have been a big, rough, horrid mon- ster with only one eye, which was, however, wider than an ox-hide, blacker than the back of a beetle, and provided with no le than three pupils. The death of Conaire at his hands is one of the Celtic renderings of the story which in its Greek form describes the treatment of Zeus by Ty- pho. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 135. Conant (kō'nant), Mrs. (Hannah Chaplin). Born at Danvers, Ma ., in 1809: died at Brook- lyn, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1865. An American writer, Conchagua, Gulf of. Same as Fonseca , Gulf of . Concho bar (kon-chō'bär). See the extract. bar mac Ne a, or Conor son of Ne a, king of Ulster. As in Cormac's case, a highly coloured picture is drawn of his reign, which the Euhemerists synchronize with the time of Christ, boldly fixing the Ultonian king's death on the day of the crucifixion. Conchos (kon'chos). [Sp., 'Shell river' (?); from concha , shell (?).] A river which rises in southern Chihuahua and empties into the Rio Grande from the south, opposite Presidio del Norte in Texas. The name was given to the river on account of the many shells found on its shores. The tribe of Conchos afterward derived its name from the stream. Conchos (konʻchōs). [So called from the Rio Conchos.] A roving Indian tribe of southern Chihuahua and in part of Coahuila, Mexico, of a low degree of culture. As atribe it has disappeared, as has also the language, almost totally. The Conchos were converted, in the beginning of the 17th century, by Fray Alonzo de la Oliva. They were first met about 1564 by Francisco de Ibarra. They were always of a mild and tractable disposition. Conciergerie (kôn-syerzh-re'), La. The old prison of the Palais de Justice in Paris. When the palace, which was originally fortified, was inhabited by the kings of France, the part of the building contain- ing the home of the concierge of the palace received this which, in 1348, was called the "concierge-bailli." It ex- isted till the Revolution, and was one of great responsibil- ity. Among other things, the concierge had charge of all royal prisoners. The Conciergerie became widely known during the Reign of Terror. Three hundred and twenty- eight prisoners were butchered there in one week. The cell occupied by Marie Antoinette was destroyed by the Communists in 1871, but the prison still exists. Concini, Concino. See Ancre , Marquis d '. Concord (kong'kord). 1. The capital of New Hampshire, situated on the Merrimac in lat. 43° 13' N., long. 71° 30′ W. It has manufactures of wagons, harne es, cotton and woolen goods, granite, leather, etc. From 1733 to 1765 it was called Rumford. It became a city in 1853. Population (1900), 19,632. 2. A town in Middle sex County, Ma achu- setts, situated on the Concord River 17 miles northwest of Boston. It was the residence of Emer- son, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and other men of letters. The bridge over Concord River was the scene, April 19, 1775, of an engagement between British and Provincial troops in the War of Independence. (See Concord , Battle of , and Lexington.) Concord was the center of the "Tran- scendental" movement about 1835-40, and later the seat of the "Concord School of Philosophy." Population (1900), 5,652. Concord (Ma .), Battle of. One of the open- ing skirmishes of the American War of Inde- pendence. A body of 800 British soldiers under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, detailed to destroy military stores at Concord, met here, on April 19, 1775, after a slight engagement at Lexington (which see), an armed force of 300 Provincial troops under Colonel Barrett and Major But trick. After a brisk fusil lade, in which several on both sides were killed and wounded, the British retreated toward Boston by way of Lexington, being hara ed by the Provincials on the road Concord, Temple of. See Girgenti . Concordat of 1801, The. An agreement con- cluded July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bona- parte (then first consul) and Pius VII. It reës- tablished the Roman Catholic Church in France, and granted to the government the right of appointing arch- bishops and bishops, who were to be confirmed by the Pope. It went into operation on April 8, 1802. Concordat of 1855, The. An agreement con- cluded at Vienna, Aug. 18, 