crystallitis (kristalitis)

[NL., = crystallization (krista-li-zā'shon), n. [= F. cris tallis at i on = Sp. crista liz a cion = Pg. crystal =Pg. liz ação = It. cristallizzazione = D. kris tallis a tie; as crystallize + -ation.] 1. The proce by which the molecules of a substance which is in the state of a liquid (or vapor) unite in regular (crystalline) form when it solidifies by cooling or evaporation. If the proce is slow and undisturbed, the molecules a ume a regular arrangement, each sub stance taking a determinate form according to its natural laws; but if the proce is rapid or disturbed, the external form may be more or le irregular. An amorphous solid body may also undergo partial crystallization by a molec ular rearrangement, giving it a more or le complete IMG:content-1753.png:[blocks in formation] crystalline structure, as, for instance, in the iron of a rail2. The ma or body formed by the proce of crystallizing. Also spelled crystallisation . Alternate crystallization, a species of crystallization which takes place when several crystallizable substances having little affinity for one another are present in the same solution. The substance which is largest in quantity and least soluble crystallizes first, in part; the least soluble substance next in quantity then begins to crystallize; and thus different substances, as salts, are often deposited in succe ive layers from the same solution. - Water of crystallization, water which is held by certain salts as a part of their crystalline structure, but is not inherent in the molecule. Thus, common sodium carbonate, when it crystallizes from a solution, contains for each molecule of sodium carbonate ten molecules of water. This is so weakly held that it escapes as vapor in dry air at ordinary temperatures. The crystalline form of the salt often depends on the number of molecules of water which the crystals contain. Water of crystallization differs from combined water in that it does not belong to the molecular structure, but only to the crystalline structure, of the substance. crystallize (kris'ta-liz), v.; pret. and pp. crys tallized, ppr. crystallizing. [= F. cris tall i ser = Sp. cristalizar =Pz. cry stall izar = It. cristalliz zare = D. kristalliseren = G. krystallisiren = Dan. krystallisere = Sw. kris tallis era; as crystal + -ize. Cf. Gr. κρυσταλλίζειν, be clear as crystal.] I. trans. 1. To cause to a ume a crystalline structure or shape; form into crystals: often used figuratively. Bodies which are perfectly crystallized exhibit the most complete regularity and symmetry of form. Whewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas, I. 365. Around the Academy are crystallized several literary enterprises, the fame of which is reflected upon it. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 28. 2. To change to the state of crystal. [Rare.] When the Winters keener breath began To crystallize the Baltike Ocean, To glaze the Lakes. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Handy-Crafts II. in trans. 1. To be converted into a crystal; unite, as the separate particles of a substance, and form a regular solid.-2. Figuratively-( a ) To a ume a definite form and fixity, as an opinion, view, or idea, at first indeterminate or vague; take substantial and definite shape: as, public opinion on this subject is beginning to crystallize. There is ever a tendency of the most hurtful kind to allow opinions to crystallize into creeds. Jevons, Pol. Econ., p. 298. IMG:content-1754.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1755.jpg:[blocks in formation] membranes, as parchment-paper, and which he found to be of a crystalline character. Metallic salts and organic bodies, as sugar, morphia, and oxalic acid, are crystalloids. They are the opposite of colloids , which have not this permeating power. See colloid . The relatively small-atomed crystalloids have immensely greater diffusive power than the relatively large-atomed colloids. 