Among the ancients Sappho enjoyed a unique renown

She was called "The Poete ," as Homer was called "The Poet." Aristotle quoted without question a judgment that placed her in the same rank as Homer and Archil och us. Plato, in the Phædrus, mentioned her as the tenth Muse. Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 309. Sappho of Toulouse, The. Clémence Isaure. Sappho's Leap (saf'oz lēp). A steep cliff in the southwestern extremity of Leucas (Santa Maura), Ionian Islands: so called from the tradition that Sappho, for love of Phaon, threw herself from it into the sea. Sarabat (sä-rä-bät'). A modern name of the river Hermus. Saracens (sar'a-senz). [Ar., ' 'easterns,' 'orientals.'] Originally the name of a predatory Arab tribe (the Saraceni) which hara ed the Roman frontiers, afterward applied in a broader sense to the Bedouins, later the designation of the Arab followers of Mohammed, who established the great realm of the califs, and finally a name embracing the Moslems in general with whom the medieval Christian states were at war, including the enemies encountered in the Persia, and Egypt between 634 and 641; completed the con Crusades. The Saracens conquered Syria, Palestine, quest of northern Africa in 709; invaded Spain in 711, and soon conquered it; invaded France, and were overthrown at Poitiers in 732. Their subsequent conquests included that of Sicily in 827-878. The disruption of their realm began with the establishment of the kingdom (later califate) of Cordova in 756. Saracus (sar'a-kus). [Gr. Σάρακος .] The name of the last A yrian king, Sin-shar-ishkun. Sarago a (sar-a-gos'ä). A province of Aragon, Spain. It is bounded by Navarre on the north, Huesca, Lérid a, and Tarragon a on the east, Teruel and Guadalajara on the south, and Soria and Navarre on the west; is traversed by the Abro; and is mountainous in the north and west. Area, 6,607 square miles. Population (1887), 415,195. Saratoff 41° 39′ N., long. 0° 58′ W. It has considerable trade. The principal objects of note are the two cathedrals (founded in the 14th and 17th centuries respectively), university (founded 1474), leaning tower (Torre Nueva), bourse, and citadel. The ancient name of the town (Salduba) was changed by the Romans to Cæsar august a (whence the modern name). It was taken by northern invaders in the 5th century; became important after its conquest by the Moors in the 8th century; and was regained by the Christians under Alfonso I. in 1118, becoming the capital of Aragon. Philip V. was defeated here in 1710. It was twice besieged by the French in 1808. The first siege began in June, the French being commanded by Lefebvre (later by Verdier), and the defenders by Palafox; the French raised the siege in Aug. The second siege began in Dec., the French being commanded by Moncey and Mortier (later by Lannes), and the Spanish by Palafox; the town house-to-house fighting), Feb. 21, 1809. Population (1887), capitulated, after an obstinate defense (with prolonged 92,407. Sarago a, Maid of. See A gust in a . Sarah (sa'rä). [Heb., 'prince .'] In Old Testament history, the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac. Her name was at first Sarai (Heb., probably 'contentious'). Sarai (sä-rī'), or Serai (sā-ri'). A medieval city, capital of the khanate of Kiptchak. Its ruins are in the government of Astrakhan, Ru ia, along the Akhtuba branch of the Volga, near Zarevka. Sarakhs (sä-rächs'). A Persian fort on the Ru ian frontier, situated near the Tejend, east northeast of Meshhed, and 62 miles southwest of Merv. It was occupied by the Ru ians in 1884 . Sarama (sa-ra'mä). In the Rigveda, a dog, a me enger of Indra and the Angirases, who displace where the Panis have hidden the stolen pos of In drad ever the Adalbert Kuhn, the first comparative student of the myth, concluded that Sarama meant 'storm. Max Müller regards her as the dawn, and identifies her with the Homeric Helen. Saramaca, or Saramacca (sä-rä-mäkkä). A river in Dutch