Francis

(fran's is,) the name borne by a number of European monarchs and princes, of whom the most celebrated are: -Austria and Germany. F. I., B. 1708, was the eldest son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, and by treaty, 1735, received the duchy of Tuscany in exchange for his patrimonial inheritance. After his marriage with Maria The res a, daughter and heire of the Emperor Charles VI., F. became the founder of the present imperial house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, and s. Charles VII. as Emperor of Germany, in 1745. D. 1765.-F. II. of Germany, and I. of Austria, a son of the " Emperor Leopold II," B. 1768, was declared emperor of Austria in 1804, and in 1806 renounced the imperial title of Germany. The greater part of his reign was marked by his participation in the European struggle against Napoleon. He D. in 1835, deeply lamented by his subjects. France. F. I., one of the greatest of French monarchs, B.at Cognac, 1494, was the son of Charles, Comté d'Angoulême by Louise of Savoy. In 1514 he m. the daughter of Louis VII., and s. him on the throne in the year following. F. immediately sent an army, under the Constable de Bourbon, into Italy for the conquest of the Milanese, and gained the victory of Marignano. In 1519 he unsucce fully tried to become emperor of Germany. In 1521, the French were driven out of Italy, through a coalition formed between England, the Emperor Charles V., and Pope Leo X. F., however, again entered Italy, where, in 1524, he was defeated and taken prisoner in the battle of Pavia. On this occasion, he is said to have informed his mother of his condition in the words-" All is lost except our honor." Sent to Madrid a prisoner, F. did not regain his liberty till 1526, and then only by ceding Burgundy, and renouncing his claim to Flanders. After his liberation, F. repudiated these engagements, and, entering into an alliance with England, carried on the struggle against his imperial rival. In 1529 the treaty of Cambrai ended their long-continued hostilities, and F. married, as his second wife, Charles' sister, Eleonore. The king then directed his attention to the internal affairs of France, and so liberally patronized learning and the arts, as to gain the distinction of being called the "Father of French literature." In 1542, war again broke out between France and Charles V., which, after the French victory of Ceresole in 1544, was terminated by the peace of Crespi in the same year. This gay, gallant,and accomplished monarch D. in 1547.-F. II., B. 1543, s. his father Henri II. in 1559, after having in the year previous married the youthful Mary Queen of Scots. F., a sickly and feeble-minded prince, allowed public affairs to be entirely controlled by the Guises Fig. 334. - COURT COSTUMES IN FRANCE, 1560. during his brief reign. D. 1560.- Two Sicilies. F. I., B. 1777, s. his father, Ferdinand I. in 1825. He imitated the arbitrary acts of his predece or, and D. in the odium of popular dislike, 1830. F. II., B. 1836, grandson of the foregoing, s.his father Ferdinand II. (the " Bomba " of infamous memory) in 1859. Pursuing the stupid and brutal policy adopted by his father and gralhdsire, while deficient in the governing capacity po e ed by them, F. speedily brought himself into collision with his subjects, who succe fully deposed him in 1861, after a struggle of some months in which they were led by Gen. Garibaldi (q. v.). The Two Sicilies then became a constituent part of the new kingdom of Italy. This prince has since resided in privacy at Rome. [s. 381]