Estremadura and the Atlantic on the west

It comprises 3 districts, Evora, Portalegre, and Beja. Area, 9,431 square miles. Population (1890), 393,054. Alencar (ä-lan-kär'), José Martin i a no de. Born in Ceará, May 1, 1829: died at Rio de Ja neiro, Dec. 12, 1877. A Brazilian jurist and novelist, best known from his stories of Indian and colonial life, among which are "O Guar any," "Iracema," and "O Sertanejo." Alençon (ä-lon-son'). A former countship and duchy of France, whose counts and dukes were prominent in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The duchy was an appanage of the house of Valois. See below. Alençon. The capital of the department of Orne, France, situated at the junction of the Briante and Sarthe in lat. 48° 25′ N., long. 0° 5' E. It has an important trade and manufactures of lace (the celebrated "point d'Alençon "), linen, and woolen goods. The town was often taken and retaken in the English and League wars. Captured by the Germans Jan. 16, 1871. Population (1891), 18,319. Alençon, Duc d' (Charles de Valois). Died 1346. A brother of Philip VI. of France, killed in the battle of Crécy. Alençon, Duc d' (Charles IV.). Born 1489: died April 11, 1525. A prince of the blood and constable of France, husband of Margaret of Valois, sister of Francis I. His cowardice caused the lo of the battle of Pavia in 1525 and the capture of Francis I. Alençon, Duc d' (Jean II.). Died 1476. He supported the Dauphin against his father Charles VII., and was condemned to death in 1456, the sentence being, how ever, commuted to life imprisonment, followed by a pardon. Alenio (ä-lā nē-ō), Giulio. Born at Brescia, Italy, about 1582: died 1649. An Italian Jesuit, a mi ionary in China. Aleppo (a-lep'ō).. [Ar. Haleb or Haleb - es -Shah ba .] The capital of the vilayet of Aleppo, situated on the Nahr-el-Haleb in lat. 36° 11′ 32′′ N., long. 37° 9′ E.: the ancient Berœa. It has an extensive commerce, and manufactures of silk, etc. In 638 it was conquered by the Saracens; was the seat of a Seljuk sultanate 11th and 12th centuries; was captured by the Crusaders under Baldwin in 1170; was plundered by the Mongols and by Timur; was conquered and annexed by the Turks in 1517; suffered severely from plagues, and in 1170 and 1822 from earthquakes; and was the scene of an outbreak against the Christians in 1850. Population (estimated), 120,000. Aleppo. A vilayet in Asiatic Turkey. Popu lati on, 994,604. Aler (ä'ler), Paul. Born at Saint-Guy in Luxemburg, Nov. 9, 1656: died at Düren, Germany, May 2, 1727. A German Jesuit, author of the school treatise "Gradus ad Parna um" (1702), Alecsandri (al-ek-sän dre), or Alexandri, Basil, or Va ili. Born in Moldavia, July, Aleppy. See Alap all i . 1821: died at Mircesti, Moldavia, Sept. 4, 1890. A Rumanian poet, politician, and journalist, active in politics after 1848, and for a short time (1859) foreign minister: author of lyric and dramatic poems in Rumanian, and of translations of Rumanian songs into French. Alecto (a-lek'tō). [Gr. Αληκτώ , she who rests not.] In Greek mythology, one of the three Erinyes. See Erinyes . Aleksin, or Alexin (ä-lek'sēn). A town in the government of Tula, Ru ia, situated on the Oka 85 miles south by west of Moscow. Population, 5,713. Aleman (ä-la-män'), Mateo. Born near Se- ville in the middle of the 16th century: died in Mexico about 1610 (?). A Spanish novelist, for many years controller of the finances to Philip del pícaro Guzman de Alfarache" (1599), etc. II.: author of the famous "La vid a y hechos See Guzman de Alfarache . etc. Aleshki (ä-lesh'kē). A town in the government of Taurida, Ru ia, near the Dnieper, opposite Kherson. Population, 9,925. Alesia (a-lē'shi-ä). [Gr. Ἀλεσία .] In ancient geography, the capital of the Mandubii in central Gaul, usually identified with Alise, famous for its defense by Vercingetorix (of whom Na Alexander Me lanch thon and declared his adherence to the Augsburg Confe ion. In August, 1535, he returned to England, and was intimately a ociated with Cranmer and other English reformers. He returned to Germany in 1540, was appointed in the same year profe or of theology at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and played an important part in the German Reformation. Also Ale e . Ale andri (ä-les-sän'drē), A le andro. Born at Naples, about 1461: died 1523. An Italian jurist and antiquarian, author of "Dies geniales" (1522), etc. Ale andri, Basil. See Alecsandri . A le and ria (äl-es-sän'drē-ä). [Named for Pope Alexander III.] The capital of the province of A le and ria, situated at the junction of the Bormida with the Tanaro, lat. 44° 55′ N., long. 8° 38′ E. It is an important railway center and a strong fortre , and has flourishing trade and manufactures of woolen goods, linen, silk, etc. The town was built by the Lombard League against Frederick Barb a ro a in 1168; was conquered by Sforza in 1522; was unsucce fully besieged by the French in 1657; was taken by the Imperialists in 1707; was ceded to Savoy in 1713; was the capital of the French department of Marengo in the revolutionary period: was taken by med enter 1848-49; and was occupied by the Austrians in 1849. Austrians Piedmontese military Population, 30,000; commune (1891), 75,000. A le and ria. A province in Piedmont, Italy. Area, 1,950 square miles. Population (1891), estimated. estimated, 775,729. A le and ria. A small town in the province of Girgenti, Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Girgenti. A le and ria, Armistice of. An armistice agreed agreed upon tri an general Melas, June 16, 1800, after the battle of Marengo. The Austrians retired behind the Mincio, abandoning to the French every fortre in northern Italy west of that river. "It was an armistice more fatal (to the Austrians) than an unconditional surrender." Fyffe , Hist. of Mod. Europe. between Napoleon and the Aus Ale i (ä-les'sē), Galeazzo. Born at Perugia, Italy, 1500 (1512): died 1572. An Italian architect, builder of the church of Sta. Maria di Carignano (in Genoa), and of palaces and churches in Genoa, Milan, etc. Ale io (a-les'sē-ō). A town in the vilayet of Skutari, European Turkey, situated on the Drin 20 miles southeast of Skutari: the ancient Li us, founded by Dionysius. Scanderbeg died here. Population, about 3,000. Alet (ä-lā'). A town in the department of Aude, France, on the Aude 15 miles southwest of Car cas sonne. It contains a ruined cat he dral. Aletsch (ä'lech) Glacier. The largest glacier in Switzerland, 13 miles in length, situated in the canton of Valais, north of Brieg and south of the Jungfrau. Aletschhorn (ä'lech-horn). A peak of the Bernese Alps, 13,773 feet high, near the Aletsch Glacier. Aleut (al'e-öt). See Unungun. Aleutian Islands (al-e-ö'shi-an i'landz), or Catharine Archipelago (kath'a-rin är-kipel'a-go). A chain of about 150 islands belonging principally to Alaska. It extends westward from the peninsula of Alaska, and separates Bering Sea from the Pacific Ocean. The islands were discovered by the Ru ians in the middle of the 18th century. Population (Aleuts), about 2,000. Alexander (al-eg-zan'der). [Gr. Ἀλέξανδρος .] See Paris . Alexander III., surnamed "The Great." Born at Pella, Macedonia, in the summer or autumn of 356 в. с.: died at Babylon, May or June, 323 B. c. A famous king of Macedon and conqueror, son of Philip and a pupil of Aristotle. He fought at the battle of Cher one a in 338; succeeded to the throne in 336; subjugated Thrace and Illyria in 335; and conquered and destroyed Thebes and subdued oppo sition in Greece in 335. In 334 he started on his eastern expedition; gained the victory of Granicus in 334 and of and founded' Alexandria in 332; overthrew the Persian I us Tyre and Gaza, occupied Egypt, pole on III. erected a colo al statue here) and capture by Julius Cæsar 52 в. с. See Alise . Alesius (a-lē'shi-us) (properly Ale ), Alexander. Born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1500: died at Leipsic, March 17, 1565. A Scottish made a canon of St. Andrew's where he was Luther an controversialist and exegete, early educated. He was imprisoned several times as a result of his reforming tendencies, and finally escaped to Germany in 1532, where he became the friend of Luther and Empire at Arbela in 331; conquered the eastern provinces of Persia 330-327; and invaded India in 326. He returned from India to Persia 325-324. He became a hero of various cycles of romance, especially in the middle ages. See Alexander , Romance of . Alexander. A Greek, or native of Lyncestis in Macedonia (whence