Guiana, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean 47 miles west-northwest of Paramaribo. Length, over 200 miles. Saran. See Sarun . Saranac (sar'a-nak) Lake, Lower. A lake in the A dir on dacks, east of Upper Saranac Lake, with which it is connected by Round Lake. Length, 6 miles. Saranac Lake, Upper. A lake in Franklin County, New York, in the A dir on dacks 64 miles southeast of Ogdensburg. Length, 8 miles. Saranac River. A river in northeastern New York which i ues from Lower Saranac Lake and flows into Lake Cham plain at Plattsburg. Length, about 65 miles. Sarapis. See Serapis . Sarasate Navascues (sä-rä-sä'tā ē nä-väs'- kö-as), Pablo Martin Meliton. Born at Pam plona, Spain, March 10, 1844. A noted Spanish violinist. He was taken to Paris as a child, and entered the Conservatoire in 1856. Shortly after 1859 he began succe ful concert tours. He has visited all parts of Europe and many parts of North and South America. He has composed a number of fantasias, arrangements of Spanish airs and dances, etc. Sarasota Bay (sä-rä-sō'tä bā). An inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, from which it is separated by a chain of keys, situated on the western coast of Florida south of Tampa Bay. Length, about 30 miles. Sarasvati (sa'ras-wa-te). [Skt., 'rich in waters.'] 1. In the Rigveda, the name of a mighty river emptying into the sea (conjectured by Roth to be the Indus), and of its genius, who protects the dwellers upon its banks, and bestows upon them ble ings of every kind. Roth regards a protins, then the general and name of stream, and thinks that its name and sacred attributes were transferred in later times to the little river in Madhyadesha, to which in his opinion the description in the Rigveda cannot with prob- ability be applied. 2. Several times in the Rigveda, and very often in the later literature, a little river, regarded as sacred, that with the Drishadvati forms the boundaries of Brahmavarta, and is lost in the sand, but at last, according to the view of the Hindus, running on under the earth, unites it- self with the Ganges and the Jumna. Muir("Ori- ginal Sanskrit Texts," V. 337-343) refers the name only to the latter river, and explains the development of the idea of the godde . The region between the Sarasvati and the Drishadvati, called Brahmavarta, having long been a stronghold of Brahmanic culture, the Sarasvati became to the early Indians what the Ganges has been to their de- scendants; hence the Sarasvati personified became the dpatrone of sacrifice, and was imagined to have a part in the composition of the hymns and so identified with Vach, the godde of speech. As Brahma is e entially in origin the personification of the Brahmanic order and of Brah. manism, Sarasvati is Brahma's wife. Sarago a, Sp. Zaragoza (thä-rä-gō'thä), F. Saratoff (sä-rä'tof). 1. A government of east- Sara go e (sä-ra-gos'). The capital of the province of Sarago a, Spain, situated on the Ebro, at its junction with the Huerva, in lat. ern Ru ia. It is on the right bank of the Volga, and is surrounded by the governments of Penza, Simbirsk, Samara, Astrakhan, the province of the Don Co acks, Voro Saratoff nezh, and Tamboff. There is plateau land in the north and steppes in the south. The soil is fertile. Area, 32,624 square miles. (1890), 2,427,600. apitulo overnment of Saratoff, situated on the Volga about lat. 51° 30′ N., long. 45° 45′ E. It is one of the chief commercial cities in Ru ia, with a trade in corn, tallow, salt, wood, etc., and has various manufactures. It was founded on its present site about 1605. Population (1897), 133,116. Saratoga. See Saratoga Springs . Saratoga (sar-a-to'gä), Battles of. Two battles in the American Revolution, fought near the Hudson 12 miles east of Saratoga Springs. The first was an indecisive battle between the British under Burgoyne and the Americans under Gates (with Morgan and Arnold under him), fought Sept. 19, 1777. The second was a decisive victory of the Americans over the Brit. ish (both armies under the