2. A protein crystal-that is, a granule of pro- tein in the form of a crystal, differing from an organic crystal in the inconstancy of its angles and in its property of swelling when immersed in water. Such crystalloids are of various forms and usually colorle . crystalloidal (kris-ta-loi'dal), a. [ loid + -al.] Of or pertaining to or of the na- ture of a crystalloid. crystalloidal substances. tallologie tallologie Pg . Pg. crystal lolog i a , κρύσταλλος , crystal, + -λογία, -ology .] The science which considers the structure of bodies in inorganic nature so far as it is the result of cohesive attraction. It embraces crystal- lography, which treats of the geometrical form of crys- tals, and crystallogeny, which discu es their origin and method of formation. crystallomagnetic (krista-lō-mag-net'ik), a. [ behavior of a crystal in a magnetic field: as, "crystallomagnetic action," Encyc. Brit ., XVI. 377. crystallomancy (kris'ta-lō-man-si), n. [F. cristallomancie, κρύσταλλος , crystal, + μαν- τεία, divination.] A mode of divining by means of a transparent body, as a precious stone, crys- tal globe, etc., formerly in high esteem. The operator first muttered over the crystal (a beryl was pre- ferred) certain formulas of prayer, and then gave it into oral communication from spirits in the crystal, or by writ- the hands of a young man or a virgin, who thereupon, by ten characters seen in it, was supposed to receive the in- cristallométrie , κρύσταλλος , cry τρία, crystallotype (kris'ta-lō-tip), n. [ τύπος , impre ion.] In photog . , a photographic picture on a translucent material, as gla . crystal lurgy (kris'ta-ler-ji), n. [ κρύσταλ- λος, crystal, + ἔργον = E. work . ] The proce of crystallization. ing are the generally adopted systems of crystallization, based upon the degree of symmetry which characterizes crystal wort (kris'tal-wert), n. One of the He- the different forms, but defined according to the length paticæ paticæ of the suborder Ricciaceӕ . IMG:content-1756.jpg:[blocks in formation] sumed axes: (a) these Cs. The chemical symbol of casium . metric, characterized by C. S. An abbreviation of (a) Court of Se ion ; three rectangular axes, (b) Clerk of the Signet ; (c) Custos Sigilli , Keeper all of equal length; (b) of the Seal; (d) con sordini (which see). rectangular axes, twe C. S. A. An abbreviation of (a) Confederate of which are of equal States of America ; (b) Confederate States Army . length; (c) the hexagonal C. S. N. An abbreviation of Confederate States four axes, three of equad C-spring (se' spring), n. A carriage-spring plane, and inclined to shaped like the letter C. IMG:content-1757.png:[blocks in formation] Ctenidiobranchiata (te-nidi-ō-brang-ki-a'tä), n. pl . [NL., neut. pl. of ctenidiobranchiatus: see ctenidiobranchiate .] 1. A suborder or su- per family of zygobranchiate gastropods, hav- ing paired ctenidia functioning as gills. It contains the Haliotidæ and Fi urellida , or sea- ears and keyhole-limpets. - 2. A suborder of palliate or tectibranchiate opisthobranch i ate gastropods, containing those which retain the ctenidia as functional gills, as the To rna tel lidæ , Bullida , Aplysiidæ , etc. ctenidiobranchiate (te-nidi-ō-brang'ki-āt), a . [ ctenidiobranchiatus ; as Ctenidiobranchia + -at us : see -atel .] Pertaining to or having the characters of the Ctenidiobranchiata . Ctenobranchiata (ten-o-brang-ki-ā'tä), n. pl . [NL., neut. pl. of ctenobranchiatus : see cteno- branchiate .] In Van der Hoeven's cla ification, the tenth family of mollusks, characterized by spiral shells, and by having the branchial cav- ity (in which there are sometimes three bran- chiæ, sometimes two, and sometimes only one) composed of numerous leaves like the teeth of a comb, and contained in the last turn of the shell. They have two tentacles and two eyes, the latter often pediculate. The sexes are separate, and the external organs of generation are distinct. There are both fresh- and salt-water species. The whelk is the best-known member of the family. The Ctenobranchiata are now re- garded as a suborder of proso branchiate gastropods, con- taining upward of 20 families. Also called Pectin i branch i- ata (which see). ctenobranchiate (ten-ō-brang'ki-at), a . [NL. ctenobranchiatus; as Ctenobranchia + -at us : see- atel .] Having pectinate gills; specifically, pertaining to the Ctenobranchiata. ctenocyst (ten'ō-sist), ), n. [NL., κύστις , a bladder (cyst).] The charac- the hystricine animals in not having four back teeth above and below on each side. In Ctenodactylus the molars are three in each half jaw above and below, there being no premolars; and in Pectin at or , the only other genus, these teeth are minute. The Ctenodactylinæ have some rela- tion ship with the jerboas, though totally different in ap- pearance. They are confined to Africa. Ctenodactylus (ten-o-dak'ti-lus), n. [NL., δάκτυλος , a finger or IMG:content-1758.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][merged small] Ctenodactylus toe.] The typical genus of the subfamily Cteno dactyline. There is but one species, C. ma oni, Ma on's comb-rat, also called gundi, about the size of a large member of the genus Arvicola, with very small ears, a mere stump of a tail, and lengthened hind limbs. Cten *