Sword," followed by "A Child of Nature" (1879), etc

Buchanites (buk'an-its). See Buchan, Elspeth. Bucharest. See Bukharest . Buchez (bü-shā'), Philippe Joseph Benjamin. Born at Matagne-la-Petite, Namur, Belgium, March 31, 1796: died at Rodez, France, Aug. 12, 1865. A French man of letters and politician. He wrote an "Introduction à la science de l'his toire" (1833), "E ai d'un traité complet de philosophie " (1839), (His to ire de la formation de la nation a lite fran çaise" (1859), and edited "His to ire parlement a ire de la révolution française" (1833-38). and other furniture, and the picture-gallery contains a number of old and modern masterpieces. Bucking hams hire (buk'ing-am-shir), Bucking ham, or Bucks. [AS. Buccingahamscir .] A county of England, lying between North amp ton on the north, Bedford shire, Hertford, and Middle sex on the east, Berks hire on the south, and Oxfords hire on the west. It is an agricultural county. The chief town is Bucking ham. Area, 746 square miles. Population (1891), 185,190. Buck land (buk'land), Francis Trevelyan. Born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826: died at London, Dec. 19, 1880. An English naturalist, son of William Buck land, noted for researches in fish culture. He wrote "Curiosities of Natural History" (1857), "Natural History of British Fishes" (1881), etc. Buck land, William Buck land, William. Born at Tiverton, Devons hire, England, March 12, 1784: died at Clapham, near London, Aug. 15, 1856. An English geologist and clergyman, appointed dean of Westminster in 1845. His chief works are "Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, etc." (1823), and the Bridge water treatise on "Geology and Mineralogy" (1836). Bucklaw (buk'la), Laird of. Frank Hay ston, the di ipated but good-natured suitor of Lucy Ashton in Scott's "Bride of Lammer moor." He was married to her by her mother's machinations, and was thus the cause of the tragedy which ensued. See Ashton , Lucy . Buckle (buk'l), Henry Thomas. Born at Lee, Kent, England, Nov. 24, 1821: died at Damascus, Syria, May 29, 1862. An English historian. His health in early youth was delicate, on which account he was educated at home, chiefly by his mother. In 1840, on the death of his father, a wealthy ship-owner in London, he inherited an ample fortune which enabled him to devote himself wholly to literary pursuits, In 1857 he published the first volume of his "History of Civilization in England." The appearance of this volume, which is characterized by vigor of style and boldne of thought, produced a sensation in Europe and America, and raised the author from obscurity to fame. The special doctrine which it sought to uphold was that climate, soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the determining factors in intellectual progre . A second volume, inferior in execution and interest, appeared in 1861. Buckner (buk'nėr), Simon Bolivar. Born in Hart County, Ky., April 1, 1823. An American general, in the Confederate service 18611865. He surrendered Fort Do nelson to Grant, Feb. 16, 1862, after the escape of General Floyd, and commanded a corps at Chick am aug a, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He was gover nor of Kentucky 1887-91, and was non min a ted for Vice-President by the National (Sound-money) Democrats in 1896. Bucks (buks). Abbreviation of Bucking hams hire . Buck stone (buk's ton), John Baldwin. Born at Hoxton, London, Sept. 14, 1802: died at Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31, 1879. An English comedian and dramatist, author of numerous plays. Bucktails (buk'tālz). A name originally given to the members of the Tammany Society in New York city, but about 1817-26 extended in its application to members of that faction of the Democratic-Republican party in the State which opposed De Witt Clinton. Bucolic Mouth of the Nile. An ancient mouth of the Nile, in the middle of the Delta. Buczacz (bö'chäch). A town in eastern Galicia, Austria-Hungary, in lat. 49° 4′ N., long. 25° 23′ E. By a treaty concluded here in 1672, Poland ceded the Ukraine and Podolia to Turkey. Population (1890), commune, 11,096. Budæus. See Budé , Guillaume . Budapest (bödä-pest; Hung. pron. bö'do pesht'), since 1872 the official name of the unit ed Buda and Pesth or Pest. The capital of Hungary, and