above-mentioned commanders), Oct. 7, 1777: it was followed by the surrender of Burgoyne and his army (about 6,000) to the Americans, Oct. 17. These are called also the battles of Still water or of Bemis's Heights. Saratoga Lake. A lake in Saratoga County, New York, 4 miles east of Saratoga Springs. Length, about 5 miles. Saratoga Springs. A village and watering place in Saratoga County, New York, 29 miles north of Alband stat is one of the principal summer It beate, sulphur, etc.). Population (1900), 12,409. Saravia, Antonio Gonzales de. See Mol line do y Saravia . Saravia, Melchor Bravo de. See Bravo de Sa ravia So to may or . Sarawak (sä-rä-wäk'). A British protectorate in the western part of Borneo. Capital, Kuching. Its surface is largely hilly. It produces sago, etc., and has mines of gold, coal, antimony, quicksilver, etc. The government is an absolute monarchy, vested in the Brooke family. It was formerly subject to Brunei. It was first visited by Sir James Brooke in 1839-40; appointed governor in 1841, and rajah in 1842. Sarawak was recognized by Great Britain as independent in 1863. In 1888 it was placed under British protection. Area, about 41,000 square miles. Population, about 300,000. IMG:content-1015.png:[blocks in formation] of the Forest Trees of North America" (1880), "The Woods of the United States" (1885), etc. can miscellaneous author and journalist. He was for a number of years editor of the "Boston Evening Transcript," from which he retired in order to devote himself to authorship. He published "The Bride of Genoa" (1836), "Velasco" (1837), "Change Makes Change," "The Prieste "; poems, including "Life on the Ocean Wave"; tales; lives of Henry Clay and Benjamin Franklin; edited English poets, and public-school readers and other school textbooks. He also published "The Modern Drama" (1846-), "Proof Palpable of Immortality: an account of the Mate. rial i zati on Phenomena of Modern Spiritualism" (1875) and other works on Spiritualism, "Cyclopædia of English and American Poetry" (1881), and other compilations. Italy: the ancient Greek Ichnousa ( Ἰχνοῦσα ) and Sardo ( Σαρδώ ), and the Roman Sardinia. Capital, Cagliari. It lies south of Corsica (separated Sargent, Epes. Born at Gloucester, Ma ., Sept. by Strait Bonifacio), and about 150 miles west at Boston, 1880. Ameri- mainland of Italy. Its surface is largely mountainous, particularly in the east (highest point, over 6,000 feet). It has mineral wealth in the south (lead, zinc, iron, silver, etc.). The leading exports are ores and live stock. It is divided into the two provinces of Sa ari and Cagliari. It was settled and conquered by the Cart hag in i ans about 500 в. с.; became a Roman po e ion in 238; was one of the chief sources of grain-supply for Rome; was ravaged by the Van- dals, Goths, and Saracens (the Pisans dispo e ing the Saracens about the middle of the 11th century); pa ed to Aragon about 1325; continued Spanish until granted by the treaty of Utrecht to Austria in 1713; was ceded to Savoy in 1720; and became part of the kingdom of Sar dinia, and in 1861 of the kingdom of Italy. Area, 9,294 square miles. Population of compart i men to (1891), 731,467. Sard in i an Convention. A convention between Sardinia, France, and Great Britain, Jan., 1855, by which Sardinia agreed to furnish a military contingent against Ru ia in the Crime an war. Sardis (sär'dis), or Sardes (sär'dez). [Gr. Σάρδεις , Σάρδις] In ancient geography, the capi- tal of Lydia, Asia Minor, situated at the foot of Mount Tmolus, on the Pactolus near the Her- flourishing city under Crœsus; was taken by the A then i ans mus, lat. 38° 29′ N., long. 28° 5′ E. and Ionians from the Persians about 498 B. C.; was the residence of Persian satraps in western Asia; and was later an important Roman city. Its church was one of the seven addre ed by the apostle John in Revelation. Sardis was several times destroyed, last by Timur. Its site is occupied by the village Sart. The tomb of Alyattes here is a conical tumulus 