Horsley, Charles

EDWARD, organist and composer; born in London, Dec. 16, 1822; educated under his father, Moscheles, Hauptman, and Mendel ohn. After his return from Germany, he was organist of several churches in England, and composed several fine anthems and oratorios, Comus, a cantata, .; visited Australia (1868) and composed a cantata, Euterpe, while there; subsequently became organist of St. John's Chapel, Fig . 2932. SMALL HOT-AIR ENGINE. hot-air engine is that it requires no boiler, and thus escapes the weight, the danger, and other inconveniences incident to this appendage of the steam engine. On the other hand, the pre ure obtainable from hot air is much le than that of steam, the result being that the working parts of air engines need to be much larger than those of steam engines, thus negativing the gain in space arising from the absence of the boiler. Air engines, however, can be constructed more cheaply than those for steam, are more easily managed, and demand le care. It is also claimed that they economize fuel, but this is questionable. There is a difficulty in heating and cooling the air employed with sufficient rapidity, while the difference in temperature upon which the power depends cannot be carried beyond a certain limit. There are two cla es of air engines, the first of which draw their supply directly from the atmosphere and discharge it into the atmosphere after use; the second employ the same air continuously, alternately cooling and heating it. The second cla permits the use of higher pre ures, but has the disadvantage of requiring refrigerating appliances. In some cases the air is heated in the cylinder in which it does its work; in others, it is heated in a separate chamber; in Laubereau's engine, which belongs to the second cla , the air is heated in one cylinder and employed in another. Of hot-air engines that of Eric on is most usually employed in the U. S., and may be briefly described. In its original form it consisted of a working cylinder placed immediately over the furnace fire, and above it a supply cylinder of two-thirds its capacity. The engine was single-acting, the working cylinders open, and the working pistons (formed of non-conducting substance) of great bulk. The pistons of the two cylinders were firmly connected and had therefore an equal length of stroke. When the piston descended, air was drawn from the atmosphere into the supply cylinder. When it ascended, this air was compre ed and driven into a reservoir, whence it pa ed to the working cylinder, where it was heated and did its work. On the completion of the upward stroke the heated air escaped through a regenerator of wire gauze, which took its exce heat, and through this the new supply was drawn, so that part of the heat was recovered. A subsequent improvement employed a horizontal working cylinder; but the Eric on engine as now improved has a vertical cylinder and furnace extension, the cylinder containing two pistons, one of which acts as a supply piston, the air pa ing through valves in its surface, whence it is driven by compre ion into a surrounding reservoir, in which it is made to pa in a thin sheet in contact with the heated furnace wall. The working he at is thus derived. As the power is effective through le than half the revolution, a heavy fly-wheel is nece ary to the working of this engine. In other engines, as Roper's, Shaw's, and Belou's, the air is not heated in the working cylinders, but in a separate chamber. That of Belou is the only one that has been used on a large scale as the motive power of an important industry, it being employed in a large paper manufactory at Cu et, France. It employs a single double-acting cylinder, and has an independent supply pump and no regenera Fig . 2933.-HOT-AIR ENGINE-SECTIONAL VIEW. tor, this being replaced by a jacket surrounding the cylinder through which the air supply enters. The indicated force of the Cu et engine is 120 horse-power, but of this the supply absorbs 80, and 10 is absorbed in overcoming resistances, leaving only about 30 to be actually utilized. There is a large lo , the escaping air in the chimney having a temperature of 450° F.Lauberau's Engine. This belongs to the cla in which the same air is continuously employed. In this a large plunger works in a cylinder occupied by air, which is driven backward and forward by the alternate movements of the plunger. Around the upper portion of the cylinder is a jacket, between which and the cylinder cold water constantly circulates. The plunger nearly fills the cylinder, so that the air, in pa ing between it and the outer chilled walls, is reduced to a thin stratum. It is to the difference in temperature from the air heated in the furnace and that which is thus cooled, that the working efficiency of the engine is due. Houghton ( hốtăn ), RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, poet and litterateur, was born in England, of an ancient Yorkshire family, in 1809. After graduating at Cambridge in 1837, he sat in the House of Commons for nearly 25 years, as a member of the Independent Liberal party. In 1863 he was raised to the peerage. His chief works embrace: Poems, Legendary and Historical; Palm Leaves , and The Life , Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats, the latter being his most important production. Lord H. distinguished himself by his warm advocacy of the National cause during the Civil War. Died Aug. 11, 1885.