the second city of the Austrian empire, consisting of Buda on the west bank of the Danube, and Pest on the opposite bank. The Danube is cro ed here by a suspension-bridge and other bridges. The city contains ten municipal districts. It has a large trade in grain, wool, hides, etc., and extensive manufactures. It is also the seat of a university. Buda was the Roman Aquincum, and Pest was a Roman colony. Buda was the capital of Hungary from the middle of the 14th century. It was taken by the Turks in 1526, 1529, and 1541. The Turks were expelled in 1686. In 1784 Buda again became the capital. Budapest was occupied by the Austrians Jan., 1849. The Hungarians reëntered Pest in April and stormed Buda in May, 1849. The Austrians reoccupied both places Aug., 1849. The German name of Buda is Ofen . Population (1890), with the garrison, 506,384. Budaun (bö-dä-ön'). A district in the Rohilcund division, Northwest Provinces, British India. Area, 2,017 square miles. Population (1891), 925,598. Buddeus (böd-dāʼös), Johann Franz. Born at Anklam, Pru ia, June 25, 1667: died at Gotha, Germany, Nov. 19, 1729. A German Luther an divine and scholar. He wrote "Hist or i a juris naturæ, etc." (1695), "Element a philosophiæ instrument a lis" (1703), "Hist or i a ecclesiastic a veteris testament i" (1709), etc. Buddha (bödä). [Skt., 'the enlightened.'] The title of Siddhartha or Gautama, the founder of Buddhisperer From the newly discovered inscriptions of Asoka it follows year of the spiritual struggle of a recluse. After seven years he believed himself po e ed of perfect truth, and a umed the title of Buddha , 'the enlightened.' He is represented as having received a sudden illumination as he sat under the Bo-tree, or 'tree of knowledge,' at Bodhgaya or Buddha-Gaya. For twenty-eight or, as later narratives give it, forty-nine days he was variously tempted by Mara. One of his doubts was whether to keep for himself the knowledge won, or to share it. Love triumphed, and he began to preach, at first at Benares. For forty-four years he preached in the region of Benares and Behar. Primitive Buddhism is only to be gathered by inference from the literature of a later time. Buddha did not array himself against the old religion. The doctrines were rather the outgrowth of those of certain Brahmani cal schools. His especial concern was salvation from sorrow, and so from existence. There are "four noble truths": (1) existence is suffering; (2) the cause of pain is desire; (3) ce ation of pain is po ible through the suppre ion of desire; (4) the way to this is the knowledge and observance of the "good law" of Buddha. The end is Nirvana, the ce ation of existence. Buddhism was preached in the vulgar tongue, and had a popular literature and an elaborately organized monastic and mi ionary system. It made its way into Afghanistan, Bactriana, Tibet, and China. It pa ed away in India not from Brahman persecution, but rather from internal causes, such as its too abstract nature, too morbid view of life, relaxed discipline, and overgrowth of monasticism, and also because Shivaism and Vishnuism employed many of its own weapons more effectively. The system has been variously modified in dogma and rites in the many countries to which it has spread. It is supposed to number about 350,000,000 of adherents, who are principally in Ceylon, Tibet, China, and Japan. Buddha-Gaya (böda-gaä). An ancient center of Buddhism, now in ruins, in the Gaya district, Bengal. The temple is a celebrated foundation in the Buddhist faith. It is a quadrangular pyramidal structure on a plain raised basement, 60 feet square and 160 high. The exterior faces are divided into piers, and ornamented with molded bands and panels forming nine stages or stories, and surmounted by a conical finial. In the interior is a cella with radiating arches, which date probably from a 14th-century restoration. Buddhists (bö'dists). See Buddha. Budé (bü-da') (L. Budæus), Guillaume. Born at Paris, 1467: died Aug. 23, 1540. A French scholar. He was a friend of Erasmus, and was elevated by Francis I. to the post of royal librarian. He was suspected of favoring Calvin ism. He wrote an excellent work on ancient coins, entitled "De A e, etc" (1514). Bugenhagen São Paulo to seek the same route. He was absent three years, and discovered the