1855, between Fran- cis Joseph of Austria and Pius IX. It gave the clergy control of public instruction, and placed cases of the Concord i a (kon-kôr'di-ä). In Roman mythol- ogy, the godde of concord. There were sev- eral temples to her in Rome. Concord i a, Marquis de la. See Abascal . Cond a mine, Charles Marie de la. See La Cond a mine . Condé (kôn-dā'), or Condé-sur-Noireau (kôn dā'sür-nwä-rō'). A town in the department of Calvados, Normandy, France, situated at the junction of the Noireau and Drouance 25 miles southwest of Caen. Population (1891), commune, 6,764. Condé, or Condé-sur-l'Escaut (kon-dā'sür-les- kō'). A town in the department of Nord, France, situated at the junction of the Hayne and Schelde 8 miles north of Valenciennes. It gave name to the princes of Condé, and was noted for its many sieges. Population (1891), commune, 4,772. Condé, Prince de (Henri I. de Bourbon). Born at Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Dec. 7, 1552: poisoned at St.-Jean-d'Angély, France, March 5, 1588. A French Protestant leader, son of the first Prince de Condé. Condé, Prince de (Henri II. de Bourbon). Born at St.-Jean-d'Angély, France, Sept. 1, 1588: died at Paris, Dec., 1646. Son of Henri I., prince de Condé, and father of "The Great Condé." He headed a revolt against the regency dur- ing the minority of Louis XIII., in consequence of which he was imprisoned three years at Vincennes. He subse- quently became a partizan of Richelieu. Condé, Prince de (Henri Jules de Bourbon). Born at Paris, July 29, 1643: died at Paris, April 1, 1709. Only son of "The Great Condé." He served with distinction at the siege of Tournay in 1667, and in 1674 participated in the battle of Seneffe, on which occasion he is said to have saved his father's life. Conde (kon ́dā), José Antonio. Born at Para- leja, Cuenca, about 1765: died at Madrid, Oct. 20, 1820. A Spanish Orientalist and historian. He studied at the University of Alcalá, and obtained a subordinate position in the Royal Library. Having in 1808 identified himself with the French party, he was soon after promoted to librarian in chief by Joseph Bona- parte. He was exiled on the departure of the French, but returned in 1818 or 1819. His chief work is "Hist or i a de la dom in a cion de los Árabes en España" (1820-21). Orange at Seneffe in 1674, and succeeded Turenne as com- mander of the army of the Rhine in 1675. clergy control marriage affairs, under the jurisdice tion of ecclesiastical courts. It was abrogated in July, 1870. Concordat of Francis I., The. A convention concluded in 1516 between Francis I. of France and Leo X. It replaced the pragmatic sanction of Bourges, a modification of the reformatory decrees of the Council of Basel, which had been adopted at the A embly Johannisberg in 1762 Fre During the popular agitation Condé, Prince de (Louis Joseph de Bour- bon). Born at Paris, Aug. 9, 1736: died at Paris, May 13, 1818. A French general, son of Louis Henri, duke of Bourbon. He entered the army at the beginning of the Seven Years' War, be- came lieutenant-general in 1758, and won a victory at of Bourges in 1438, but which had never been recognized by the Pope. It reëstablished the annats, referred the causæ majores to Rome, and gave to the king the right of nominating bishops. Concordat of Worms, The. A convention concluded in 1122 between the emperor Henry V. and Calixtus II. The main point at i ue between the emperors and the popes, the matter of the election of bishops and abbots, was settled in favor of the spiritual power, the concordat providing that the investiture should be conferred, not with the ring and staff, but with the scepter. It was provided that the election should take place in the presence of the emperor or his represent a tives; that investiture by the emperor should precede consecration; and that ecclesiastics holding secular bene- fices should perform feudal services. This instrument The Century Cyclopedia of Names Condell, Henry. Born in 1757: died at Bat- terse a, June 24, 1824. An English violinist and composer. He wrote overtures, glees, incidental music for plays, and set various musical farces. His glee "Loud Blowe the Wynds" took the prize at the Catch Club in 1811. Conder (kon'der), Josiah. Born at London, Sept. 17, 1789: died at London, Dec. 27, 1855. An English bookseller and writer. He