his surname "Lyncestes"), implicated with his brothers in the murder of Philip, 336 B. C. Because he was the first to do homage to Alexander the Great the latter pardoned him to high in army, but afterward put him to death for a treasonable correspondence with Darius. Alexander. A celebrated commentator on Aristotle of the end of the 2d and beginning of the 3d century A. D., a native of Aphrodisias in Caria, whence his surname "Aphrodisiensis." He was also called "the Exegete." More than half of his numerous works are extant. The most notable is a treatise on Aristotle's views concerning fate and freewill. Alexander Alexander, surnamed Balas (the Semitic ba'al perhaps signifies 'lord'). Killed in Arabia, 146 B. C. A person of low origin who usurped the Syrian throne in 150 B. C. He was overthrown in battle by Ptolemy Philometor and was murdered by an Arabian emir with whom he had taken refuge. Alexander I. Died 326 B. c. King of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great. His youth was spent at the court of Philip of Macedonia, who made him king of Epirus. On her repudiation by Philip, Olympias sought refuge with Alexander, and it was at his marriage with Philip's daughter Cleopatra in 336 B. с. that Philip a a inated by Pausanias. In 332 B. С. Alexander cro ed over into Italy to aid the Tarentines killed by some Lucanian exiles at the battle against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He was treacherously Alexander II. King of Epirus, son of Pyrrhus and Lana a, the daughter of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. He succeeded his father in 272 B. C. He was dispo e ed of Epirus and Macedonia by Demetrius, whose father, An tigon us Gonatas, he had deprived of Macedonia: but Epirus was recovered by the aid chiefly of the A carn an i ans. IMG:content-0053.png:[blocks in formation] of the Swedish crown. Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni). Born at Venice, 1610: died Feb., 1691. Pope from 1689 till 1691. He condemned the doctrine of "philosophical sin," as taught by the Jesuit Bongot of Dijon; a isted Venice against the Turks; and enriched the Vatican library by the purchase of Queen Christina's collection of books and manuscripts. Alexander of Hales. Born at Hales, Gloucestheologian and philosopher, surnamed tershire, England: died 1245. A noted Eng"Doctor Irrefragabilis." He lectured at Paris and was a member of the order of Francis cans. His chief work is "Summa Theologise" (printed 1475). Alexander has acquired a place in the roll of med iæval writers mainly by the accidents of his historic position. He was among the first to approach the labour of expounding the Christian system with the knowledge not only of the whole Aristo tel i an corpus, but also of the Arab commentators. He thus initiated the long and thorny debates which grew out of the attempt to amalgamate the view. Alexander, surnamed Jannæus (Heb. Yannai , an abbreviation of Jonathan ). Born 128 or 129 в. с.: died 78 в. C. King of the Jews from 104 Christian faith with a radically divergent metaphysical till 78 в. с., a younger son of John Hyrcanus. Alexander, surnamed "The Paphlagonian." An impostor, native of Abonoteichos (Ionopolis in Cappadocia), who flourished about the beginning of the 2d century. He posed as an oracle and wonder-worker, and attained great influence. His tricks were exposed by Lucian. Alexander, Saint. Died at Alexandria, April 17, 326. The patriarch of Alexandria from 312. He condemned the heresy of Arius in his dispute with Alexander Baucalis, and attended the Council of Nicæa in 325 with his deacon St. A than as i us. Alexander. A Greek medical writer born at Tralles in Lydia, in the 6th century. Alexander 1. Bishop of Rome, succe or of Evaristus. Eusebius in his history gives as the date of his acce ion the year 109 A. D.; in his chronicle, the year 111 A. D. In both works he is a igned a reign of ten years, Alexander II. (Anselmo Baggio, ML. Anselmus Badajus). Born at Milan: died April 20, Leslie Stephen , Dict. Nat. Biog. Alexander I. Born 1078 (1): died at Stirling, Scotland, April 27, 1124. A king of Scotland, the fourth son of Malcolm Can more and Margaret, sister of Eadgar the Æthe ling, and brother of Edgar whom he succeeded in 1107. He married Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of England. Alexander II. Born at Hadding ton, Scotland, Aug. 24, 1198: died in Kerrera, Scotland, July 8, 1249. A king of Scotland, son of William the Lion whom he succeeded in 1214: sur named "The Peaceful." He joined the English barons against John. Alexander III. Born at Roxburgh, Scotland, Sept. 4, 1241: died near King horn, Fife, Scotland, March 16, 1286. A king of Scotland, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded in 1249. His army defeated the Norwegians in 1263, and 1073. Pope from 1061 to 1073, succe or of Nich-aided Henry III. of England in 1264. olas II. He strove to enforce the celibacy of the clergy Alexander I. Born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 23, and the extravagant pretensions of the papacy. His election did not receive the imperial sanction, and an antipope, Honor i us II. (Cadolaus, bishop of Parma), was chosen by a council at Basel, but was later deposed by a council held at Mantua. Alexander was succeeded by Hildebrand under the name of Gregory VII. Alexander III. (Rolando Ranuci of the house of Band in ell i). Born at Siena, Italy: died Aug. 30, 1181. Pope from 1159 to 1181. He carried out succe fully the policy of Hildebrand in opposition to Frederick Barb a ro a and Henry II. of England. Three antipopes, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Calixtus III., elected in 1159, 1164, and 1168, respectively, were confirmed by the emperor and disputed the authority of Alexander, who was compelled to seek refuge in France from 1162 to 1165. The contest between the pope and the emperor ended in the decisive defeat of the latter at the battle of Legnano, May 29, 1176. In 1177 a reconciliation took place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus III. abdicated. The contest with Henry II. of England ended in the humiliation of the king and the canonization of Thomas à Becket, who represented the papal claims of supremacy. Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni). Died at Viterbo, Italy, May 25, 1261. Pope from 1254 to 1261. He attempted to unite the Greek and Latin churches, established the Inquisition in France in 1255, and encouraged the orders of mendicant friars. The last years of his pontificate were spent at Viterbo, whither he had been driven by the factional struggles in Rome. Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Born at Candia: died at Bologna, May 3, 1410. Pope from June 26, 1409, to May 3, 1410. He was elected by the Council of Pisa, after the deposition of Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., with the understanding that he should reform the abuses of the church. He was, according to the general belief, poisoned by Balthasar Co a, his succe or under the name of John XXIII. Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at Xativa in Valencia, Jan. 1, 1431: died Aug. 18, 1503. Pope from Aug. 11, 1492, to Aug. 18, 1503. He was made cardinal and vice-chancellor in 1456 by his uncle Calixtus III., whom he also succeeded as archbishop of Valencia. His election to the pontificate is ascribed to dizement of of papacy at bribery Hit tempore directed toward the ex pense of the feudal va als of the church, and toward the foundation for his family of a great hereditary dominion in Italy. In the furtherance of these plans two of his five illegitimate children by Rosa Vanozza (Cæsar and Lucretia Borgia) played important parts. May 4, 1493, Alexander i ued his bull dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal. In 1494 he unsucce fully opposed the entrance of Charles VIII. into Naples, but in 1495 he joined the league between the emperor, Milan, Venice, and Spain, which drove Charles from Italy. May 23, 1498, the execution of Savonarola took place by his order, and in 1501 he instituted the censorship of books. He was poisoned, it is said, by a cup of wine intended for Cardinal Corneto. Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi). Born at Si 1777: died at Taganrog, Ru ia, Dec. 1, 1825. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Paul whom he succeeded in 1801. He encouraged education and science, and the introduction of Western civilization; carried many reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces; and promoted trade and manufactures, In 1805 he joined the coalition against Napoleon; was present at the battle of Austerlitz; joined Pru ia against Napoleon in signed the Peace of Tilsit in 1807; conquered Finland in 1808. A succe ful war was waged with Turkey 1806-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Ru ia (see Napoleon ). Alexander was a leader in the coalition against France 1813-14; was present at the battles of Dresden and Leipsic in 1813; entered Paris in 1814; took part in the Congre of Vienna; became king of Poland in 1815; again entered Paris in 1815; formed the Holy Alliance in 1815, and took part in the conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, Troppau in 1820, Laibach in 1821, and Verona in 1822. He married a prince of Baden. Alexander II. Born April 29, 1818: died at St. Petersburg, March 13, 1881. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Nicholas I. whom he succeeded in 1855. He concluded the treaty of Paris 1856; proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs 1861; reorganized the army and the departments of administration and justice; and developed commerce and manufactures. He suppre ed the Polish insurrection 1863-64, and carried on war with Turkey 1877-78. During the latter part of his reign he was closely allied with Germany and Austria. The attacks of the Nihilists led him to enter upon a reactionary pol icy in 1879, and he was finally a a inated by them. He married a prince of He e. Alexander III. Born March 10, 1845: died at Livadia, Crimea, Nov. 1, 1894. Emperor of Ru ia, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded March 13, 1881. He continued the reactionary policy of his father's reign. A meeting of the emperors of Rus sia, Germany, and Austria, at Skier nie wice in Poland, Sept., 1884, cemented the personal union of these rulers for the time, but since the formation of the Triple Alliance (which see) in 1883, Ru ia has become a virtual ally of France. Alexander opposed Prince Alexander of Bulgaria at the time of his overthrow in 1886, and refused to rec ognize his succe or Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief events in his reign, see Ru ia .) He married Prince Dagmar of Denmark in 1866. Alexander I. Born April 5, 1857: died Nov. 17, 1893. Titular prince of Batten berg, the second son of Prince Alexander of He e. He served in the He ian army, and in the Ru o-Turkish war of 1877-78 in the Ru ian army. He was elected prince April 17, 1772: died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. An American Presbyterian divine, president of Hampden Sydney College (Va.) 1796-1806, and profe or at Princeton Theological Seminary 1812-51. He wrote "Evidences of Christianity" (1823), "Treatise on the Canon of the Old and New Testament" (1826), "Outlines of Moral Science" (1852), etc. Alexander, Barton Stone. Born in Kentucky, 1819: died at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 15, 1878. An American military engineer and officer in the Civil War, brevetted colonel and brigadier-general March 13, 1865. Alexander, Edmund B. Born at Hay market, Va., Oct. 6, 1802: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 3, 1888. An American officer. He served in the Mexican war, commanded the Utah expedition 1857-58, and was brevetted brigadier-general Oct. 18, 1865. Alexander, Sir James Edward. Born in Scotland, 1803: died April 2, 1885. A British soldier (general) and explorer, author of "Travels through Ru ia and the Crimea" (1830), "Expedition of Discovery into the Interior of Africa" (1838), etc. He served in India and at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the Burmese, Kafir, Crime an, and other wars. In 1836-37 he conducted an ex ploring expedition into central African Alexander, James Waddel. Born in Louisa Va., 13, 1804: died at Red Sweet Springs, Va., July 31, 1859. An American Presbyterian clergyman, son of Archibald Alex ander. He was profe or of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Princeton College 1833-44, and of ecclesiastical history and church government in Princeton Theological Seminary 1844-51, and pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, 1851-59. Alexander, John. A pseudonym of Jeremy!