gold-mines of Goyaz. In 1728 he was made captain of the Goyaz colony. Buenos Ayres (bwa'nos i'rez; Sp. pron. bwā'nos i'res). [Sp., 'good airs.'] A province of the Argentine Republic, lying between Cordoba, Santa Fé, Entre Rios, and the Rio de la Plata on the north, the ocean on the east and south, and the territories of Pampa and Rio Negro on the west. Capital, since 1882, La Plata. Its chief industry is cattle-raising. During most of the time from 1827 to 1862, Buenos Ayres was separated from the other prov. inces. Area, about 106,000 square miles. Population (1893) about 800,000. Buenos Ayres. The capital of the Argentine Confederation, situated on the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, in lat. 34° 36′ S., long. 58° 22′ W. It is the second city of South America in size, and has the greater share of the export trade of the country, and also considerable manufactures. It is a railway terminus of importance. It contains a cathedral, university, and military school. Buenos Ayres was settled by the Spaniards in 1535; abandoned; and resettled in 1580. The revolution which led to the independence of the republic began there in 1810. Population (1893), 556,934 (including suburbs). Buenos Ayres, or Colonies of the Plata (Coloni as de la Plata). A viceroyalty established in 1776, and continued until the revolution of 1810. It included Buenos Ayres (colony), Tucuman, Cuyo (separated from Chile), Uruguay, Paraguay, and Charcas or Upper Peru: in other words, all now included in the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia, with the former Pacific coast of Bolivia, now annexed to Chile. The capital was Buenos Ayres. Buffalo (buf'a-lō). A city, port of entry, and chief place of Erie County, New York, situated on Lake Erie in lat. 42° 53′ N., long. 78° 55' W.: the third city in the State. It has a good harbor protected by breakwaters, and is the terminus of the Erie Canal and an important railway-center. It is connected by steamer lines with ports on the Great Lakes. It has a large trade in grain, live stock, lumber, coal, cement, and salt, and manufactures of flour, iron, steel, beer, oil, leather, etc. Buffalo was founded in 1801, and incorporated as a city in 1832. It was the scene of extensive railroad strikes in 1892. Population (1890), 255,664. Buffalo Bill. See Cody , William Frederick . Buffier (büf-ya'), Claude. Born in Poland, May 25, 1661: died at Paris, May 17, 1737. A Budgell (buj'el), Eustace. Born at St. Thom- as, near Exeter, England, Aug. 19, 1686: com- mitted suicide in the Thames, near London, French grammarian, philosopher, and littéra- May 4, 1737. An English miscellaneous writer. He was called to the bar, but his a ociation with his cousin Joseph Add is on induced him to turn his attention to literature. He contributed thirty-seven papers to the "Spectator," in Add is on's style. He wrote many pamphlets of a political nature, and in 1733 started "The Bee," a weekly periodical which ran for about two years. He filled a number of positions after the acce ion of George I., when Add is on became secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, being at various times chief secretary to the lords justices, deputy clerk of the council, accountant-general, and member of the Irish House of Commons. He fell into money difficulties which affected his brain, and after a disgraceful affair connected with the disappearance of some bonds belonging to the estate of Matthew Tindal, he took his own life. He left a natu ral daughter, Anne Eustace, who went upon the stage. Budweis (böd'vis), Czech Budejowice. A city in Bohemia, situated on the Moldau in lat. 48° 58′ N., long. 14° 27′ E. It has a cathedral. Population (1890) 28,491. Buell (bu'el), Don Carlos. Born near Marietta, Ohio, March 23, 1818. An American general. He was graduated from West Point 1841; served in the Mexican war; was placed in command of the Department of the Ohio 1861; became major-general of volunteers 1862; arrived at Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 1862, in time to contribute to the victory of Grant over Beau regard on the following day; drove General Bragg out of Kentucky 1862, fighting the indecisive battle of Perryville Oct. 8. He was blamed for permitting General Bragg to escape, and was removed from his command,