edited "The Modern Traveler" (1825-29), etc. Condillac (kôn-dē-yäk'), Etienne Bonnot de. Born at Grenoble, France, Sept. 30, 1715: died near Beaugency, France, Aug. 3, 1780. A noted French philosopher, a leading advocate of sensualism. His works include "E ai sur l'origine des con nai ances humaines" (1746), "Traité des sys- tèmes" (1749), "Traité des sensations" (1754), "Cours d'études" (1769), "Le commerce et le gouvernement" (1776). "La logique" (1781), "Langue des calculs" (1798). Condom (kôn-don'). A town in the depart- ment of Gers, France, situated on the Baise in lat. 43° 57′ N., long. 0° 22′ E. It has a Gothic cathedral. Population (1891), com- mune, 7,405. league formed at Chinandega, Nicaragua, July 27, 1842, by the delegates of Nicaragua, Hon- duras, and Salvador. It was the result of an attempt to reunite the states of the Central American Republic, which had lately been di olved. The scheme was to form a confederation of the states, with an executive officer called a supreme delegate, a isted by a delegate from each state. The plan was rejected by Guatemala; and though the confederacy installed a government, it was so little regarded by the states that it never had any political effect. After a year or two it was discontinued. This abortive attempt is often called the "Pacto de Chinan deg a." Confederacy, The. A comedy by Sir John Vanbrugh, produced Oct. 30, 1705. It is a play of contrivance and intrigue, and is said to be adapted from Dan court's "Modish Citizens" ("Bourgeois à la mode"). Confederate States of America. A confed- eracy of eleven States which seceded from the United States in 1860 and 1861 and formed a government. The legislative power was vested in a senate of 26 members, 2 from each State (Kentucky and Mi ouri being represented), and a representative house of 106 members. Among the leading events in its history were the pa age of ordinances of sece ion by South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860; Mi i ippi, Jan. 9, 1861; Florida, Jan. 10; Alabama, Jan. 11; Georgia, Jan. 19; Louisiana, Jan. 26; Texas, Feb. 1; meeting of provisional congre , Montgomery, Alabama, Feb. 4; adoption of provisional dent constitution, Jefferson Feb. Davis 8; inauguration and Vice-President of provisional Alexander Presi H. Stephens, Feb. 18, 1861; adoption of a permanent const i tution, March 11; bombardment and occupation of Fort Sumter, Virginia, April April 12-14; 17; Arkansas, pa age May of sece ion 7; Tenne ee, ordinances May by 6; pa age of sece ion ordinances by North Carolina, May 20; removal of the capital to Richmond, July 20; election of Davis and Stephens as president and vice-president for Congo. See Kongo , and Kongo State . 1862; final adjournment of congre , March 18, 1865; ос- six years, Nov. 6, 1861, and their inauguration Feb. 22, Congo, or Congo Grande. See São Salvador . of Lee's army, April 9, 1865; surrender of Johnston's army, April 26, 1865. The eleven seceding States were readmit- ted to the Union from 1866 to 1870. Compare Civil War. Confederation, Articles of. In United States history, the compact or constitution adopted by the Continental Congre in 1777, and ratified by the separate colonies within the next four years. The government formed under this compact, which went into effect on March 1, 1781, was without an executive and judiciary, consisting simply of a congre of one house, in which each State had one vote. It was empowered to declare war and peace, make treaties with foreign powers, direct the land and naval forces in time of war, make requisitions upon the separate States for their quota of the money nece ary for national expenses, regu- late the value of coin, control the postal service, etc. As it had no power to enforce its laws upon the States, it soon fell into contempt, and on March 4, 1789, expired by limi- tation under the provisions of the present Constitution. Confe ion d'un Enfant du Siècle, La. [F., The Confe ion of a Child of the Century.'] A prose work by Alfred de Mu et, published in 1836. In it he says he endeavors to show how he suffered for three years from the malady of the age doubt, disillusion, skepticism, and debauchery - and to point out to others a way of escape. Confe ions of an English Opium-Eater. A partly autobiographical work by De Quincey, published in 1821. Confe ions of Saint