1,180 feet in diameter and 142 high, with a sloping base-revetment of ma ive masonry. The temple of Cybele, a famous sanctuary, in its existing remains of Hellenistic date, was an Ionic dipteros of 8 by 17 columns, with 3 ranges of columns on the front, and measured 144 by 261 feet. The columns are 64 feet in diameter and about 581 high. Sargent, John Singer. Born at Florence, Italy, 1856. A noted American portrait and genre painter: a pupil of Carolus Duran. In 1878 he received an honorable mention at the Salon, and in 1881 a medal of the second cla . At the International Exhibition of 1889 he obtained a medal of honor, and was awarded the Temple medal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1894. Among his pictures are "Portrait of Carolus Duran" (1879), "El Jaleo" (1882), etc. Many of his portraits are in America. He has also executed a series of decorative panels for the Boston Public Library. Elected royal academician 1897. Sargent, Lucius Manlius. Born at Boston, June 25, died at West Roxbury, Ma ., June 2, 1867. An American poet, journalist, temperance lecturer, and miscellaneous author, brother of Henry Sargent. He wrote "Temperance Tales," "The Irrepre ible Conflict." Sargent, Nathan. Born at Pultney, Vt., May 5,1794: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 2, 1875. An American journalist and politician. He was register of the United States treasury 1851-53, and commi ioner of customs 1861-67. He wrote "Life of Henry Clay" (1844) and "Public Men and Events" (1875). Sargent, Winthrop. Born at Ph Sept. Sept. 23, 1825: died at Paris, May 18, 1870. An American antiquary antiquary and bibliogra son of Winthrop Sargent (1753-1820). He wrote a "History of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne, in 1755, under Major-General Braddock" (1855), "Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution" (1857), "Life and Career of Major John André" (1861), etc. Sarawan (sä-rä-wän'). A district in northern Balu chi stan, situated north and west of Khelat. Sarcey (sär-sā'), Francis que. Born at Dourdan, Seine-et-Oise, Oct. 8, 1828: died at Paris, May 16, 1899. A French dramatic critic and novelist. He graduated from the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris, and entered the École Normale, where he prepared himself for a profe or's career. After teaching in the provinces, he came to Paris in 1859 on leave of ab. sence for one year, and tried his hand at journalism. He contributed to the "Figaro" and other papers, and in 1860 resigned his profe orship to become dramatic critic on "L'Opinion Nation ale," which had just been founded. He was employed in the same capacity on "Le Temps" after 1867. For three or four years he contributed frequently to a new paper, "Le Gaulois," started in 1868. From that time he was actively connected with "Le XIXe siècle," besides writing incidentally for "Le Gagne-Petit," "L'Es. tafette," "La France," etc. Sarcey's most important work is in the line of dramatic criticism. In the course of his long and succe ful career he appeared repeatedly as a polemical writer in defense of his own views and opinions. He is known furthermore as the author of a few novels and other compositions, including "Le nouveau seigneur de village" (1862), "Le mot et la chose" (1862), "Le siège de Paris" (1871), "Étienne Moret" (1876), "Le piano de Jeanne" (1876), "Comédiens et comédiennes" (first series 1876-77; second series 1878-84), "Les misères d'un fonctionnaire chino is" (1882), "Souvenirs de jeune e (1885), "Souvenirs d'âge mur" (1892), and the second volume of "Paris-vivant," entitled "Le théâtre" (1893). Sarci (sär'sē). A tribe of North American Indians, an offshoot of the Tsa ottine or Beaver, and one of the tribes of the Montagnards. It is now confederated with the Siksika or Black feet of the Al gonquian stock. See Montagnards . Sardana pal us. See As urban i pal . Sardana pal us. A tragedy by Lord Byron, published in 1821. Mac ready produced it, and played the principal part.