Augustine, The. The memoirs of Saint Augustine, written by him- self. They are divided into 13 books; the first 10 treat Conestoga (kon-es-to'gä). [Pl., also Cones to- gas; people of the forked root-poles.] A love of pleasure, of glory, and of science. The last 3 are tribe of North American Indians formerly 6 of which were written at Wootton, England, 1766-67, and 6 at Dauphiné and at Trye, France, 1768-70. It was his intention that they should not be published till 1800, as the persons alluded to in them were living; but those in charge of the MS. published the first 6 volumes in 1781- 1782. In 1788 a new edition appeared, containing the whole. Confines, Audience of the. [Sp. Audiencia de los Confines.] The supreme Spanish court of Cen- tral America. It was established in 1542, and held its first sitting at Gracias a Dios in 1545; the seat was changed to Guatemala in 1549, transferred to Panama in 1564, and the end of the 16th century the isthmal portion was trans- ferred to the new audience of Panama. The Audience of the Confines frequently appointed temporary governors. It is often spoken of as the "Audience of Guatemala." Conflans-l'Archevêque (kon-flon lärsh-vāk'). A village situated 3 miles southeast of Paris. Here, in 1465, Louis XI. signed a treaty making certain con- ce ions to the leaders of the "League of the Public Good." Confederação do Equador (kon-fe-de-rä-sän' doa-kwa-dor'). [Pg., 'League of the Equator.] The name given to a political league formed at Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1824, with the object of throwing off allegiance to the emperor, and establishing a republic. The revolt was proclaimed by Manuel de Carvalho Paes de And rade and his a oci- ates on July 2, 1824. Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, and Parahyba adhered to it, and Carvalho was made acting president. The revolutionists were conquered after some by the treaty of Péronne, 1468. Conflans (kon-flon'), Treaty of. A treaty con- cluded in Oct., 1465, between Louis XI. of France and the dukes of Bourbon, Britt any, and Burgundy, according to which Normandy was ceded to the Duke of Berry, and the "War of the Public Good" ended. It was confirmed Confucius (kon-fū'shius). [Latinized form of Chin. K'ung - fu - tză (last syllable is also written -tse, -tze, etc.), c.), Kung the philosopher.'] Born in the principality of Lu (the modern province Congreve (kong'grev), Richard. Born at Leaming ton, England, Sept. 4, 1818: died at Hampstead, England, July 5, 1899. An Eng- especially for the brilliancy of his style and the wit and vigor of his dialogues. His work is marred by the almost total absence of fine moral feeling, as well as by the coarsene common in his day. Congreve, Sir William. Born at Woolwich, England, May 20, 1772: died at Toulouse, France, May 16, 1828. An English engineer, best known as the inventor of the Congreve rocket. He was appointed, April, 1814, comptroller of the royal laboratory at Woolwich, in which office he suc- ceeded his father, Lieutenant-General Sir William Con- greve. He published a number of works on economical and technological topics. Conibos (kō-nēʼbōs). A tribe of Indians in eastern Peru, inhabiting a region on the mid- dle course of the river Ucayale. Con ings burgh, Thane of. See Athelstane . Coningsby (kon'ingz-bi). A po Benjamin Disrae (kon'ingz-bi). A political novel by Disraeli, published in 1844. Conkling was member of Congre (Republican) from New York 1850-63 and 1865-67, and was United States senator from of New York 1867-hen he resigned in consequence eral patronage in the State of New York, which he and his colleague, Thomas C. Platt, claimed the right to control. The President having appointed William H. Robertson, an op ponent of Conkling, to the collectorship of the port of New York, the latter opposed the confirmation of the appoint ment by the Senate, on the ground that he and his colleague had not been consulted by the President as to the disposition of the collectorship. On the confirmation of the appointment, both he and his colleague resigned their seats with a view to administering a rebuke to the President by securing a prompt reëlection, but were defeated by G. Corner Mill and bridge. Lopharm Boucicault's play of that name: a gay, carele good-for nothing. IMG:content-0368.png:[blocks in formation]